Anglishtja për fushën e Elektroteknikës Anglishtja në profesion
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Anglishtja për fushën e Elektroteknikës
Anglishtja në profesion
1
Anglishtja për fushën e Elektroteknikës Anglishtja në profesion
Autor: Gerti Evers and Edeltraud Rhode Përkthyer nga: Alma Shkreli Tiranë, Shqipëri Shkurt 2013
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Contents
Unit 1 TOOLS 4
Unit 2 WHAT IS ELECTRICITY 22
Unit 3 ELECTRIC CURRENT AND ELECTRIC CIRCUIT 27
Unit 4 RESISTANCE 35
Unit 5 CAPACITANCE AND CAPACITORS 47
Unit 6 COILS AND INDUCTANCE 56
Unit 7 SEMICONDUCTORS 61
Unit 8 DIODES 67
Unit 9 RESISTORS 73
Unit 10 PHOTO RESISTORS 80
Unit 11 THERMAL RESISTORS 86
Unit 12 TRANSISTORS 91
Unit 13 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 96
Unit 15 OSCILLOSCOPES 110
Unit 16 MULTIMETER 118
Unit 17 IC TECHNOLOGY 124
Lista e foljeve të parregullta 131
Fjalori në rend alfabetik 134
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4
Unit 1 TOOLS
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5
6
2
7
Please go on. Ask your neighbour. (Ju lutem, vazhdoni. Pyeteni shokun apo shoqen tuaj)
A: What's ... in English, please? B: ... (in English) is ... . (It's)....
Some more tools for electrical engineers:
Vizore metalike steel rule
Zhveshës telash wire striper
Prerës anësor side-cutter
Vizore metalike Steel rule
Zhveshës kabllosh cable stripper
Kaçavidë screwdriver
Limë me majë needle file
Limë rrethore round file
Çelës i rregullueshëm adjustable spanner
Limë trekëndore triangular file
Pompë ç’kallaisje desoldering pump
Havijë soldering iron
Pincë e izoluar insulated pliers
Pincë e rregullueshme adjustable pliers
Pincë me hundë të rrumbullakët round (-nosed) pliers
Pincë me hundë të sheshtë flat-nosed pliers
Gërshëre telefoni telephone scissors
A: What is 'Pincetë' in English, please? B: ' Pincetë ' (in English) is 'tweezers'. (It's) 'tweezers'. A: Thank you
3
8
4
9
5
10
Ask questions and answer them. (Bëni pyetje dhe përgjigjuni atyre.)
1 A:_________________________________________________________________________
B:_________________________________________________________________________
2 A:_________________________________________________________________________
B:_________________________________________________________________________
3 A:_________________________________________________________________________
B:_________________________________________________________________________
4 A:_________________________________________________________________________
B:_________________________________________________________________________
5 A:_________________________________________________________________________
B:_________________________________________________________________________
6
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What can you do with this tool? 1 A: What can you do with a drill? B: You drill holes with it. 2 A: What can you do with a vice? B: You hold things in it. 3 A: What can you do with a__________________? B: You smooth things with it. 4 A: What can you do with a__________________? B: You cut things with__________________. 5 A: What can you do with a ___________________? B: You do up and undo nuts and bolts with______________. 6 A: ____________________a screwdriver? B: You put in screws with it. 7 A: ? B: You hit things, for example nails, with 8 A: _______________________________________? B: You hold small things and bend things with________________.
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Go on. (Vazhdoni.)
1 A: Can you smooth things with a file
B: ______________________________________________________________________________
2 A: Can you undo nuts with a file?
B:_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3 ________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
4 ________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
5 ________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
6 ________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
A: Can you drill holes with a drill? B: Yes, you can.
8
A: Can you hold things with a drill? B: No, you can't. You can hold things in a vice.
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GRAMMAR 1 THE DEFINITE ARTICLE (nyja shquese – trajta e shquar) 2 THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE (nyja joshquese – trajta e pashquar) 3 SINGULAR AND PLURAL (numri njëjës dhe shumës)
a/one hammer a/one drill a/one screwdriver a/one saw a/one spanner a/one file a/one vice a/one pair of pliers
two hammers three drills four screwdrivers five saws six spanners seven files eight vices nine pairs of pliers
! Some words are always plural. (Disa fjalë janë gjithmonë në numrin shumës.) scissors, pliers, tweezers, tongs
Singular (Njëjës): a pair of scissors a pair of pliers
! Some words are irregular. (Disa fjajë e ndërtojnë shumësin në mënyre të parregullt.) knife - knives
the hammer - the hammers the nut - the nuts
a hammer - hammers a nut - nuts
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4 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS (Përemrat dëftor)
this that
A: Is this a file? B: Yes, this is a file.
Yes, it is. No, this is not a file, this is a wrench. No, it isn't.
A: Is that a triangular file? B: Yes, that is a triangular file. Yes, it is. No, that is not a triangular file, that is a cable stripper. No, it isn't.
these those
A: Are these pliers?
B: Yes, these are pliers. Yes, they are.
No, these are not pliers, these are tweezers. No, they aren't.
A: Are those soldering irons?
B: Yes, those are soldering irons.
Yes, they are.
No, those are not soldering irons, those are round pliers.
No, they aren't.
5 THERE IS/ARE
A: There is a round file here.
Is there a round file here?
B: Yes, there is. No, there isn't.
A: There are two round files here.
Are there two round files here? B: Yes, there are.
No, there aren't.
6 SHORT FORMS (Format e shkurtuara) it is it's it is not it isn't/it's not
that is that's there is there's
this is not this isn't that is not that isn't/that's not there is not there isn't/there's not
these are not these aren't those are not those aren't there are not there aren't
you cannot you can't
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7 STATEMENTS AND QUESTIONS (Pohime dhe Pyetje)
8 NUMBERS (Numrat)
This is a wire stripper. That is a spanner.
What is this?
Is this a wire stripper? What is that?
Is that a spanner?
These are screws. Those are nuts.
What are these?
Are these screws? What are those?
Are those nuts?
There is a knife. There are bolts.
What is there?
Is there a knife? What are there?
Are there bolts?
There is one drill. There are seven nails.
! How many drills are there?
! How many nails are there?
You can hit nails.
What can you hit?
Can you hit nails with ... ?
1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7 seven 8 eight 9 nine 10 ten
11 eleven 12 twelve 13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen 20 twenty
21 twenty-one 22 twenty-two 23 twenty-three 30 thirty 40 forty 50 fifty 60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety
100 a/one hundred
200 two hundred 220 two hundred and twenty
1,000 a/one thousand 1,000,000 a/one million 3,520,000 three million five hundred and twenty
thousand
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PRACTICE
Please answer. (Ju lutem përgjigjuni.)
A: Is that a saw?(no drill) B: No, it isn't. It's a drill.
1 A: Is that a pair of pliers? (yes)
B: Yes, _________________________________________________________________________
2 A: Is that a screwdriver? (no/needle file)
B: ____________________________________________________________________________
3 A: Is that a cable stripper? (yes)
B: ____________________________________________________________________________
4 A: Is that a spanner? (no/wire stripper)
B: ____________________________________________________________________________
Rewrite the sentences in the plural. (Rishkruani fjalinë në shumës.)
This is a spanner. These are spanners.
1 That is a steel rule. __________________________________________________
2 This is a pair of pliers. __________________________________________________
3 That is a screwdriver. __________________________________________________
4 This is a round file. __________________________________________________
5 That is a cable stripper. __________________________________________________
This/it or these/they?
A: Is this a needle file? B: No, it isn't. It's a round file.
1 A: Are these tweezers? B: No, they aren't.
____________________________pliers.
2 A: Is_________ a soldering iron? B: No,_____________________________
___________________________wrench.
3 A: _______ adjustment pliers? B:No, _____________________________
_____________________ insulated pliers.
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2
3
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There is or there are?
There is one knife. There are three pairs of insulated pliers. 1 _________________________ one drill.
2 _________________________ many nails.
3 _________________________ five screwdrivers.
4 _________________________ many nuts.
5 _________________________ nine side-cutters.
Ask the question. (Bëni pyetjen.)
On the workbench there are: two hammers/one drill/three side-cutters/one round file/ seven screwdrivers/four pairs of pliers/one vice/two knives A: How many hammers are there? B: There are two hammers. A: How many drills are there? B: There is just one. 1 A: ___________________________________________________________________________ ?
B: ____________________________________________________________________________
2 A: ___________________________________________________________________________ ?
B: ____________________________________________________________________________
3 A: ___________________________________________________________________________ ?
B: ____________________________________________________________________________
4 A: ___________________________________________________________________________ ?
B: ____________________________________________________________________________
5 A: ___________________________________________________________________________ ?
B: ____________________________________________________________________________
6 A: ___________________________________________________________________________ ?
B: ____________________________________________________________________________
4
5
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How many tools can you count (see)? (Sa vegla pune mund të numëroni, shkoni?)
1 I can count/see two hammers.
2 I can count/see______________________________________________________________________
3 ___________________________________________________________________________________
4 ___________________________________________________________________________________
5 ___________________________________________________________________________________
6 ___________________________________________________________________________________
7 ___________________________________________________________________________________
8 But there is only_____________________________________________________________________
Can or can't?
A: Can you do up nuts with a screwdriver? B: No, you can't. You can do up nuts with a wrench.
1 A: Can you hit nails with a hammer?
B: _________________________________________________________________________________
2 A: Can you undo bolts with a vice?
B: _________________________________________________________________________________
3 A: Can you hold small things with a pair of pliers?
B: _________________________________________________________________________________
4 A: Can you put in screws with a pair of scissors?
B: _________________________________________________________________________________
5 A: Can you smooth things with a file?
B: _________________________________________________________________________________
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Please translate. (Ju lutem përkthijni këto.)
Can you undo nuts with a spanner? - Yes, you can. A mundeni të zhvidhosni dadot me çelës. - Po.
1 - Can you smooth things with a file? - Yes, you can.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2 - Can you hold pins with a screwdriver? - No, you can't.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3 - Can you undo bolts with a spanner? - Yes, you can.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4 - Can you undo nuts with a saw? - No, you can't.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5 - Are there rivets on the workbench? - Yes, there are.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6 - Is there a stripping knife in the tool kit? - No, there isn't.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7 - Are there many workbenches in the workshop? - No, there is just one.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
What can you do with these tools? Make sentences. (Çfarë mund të bëni me këto vegla? Ndërtoni fjali.)
You
put in a drill.
cut screws a file. bend nails a spanner/a wrench. smooth nuts and bolts in a pair of pliers. drill small things with a saw. do up/undo holes a hammer. hit things a vice. hold a screwdriver.
1____________________________________________________________________________________
2____________________________________________________________________________________
3____________________________________________________________________________________
4____________________________________________________________________________________
5____________________________________________________________________________________
6____________________________________________________________________________________
7____________________________________________________________________________________
8____________________________________________________________________________________
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A column puzzle (kolonë gjëagjëzë)
1 ≠ here
2 You can bend things with it.
3 ≠ no
4 You hold things in it.
5 You ... nails.
6 You make holes with it.
7 ≠ that
8 ... you speak English?
9 What can you do ... it?
10 ... and bolts
11 How ... screws are there?
The word is ___________________________________________________________________________
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VOCABULARY
tool mjete how many sa (për emrat e numrueshëm)
kit komplet just vetëm a(n) një (nyje joshquese) what çfarë hammer çekiç, çekan can mund file limë you ti, ju drill trapan (to) do bëj saw sharrë with me screwdriver kaçavidë without pa vice morsë (to) drill shpoj spanner, wrench çelës shtërngues hole vrimë pair of pliers një palë pinca (to) hold mbaj What's (What is)? Çfarë është? thing gjë, send this kjo/ky in në What's this Çfarë është kjo/ky? (to) smooth zdrugoj, sheshoj it's (it is) është (to) cut pres yes po (to) saw sharroj no jo (to) do up riparoj it isn't (is not) nuk është and dhe not nuk bolt bulon that atë, që (to) undo zhbëj some disa, shumë (to) put vendos more më tepër (to) put in vë në përdorim, tërheq for për (to) hit godas electrical engineer inxhinier elektrik example shembull in English në Anglisht for example për shembull please të/ju lutem small e/i vogël thank you faleminderit big e/i madh pair of tweezers një palë piskatore (to) bend përkul, kthej this, these ai/ajo këtu can't (cannot) nuk mund that, those ai/ajo/atë atje the nyje shquese nut dado pair of scissors një palë gërshërë they ato knife thikë too gjithashtu workbench banko/tavolinë pune nail gozhdë on mbi, sipër there atje (to) count numëroj here këtu (to) see shikoj there is ka, gjendet but por
there are ka, gjenden pin gjilpërë me kokë, kapëse, mbërtheckë
only vetëm rivet përçina
screw vidhë workshop repart pune, bazë prodhuese
many disa, shumë word fjalë how si electricity elektricitet
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Unit 2 WHAT IS ELECTRICITY Electricity is an invisible force of electric charges. There are positive (+) electric charges. You call elements with positive electric charges protons. And there are negative (-) electric charges. You call these elements with negative charges electrons Like charges repel:
Opposite charges attract:
By repulsion or attraction you can produce energy, as in a dynamo or generator. This energy is transformable into other forms of energy, namely heat, light or motion. The unit of measurement for electric charge is a coulomb
23
GRAMMAR
1 WORD ORDER (Rendi në fjali)
Subject (Kryefjala) KUSH
Predicate (Kallzuesi) ÇFARË BËN
Object (KUNDRINORI) ÇFARË
Charges repel.
You call. You can produce energy. Electricity can produce heat. You hit nails. Saws cut things.
2 PRESENT OF (TO) BE (koha e tashme e foljes jam)
PERSONAL PRONOUN + (TO) BE
(përemër vetor + jam)
(+ NOT)
(+ nuk)
SHORT FORMS (format e shkurtuara)
I am (not) I'm (I'm not)
you are (not) you're (you aren't) he is (not) he's (he isn't) she is (not) she's (she isn't) it is (not) it's (it isn't) we are (not) we're (we aren't) you are (not) you're (you aren't) they are (not) they're (they aren't)
3 a/an
a + consonant (bashkëtingëllore) an + vowel (zanore)
a + b an + a
c e
d i f 0
g u ….
a screw an iron
a proton an electron
a charge
an invisible force
! a unit ! an hour
24
PRACTICE
Understanding the text. (Të kuptojmë tekstin.)
Are the sentences right (R) or wrong (W)? (A janë fjalitë të sakta apo të gabuara?)
1 Electricity is a visible force.
2 There are positive and negative electric charges.
3 You call the positive electric charges protons.
4 Unlike charges attract.
5 Like charges attract, too.
6 Heat is a form of energy
Make sentences. (Ndërtoni fjali.) 1 is/a hammer/this
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2 there/many/screws/are
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3 are/in the tool kit/there/two nails
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4 an invisible force/is/electricity
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5 can produce/electrical energy/heat
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6 you call/protons/positive electric charges
_____________________________________________________________________________________
1
2
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Replace by it or they. (Zëvendësoni me it ose they.)
1 The drill can make holes.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2 The screws are on the workbench.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3 The hammer is in the tool kit.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4 This tool kit is Mr Johnson's.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5 Two negative charges repel.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
a apo an ?
1 There is ________________ pair of pliers in the tool kit.
2 Electricity is ______________ invisible force.
3 ________________ electric charge can be positive or negative.
4 ___________electron is ________________ negative charge.
5 ___________proton attracts__________________ electron.
6 Can you give me _____________example of______________ form of electrical energy?
7 There is _________________ attraction of two unlike charges.
8 _____________ coulomb is ______________unit of measurement for electric charge.
3
4
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VOCABULARY
invisible e/i padukshëm (to) transform transformoj
visible e/i dukshëm into në
force forcë other tjetër
of e/i/së/të form of energy formë energjie
electric elektrike namely domethënë
charge ngarkesë heat nxehtësi
(to) charge ngarkoj light dritë
positive pozitive motion lëvizje
negative negative unit njësi
to call thërras, thërras në telefon measurement matje
element element (to) measure bëj matje
proton proton unit of measurement njësi matëse
electron elektron coulomb Kolumb (njësi matëse)
like njësoj, ashtu si opposite e/i kundërt Elect|ricity Elektricitet
(to) repel shtyj, zbraps, prapësoj |ctric Elektrike
repulsion shtytje |ical Elektrike
(to) attract tërheq |ron Elektron
attraction tërheqje |onic Elektronike
by nga, pranë or ose (to) produce prodhoj (to) be jam (me qënë)
production prodhim, produkte hour orë
energy energji right e drejtë
as si, sikur wrong e gabuar
dynamo dinamo (to) give jap
transformable (into) e/i transformueshëm (në) me mua
27
Unit 3 ELECTRIC CURRENT AND ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ELECTRIC CURRENT
How can you produce an electrical current? You connect a wire to a battery. The battery forces the electrons in the wire to move round the circuit. You say a battery (or a Generator) has an electromotive force (e. m.f.). You call this force potential difference (p.d.) or voltage. The negative (-) terminal of the battery repels and the positive (+) terminal attracts the electrons. They start to move in one direction. There is a flow of electrons from the negative terminal to the positive terminal and through the battery.
This ordered flow of electrons round the circuit is the electric current. We define the direction of the technical current as the flow from the positive terminal through the load to the negative terminal. The unit of measurement for current is an ampere (or amp). The unit of measurement for voltage is a volt. CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS As you know, the ordered flow of electrons in one direction is an electric current. However, electric currents cannot flow in all substances. Materials can have good or poor conductance. An insulator is a type of material where the electrons (= the current) cannot move freely, e. g. rubber, glass and plastics. A conductor is a material which easily releases electrons. The p. d. pushes the electrons through a conductor. The best conductors are metals, e.g. silver, copper and gold. Conductors can have many forms, such as wires and cables.
1
2
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GRAMMAR
1 -S-ENDING IN THE PRESENT TENSE (Mbaresa -s në kohën e tashme )
(to) look (shikoj)
I look
you look
he looks
she looks it looks
we look
you look they look
Spelling Rules (Rregullat e gërmëzimit)
I push - he pushes
I pass - - he passes I do - he does I fly - he flies
2 PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE (Parafjalët e vendit)
in
on
under
from ... to
round
through
into
above
accross
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PRACTICE Understanding text 1 (Të kuptojmë tekstin)
Form new sentences that make sense. (Formoni fjali të reja që kanë kuptim.)
1 The electrons a connect a wire to a battery. 2 The e.m.f. b is a flow of electrons. 3 The electric current c forces the electrons to flow through the wire. 4 You d attract the electrons. 5 The positive terminals of batteries e move in one direction
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Understanding text 2 (Të kuptojmë tekstin)
1 Electric currents can flow in all substances.
2 The electric current cannot pass through plastics.
3 The electrons can pass through a conductor.
4 The p. d. pushes the electrons through the conductor.
5 Gold is a good conductor
Put in a or an. (Vendosni a ose an.)
1 ____ insulator cannot conduct the electrons.
2 ____ current flows through ______ conductor.
3 Copper is _____ good conductor.
4 ____ wire is______ form of conductor.
5 ____ electron is _____ negative charge.
-s or not? (-s: të vendoset apo jo?)
1 The negative terminal _______________ (repel) the electrons.
2 The electrons ________________ (start) to move in one direction.
3 They _______________ (connect) the cable to the generator.
4 A battery _______________ (produce) electrical energy.
5 You ____________________ (call) the e.m.f. potential difference or voltage.
1
2
3
4
30
Please complete the sentences. (Ju lutemi plotesoni fjalinë.)
You connect the wire to the battery. The electrician connects the wire to the battery.
1 Batteries force the electrons to move in one direction.
A battery _____________________________________________________________________________
2 Files smooth things.
A file ________________________________________________________________________________
3 Drills drill holes.
A drill ________________________________________________________________________________
4 Positive charges attract the negative charges.
A proton _____________________________________________________________________________
5 Pliers bend wires.
A pair of pliers_________________________________________________________________________
6 Batteries have p. ds.
A battery ______________ a p. d.
Please translate the following sentences. (Ju lutemi përkthejini fjalitë e mëposhtme.)
1 The nail is on the work bench.
__________________________________________________________________________________
2 There is a flow of electrons from the negative terminal of the battery to the positive terminal.
__________________________________________________________________________________
3 You hold things in a vice.
__________________________________________________________________________________
4 Tower Bridge is a bridge across the River Thames.
__________________________________________________________________________________
5 The electrons move round the circuit
__________________________________________________________________________________
6 he hammer is under the tool kit.
__________________________________________________________________________________
7 The River Thames flows through London.
__________________________________________________________________________________
5
6
31
Put in the prepositions. (Vendosni parafjalën e duhur.)
across - from ... to - in (2 x) - on - round - through - with
1 You undo nuts __________ a wrench.
2 You hold things___________ a vice.
3 There are many tools ___________ the workbench.
4 There is a flow of electrons ___________ the negative ___________ the positive terminal.
5 The flow of electrons ___________ one direction is the electric current.
6 There is no current flow ___________ the circuit.
7 The e. m. f. pushes the current __________ the conductor.
8 When there is a p.d. ___________ the network, the electrons begin to move.
Please give answers. (Ju lutem përgjigjuni pyetjeve.)
A: Can you transform electrical energy into heat? B: Yes, you can. (No, you can't.) A: Is gold a good conductor? B: Yes, it is. (No, it isn't.) 1 A: Can electric currents flow in all substances?
B: ____________________________________________________________________________
2 A: Can the electrons pass through an insulator?
B: ____________________________________________________________________________
3 A: Are copper and silver insulators?
B: ____________________________________________________________________________
4 A: Can the current pass through a conductor?
B: ____________________________________________________________________________
5 A: Are wires and cables forms of conductors?
B: ____________________________________________________________________________
6 A: Is the ampere the unit of measurement for current?
B:_____________________________________________________________________________
7
8
32
Please ask questions and answer them. (Ju lutemi beni pyetjet dhe përgjigjuni atyre.)
flow holes with a hammer?
electrons drill in an insulator? Can you repel voltage in coulomb?
the p. d. force a proton? measure the electrons to move in one direction?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
a battery the electric current?
electricity a good conductor? Is motion visible? Are copper a form of energy?
the flow of electrons in one direction good conductors? insulators a generator?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
9
33
Answer the questions. (Përgjigjuni pyetjeve.) 1 What is electricity?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2 What is a proton?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3 How can you produce electrical energy?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4 What is an electric current?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5 How can you produce an electric current?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6 What is a conductor?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7 What is an insulator?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
8 Define the direction of the technical current
_____________________________________________________________________________________
10
34
VOCABULARY
current rrymë elektrike all të gjithë
circuit qark elektrik substance substancë, materie
(to) connect (to) lidh me type tip, lloj
wire tel material material
battery bateri good mirë, i/e mirë
(to) force detyroj, bëj me forcë poor i/e varfër
(to) move lëviz conductance përçueshmëri
round rreth, rreth e rrotull free, freely i/e lirë, lirshëm
(to) say them e.g. p.sh.
(to) have kam rubber gomë
elektromotive force (e.m.f.) forca elektrolëvizëse glass
qelq, i/e qelqtë, gotë, xham
potential difference (p.d.) diferencë potenciale plastics plastikë
voltage voltazh, tension which cili/cila
terminal skaj, pjesë fundore easy, easily i/e lehtë, lehtësisht
(to) start filloj (to) release liroj, çiroj, lëshoj
direction drejtim (to) push shtyj
flow rrjedhë the best më i/e miri/-a
from…to nga …tek metal metal
through përmes copper bakër
lamp llambë gold ar, flori
ordered e/i porositur such as sikur, ashtu si
(to) define (as) përkufizoj (si) cable kabllo
technical current rrymë teknik (to) look shikoj
load ngarkesë (to) pass kaloj, pranohem, çoj
ampere amper (to) conduct drejtoj, udhëheq, përcjell
volt volt Tower Bridge Ura Kullë
conductor përcjellës, përçues, tejçues bridge urë
insulator izolant, izolator across përmes
as you know siç e dini edhe ju river lumë
however megjithatë Thames Tamiz
(to) flow rrjedh network rrjet
(to) begin filloj
35
Unit 4 RESISTANCE RESISTORS Resistance is a material property that opposes the flow of a current: the current cannot move easily through the conductor. Normally, a conductor offers only low resistance whereas an insulator offers high resistance. Resistors are components in a circuit that have specified values of resistance. 5 The function of a resistor is to control the amount of current flow in a circuit. The unit of measurement for resistance is an ohm. There are different types of resistors. They can be
fixed or
variable You know the variable resistor as a potentiometer or pot.
OHM'S LAW
Ohm's law describes the relationship between the voltage, resistance and current in a circuit. The intensity (I) of an electric current depends on voltage (V) and resistance (R). A current of one ampere flows through the circuit if there is a p. d. of one volt when the resistance of the circuit is one ohm. You can calculate current, voltage and resistance with these formulas:
I =V
R
R=V
I
As you know, electrical energy is transformable into other forms of energy. Electrical power (P) is the amount of transformed energy per unit of time. Ohm's law also helps you to calculate the amount of electrical power in a circuit
The unit of measurement for electrical power is a watt. io The power in watts equals the product of the amperes and the volts:
But how can you calculate the power if the voltage is unknown? Look at the formula above: V = R • I. So P = R • I • I. This squares I, so P = R • I2.
1
2
IVP
IRV
36
GRAMMAR 1 LINKING TWO SENTENCES (Lidhja e dy fjalive)
Relative Sentence (Fjalitë lidhore)
A file is a tool. It smoothes things.
A file is a tool that smoothes things. which
Resistance is a force. It opposes the current flow.
Resistance is a force that opposes the current flow. which
if-Sentence (Fjalitë kushtore)
If i
there is low resistance, there is a high electric current.
If i
the resistor has a high resistance, there is a low electric current.
Infinitive Phrase (Fjalitë paskajore)
Ohm's law has a purpose. It determines the relationship ... Ohm's law has the purpose to determine the relationship ... Watt is a unit. It measures the electrical power. Watt is the unit to measure the electrical power.
2 THE IMPERATIVE (Forma Urdhërore)
Infinitive (Forma e thjeshtë) Imperative (Forma urdhërore)
(to) look at (to) use (to) measure (to) complete
Look at those formulas. Use the following rule. Measure the voltage. Complete the sentences.
The imperative is the same in the singular and plural. (Forma urdhërore është njësoj në njëjës dhe shumës.)
(to) open (to) touch (to) control
Don't open your book. Don't touch this component. Don't control this device.
The negative imperative form starts with do not or the short form don't. (Forma mohore e urdhërores fillon me do not ose formen e shkurtuar don't.)
37
4 MATHEMATICAL SIGNS AND SYMBOLS (Shenja dhe simbole matematikore)
MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS (Veprime matematikore)
operation sign you say
= is equal to, equals
≠ is not equal to, does not equal
addition + plus
subtraction - minus
multiplication • multiplied by, times
division — : divided by, over
power xn x to the power of n
root the n-th root of x
brackets ( ) in brackets
2 + 3 = 5 two plus three equals five,
two plus three is equal to five 34- 15 = 19 thirty-four minus fifteen equals nineteen
a • b = c a times b equals c
a : b = c a divided by/over b equals c
xn x to the power of n, x to the nth power
4√x fourth root of x
I_ R
I over R
a(b) a in brackets b
MULTIPLES and SUBMULTIPLES (Shumëfisha dhe plotpjestues)
multiplication factor prefix symbol example
(Faktor shumëzimi) (parashtesë) (Simboli) (Shembull)
one million mega M megaohm (MO)
one thousand kilo k kilowatt (kW)
one thousandth milli m milliampere (mA)
one millionth micro H microampere (jjA)
one thousand millionth nano n nanofarad (nF)
one million millionth pico P picofarad (pF)
5 ELECTRICAL UNITS (Njësi matëse elektrike)
3.9 MΩ = 3.9 megaohms = 3,900,000 ohms
7 kV = 7 kilovolts = 7000 volts
67 mW = 67 milliwatts = 67/1000 watts
350 μA = 350 microamps = 350/1,000,000 amps
21 nF = 21 nanofarads = 21/1,000,000,000 farads
38
PRACTICE Understanding the text. (Të kuptojmë tekstin) 1 Resistance is a force a that controls the amount of current.
2 An insulator b is the fixed resistor.
3 A resistor c opposes the current flow.
4 One type of resistor d has high resistance.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Connect the two sentences with that or which. (Lidhni dy fjalitë me that ose which.) A vice is a tool. It holds things. A vice is a tool that holds things. A vice is a tool which holds things. 1 Resistance is a force. It opposes the current flow.
__________________________________________________________________________________
2 The flow of electrons in one direction is an electric current. It cannot flow in all substances.
__________________________________________________________________________________
3 An insulator is a material. It cannot conduct electrons.
__________________________________________________________________________________
4 A battery has a p. d. It pushes the current through the conductor.
__________________________________________________________________________________
5 Electricity is a force. It can produce heat.
__________________________________________________________________________________
6 Copper is a material. It's a good conductor.
__________________________________________________________________________________
1
2
39
Please translate. (Ju lutemi përkthejini.) 1 A conductor is a material that easily releases electrons.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2 Electric currents cannot flow in all substances.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3 A resistor controls the amount of current flow.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4 Resistance opposes the flow of a current.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5 The electric current depends on voltage and resistance.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Connect with to. (Lidhini fjalitë me to.)
A saw has a special function.It cuts wood. A saw has the special function to cut wood. 1 The ampere is a unit. It measures the current.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2 A generator has a force. It pushes the current round the circuit.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3 Ohm's law helps you. You can calculate the amount of power etc.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4 An insulator has a special quality. It stops the current flow.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3
4
40
Choose the right word. (Zhgjidhni fjalën e duhur .)
(to) resist/resistance/resistor (to) conduct/conductance/conductor
1 A __________________ controls the current flow.
2 _________________ opposes the flow of electrons.
3 A current can flow through a ___________________ .
4 The ___________________of metal is very high.
5 Plastics___________________ the flow of electrons.
6 Materials like silver and gold __________________ the electric current.
Please translate. (Ju lutemi përkthjejini.)
1 Repair this computer.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2 Switch on the instrument.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3 Look at the voltmeter.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4 Measure the power.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5 Don't press that button.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6 Answer the question.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7 Memorize the formulas of Ohm's law.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
8 Close the books.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
9 Don't touch the leads.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
10 Calculate the resistance
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5
6
41
11 Don't use that formula.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
12 Don't ask such difficult questions.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
13 Don't plug in the soldering iron.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Form the imperative. (Formoni formën urdhërore)
You must replace the components. Replace the components.
1 You must put in the right word.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2 You must form new sentences.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3 You must translate this text.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4 You must complete these sentences.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5 You must read this formula.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6 You must use Ohm's law.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7 You must control these instruments.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
8 You must not connect these two wires.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
9 You must not touch the leads.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
10 You must not press that button.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7
42
Read. (Ju lutemi lexojini.)
I =V
R
R=V
I
RIV
Calculate. (Ju lutemi bëni llogaritjet.) a ) 199 + 210 • 1 0 - 2 5 : 5 =
555 + 333 : 2 • 1 5 - 137 =
3 • 5 2 5 - 5 1 : 1 + 1087 =
b) 1 I = 0.7 mA and R = 10 kΩ What is V?
2 I = 2 mA and V = 6 V What is R?
3 V = 11 V and I = 7 mA What is R?
4 R = 9 kΩ and V = 18 V What is I?
5 R = 250 Ω and I = 440 mA What is P?
6 V = 750 V and P = 3.3 kW What is I?
7 I = 130 mA and P = 1.95 kW What is V?
c) 1 You want to measure the resistance R of a conductor. The p.d. across the conductor is 6 V and the resulting current is 3 A. Calculate the resistance.
2 In a network there are two resistors in series. Resistor R1 has a resistance of 2 ohms and resistor R2 has a resistance of 1 ohm. The p. d. across the circuit is 6 V. How much is the resulting electric intensity (I)?
8
9
43
3
-s or not? (-s: a duhet vendosur apo jo?) i. An electric current __________________ (flow) round the circuit.
ii. The electrons __________________ (move) in one direction.
iii. The p.d.____________________(push) the current through the conductor.
iv. Resistors __________________ (control) the amount of electrons.
v. Plastics __________________ (resist) the flow of a current.
vi. You __________________ (calculate) the current with Ohm's law.
vii. A current can __________ (move) through a conductor
10
44
Give the opposite. (Gjeni të kundërtat e fjalëve të mëposhtme.)
conductor - _______________________________________
(to) connect - _______________________________________
high - _______________________________________
repulsion - _______________________________________
(to) insulate - _______________________________________
visible - _______________________________________
good - _______________________________________
wrong - _______________________________________
variable - _______________________________________
11
45
VOCABULARY
resistor rezistencë (to) read lexoj
resistance qëndrueshmëri, rezistencë unknown i/e panjohur
property pronë (to) look at shikoj
(to) oppose kundërshtoj so kështu
normally normalisht (to) square skuadroj, i jap formë katrore
(to) offer ofroj purpose qëllim
low i/e ulët (to) determine përcaktoj
high i/e lartë (to) use përdor
whereas ndërsa following pasues, vijues, në vazhdim
component përbërës rule rregull
specified i/e specifikuar (to) complete përfundoj
value vlerë sentence fjali
function funksion (to) open hap
(to) control kontrolloj (to) close mbyll
amount shumë book libër
ohm Ohm (njësi matëse) (to) touch prek
different i/e ndryshëm/-me device paisje
fixed i/e fiksuar, i/e palëvizshëm special speciale, e veçantë
fixed resistor rezistencë e fiksuar wood dru
potentiometer voltmetër (to) stop ndaloj
(to) know as njeh si (to) repair riparoj
law ligj switch çelës
(to) describe përshkruaj (to) switch on ndez, lidh
relationship marrëdhënie, lidhje (to) switch of fik, ndërprej
between mes instrument instrument
intensity intensitet voltmeter voltmetër
electric intensity intensitet elektrik (to) press shtyp, shtyhet
(to) depend on varet nga button buton
if nëse, në qoftëse (to) answer përgjigjem
when kur question pyetje
(to) calculate llogaris (to) memorize fut ne kujtese, memorizoj
formula formulë must duhet
power fuqi, forcë, energji must not nuk duhet
electrical power energji elektrike lead lidhës, pjesë bashkuese, plumb
transformed i/e transformuar such i/e tillë
per për (to) plug in fus në prizë
time kohë plug prizë
unit of time njësi kohe (to) replace zëvëndësoj
also gjithashtu (to) form formoj
(to) help ndihmoj new i/e re
watt vat old i/e vjetër
(to) equal barazoj (to) translate përkthej
product produkt, prodhim text tekst
like ashtu si, sikur
46
resulting si rezultat
in series në seri
in parallel paralel
much shumë
how much sa
Veprim Madhësi Bartës i madhësisë
(to) resist (to) conduct (to) insulate
resistance conductance insulation
resistor conductor insulator
47
Unit 5 CAPACITANCE AND CAPACITORS The ability to store electrical energy is called capacitance. The term capacitor is applied to a device that possesses this characteristic. A capacitor consists of two metal plates (the conductors) that are separated by an insulating material (the dielectric). How is charge stored in a capacitor? u When the capacitor is connected to a battery, the positive terminal attracts electrons from plate X and the negative terminal repels electrons to plate Y. There is then a deficit of electrons (a positive charge) on plate X and an equal excess of electrons (a negative charge) on plate Y. The process of charging is completed when the p. d. between X and Y is equal to the p. d. of the battery. If the battery is removed the charge can't flow off directly. The capacitor only discharges directly if you connect a conductor across it. Capacitors have many uses. One of them is to block the flow of direct current, (d. c.) but to allow the passage of alternating current (a. c.). Since the d. c, can't pass, only the a. c. can act upon the load. Capacitance is influenced by the size of the plates, their distance from each other and the dielectric that is used. Such dielectrics can be impregnated paper, mica, rubber, various plastics, a vacuum or air. Dielectric materials have a dielectric number. This number indicates their ability to raise the capacitance of a particular capacitor when they are used in place of air:
The unit of measurement for capacitance is the farad (F). The capacitance is 1 farad if a capacitor stores a charge of 1 coulomb when the p. d. across it is 1 V. The formula reads: or The farad is too large for practical purposes so we use its submultiples such as the microfarads (1 μF = 10-6 F), the nanofarad (1 nF = 10-9 F) and the picofarad (1 pf = 10-12 F).
dielectric dielectric number
quartz 2 5
acryl glass 3 hard paper 4 porcelain 5 6 glass 5 1 6 mica 6 8 ceramics 10 50,000 distilled water 80
V
QC
CVQ
48
GRAMMAR 1 THE PASSIVE VOICE, PRESENT TENSE (Forma passive në kohën e tashme)
Active Passive
Personal Pronoun +verb Personal Pronoun + be +verb (-ed)
I call I am called
you call you are called he, she, it calls he, she, it is called we call we are called you call you are called they call they are called
You can check the instrument. The instrument can be checked.
Spelling (Gërmëzimi në ndërtim):
-e -ed use used define defined
-y -ied apply applied specify specified
-I, -t, -p -lied, -tted, -pped (bashkëtingëlloret ) control controlled emit emitted stop stopped
Examples: A resistor is connected across a capacitor. Current is measured in amperes. Many machines are controlled by computers. Screws are undone with a screwdriver. Many conductors are made of copper. Operating manuals are often written in English.
Një listë të foljeve të parregullta kryesore mund ta gjeni në shtojcën në fund të librit.
Irregular verbs (Foljet e parregullt).
make made cut cut
do done put put write written read read
49
2 THE PERSONAL PRONOUN (Përemrat vetor)
Subject (Kryefjala) 'kush?' Object (Kundrinori) 'kë/kujt?'
I me you you he him she her it it we us you you they them
I remove the battery. I remove it. The a.c. can act upon the ioad. The d.c. cannot act upon it The positive terminal attracts the eiectrons. The negative terminal repels them. Capacitors have many uses. One of them is ... 3 THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUN (Përemrat pronor)
Personal pronoun Possessive pronoun
1 my you your he his she her it its we our you your they their
I like my computer. You must ask your teacher. Gold is a good conductor: its resistance is low. We must learn our lessons well. The size of the plates and their distance from each other influence the capacitance.
it’s = it is its = ‘of it’
50
PRACTICE Understanding the text. (Të kuptuarit e teksit.) 1 Capacitance a. cannot flow off. 2 A capacitor b. depends on the dielectric. 3 The electrons c. allows the flow of a. c. 4 Electric charge d. is the ability to store electrical energy 5 A capacitor e. is stored in the electric field. 6 Capacitance f. consists of two metal plates. 1 __________________________________________________________________________
2 __________________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________________
6 __________________________________________________________________________
Please translate. (Ju lutemi përkthejini.)
1 This is a difficult text but you can understand it.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2 The negative terminal repels the electrons and the positive terminal attracts them.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3 If you want to control the current flow, you must limit it with a resistor.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4 There are different types of resistors. One of them is the potentiometer.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5 Semiconductor materials offer different conductivity. When you dope them, the conductivity
increases.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
1
2
51
6 I like my computer. Electronics is my hobby.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7 Gold is a good conductor. Its resistance is low.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
8 Ohm was a mathematician. His law is very important. Its formulas must be memorized.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
9 We use the farad and its submultiples to calculate capacitance.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
10 Don't touch the components at their leads.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
11 Give me your manual.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
12 She shows me her new camera.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
13 Our teacher asks us to listen to him.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
14 The Millers live in England. They have got their workshop in Dover.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
15 The new technician works well. His knowledge is good. Ask him to help you with your problems.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
52
Please translate. (Ju lutemi përkthejini.) 1 The ohmmeter is defined as follows.
______________________________________________________________________________________
2 This scale is graduated in ohms.
______________________________________________________________________________________
3 Voltage is measured in volts.
______________________________________________________________________________________
4 This operating manual is written in English.
______________________________________________________________________________________
5 The screws are undone.
______________________________________________________________________________________
6 These functions of the machine are controlled by a computer.
________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
7 The term 'resistor' is applied to a special component in a circuit.
________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
8 Ohm's law is used to calculate current, resistance and voltage.
________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
9 The electrons are attracted by the positive terminal of the battery.
________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
10 Electrical energy can be transformed into light, heat or motion.
________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3
53
Form the passive voice. (Formoni formën pasive.)
I call. - I am called.
1 It begins. _______________________________________
2 We count. _______________________________________
3 They know. _______________________________________
4 They measure. _______________________________________
5 They move. _______________________________________
6 You pass. _______________________________________
7 They start. _______________________________________
8 You give. _______________________________________
9 It reads. _______________________________________
10 They write. _______________________________________
Calculate the following values. (Përllogaritni vlerat e mëposhtme.) 1 Q = 9 C and V = 3 V What is C?
2 Q = 16μC and V = 8 V What is C?
3 C = 12μF and Q = 72 μC What is V?
4 A p.d. of 750 V is put across a capacitor of 3 μF. Calculate the charge Q.
4
5
54
VOCABULARY
capacitance vëllim particular i/e veçantë
capacitor kondensator in place of në vend të
ability aftësi quartz kuarc
(to) be able to jam në gjendje acryl Akril
(to) store magazinoj hard i/e fortë
term afat, periudhë, semestër soft i/e butë
(to) apply to zbatoj porcelain porcelan
(to) possess kam, zotëroj, posedoj ceramics qeramikë
characteristic karaktestikë water ujë
(to) consist of përbëhet nga dislike mospëlqim
plate pjatë, pllakë just like pikërisht si
(to) separate ndaj farad farad
insulating izolues too gjithashtu
dielectric jopërçues large i/e madh/-e
then pastaj practical praktik/e
deficit defiçit submultiple ndarës
excess tepri, i/e tepërt computer kompjuter
equal i/e barabartë teacher mësues/-e
process proces (to) learn (well) mësoj (mirë)
(to) remove heq,largoj lesson mësim
(to) flow off fluturoj tutje (to)check kontrolloj
(to) discharge lëshoj, shkarkoj (to) specify specifikoj
direct, directly i/e drejtë, i/e drejtpërdrejtë (to) emit lëshoj, nxjerr
use përdor (to) make bëj
them ato (to) write shkruaj
(to) block bllokoj machine makineri
direct current (d.c.) rrymë e vazhdueshme by nga
alternative current (a.c.) rrymë alternative manual manuale
(to) allow to lejoj operating manual funksionim manual
passage kalim, pasazh often shpesh
since që kur, që nga difficult i/e vështirë
(to) act upon veproj mbi, influencoj (to) understand kuptoj
load ngarkesë (to) want dëshiroj, dua
(to) influence influencoj (to) limit kufizoj
size masë semiconductor gjysëm përcjedhës
their e tyre (to) dope stimuloj, përziej lëndë kimike
distance distancë (to) increase rris
each other njëri tjetri electronics elektronikë
impregnated i/e mbarsur, i/e plotësuar mathematician matematicient
paper letër important i/e rëndësishëm/-me
mica mikë (to) show shfaq, tregoj
various të ndryshme (to) ask pyes
vacuum vakuum, zbrazëti (to) listen dëgjoj
air ajër (to) live jetoj
55
number numër (to) have got kam, zotëroj
(to) indicate do të thotë, tregon technician teknik
(to) raise ngrihet (to) work punoj
well mirë
knowledge njohuri
problem problem
as follows si më poshtë
scale shkallë
(to) graduate
diplomohem, mbaroj shkollën
56
Unit 6 COILS AND INDUCTANCE Coils are made from wound wire with a core of air or of ferromagnetic material. They are called inductors because they are able to produce an induced voltage in themselves when the current changes. Coils are used to choke an a. c. or they are parts of oscillating circuits. Inductance L (L for linkage of the magnetic flux) is the measure of induction the coil produces. It is measured in henrys (H). A coil has an inductance of 1 H if it produces a voltage of 1 V when the current changes at the rate of 1 A per second.
The inductance of a coil depends on the number of windings, its cross-sectional area, its length and the kind of core. So inductance increases if the coil has many turns, if its cross-sectional area is large and its length small and if its core is made of magnetic material. In an a. c. circuit an inductor can provide the current control: it opposes the a. c. This opposition is called impedance Z and is due to the resistance R (of the copper wire used to wind the coil) and the inductive reactance XL. The impedance is given by
A transformer consists of two coils that are magnetically coupled. When an alternating current passes through the first coil, the magnetic flux lines of that primary winding act on the turns of the secondary winding. The primary winding induces a voltage in the secondary winding. At the same time the magnetic flux of the second coil acts on the turns of the first coil. There is an interaction between the magnetic fields of the two coils that is called mutual inductance. There are two different kinds of coils depending on the kind of core: air-core coils and iron-core coils. Air-core coils have small inductances and are used at high frequences (e. g. in signal tuning circuits above 2 MHZ). They can have different forms of construction. There are cylindrical coils (a), rectangular coils (b) and toroidal coils (c). Iron-core coils can have different cores: laminated cores or ferrite cores. Laminated cores concentrate magnetic flux lines, block eddy currents and offer large inductance. Ferrite core coils are used to produce inductances in oscillating circuits. Ferrite cores are very small so they enable a small coil to give the required inductance.
1 H=1Vs
A
Z=√R2+ X
L
2
57
GRAMMAR FUNDAMENTAL TERMS (Terminologjia bazë)
folja
Forma emërore mbiemri
capacitor
kondensator
capacitance
vëllim
capacitivity
kapaciteti
capacitive
kapazitiv
conduct
përcjell
conductor
përcjellës
conduction
përcjellje
conductance
përcjellje, përcjellshmëri
conductivity
përcjellshmëri
conductive
përcjellës
induce
induktoj,
inductor
induktor
induction
induksion
inductance
induktancë
Induktivitet
inductivity
induktivitet
inductive
induktiv
insulate
izoloj
insulator
izolues
insulation
izolim
insulance
izolim
insulativity
nivel izolimi
insulative
izolues, izolant
resist
rezistoj
resistor
rezistor
resistance
rezistence
resistivity
nivel rezistence
resistive
rezistent
58
PRACTICE Understanding the text. (Të kuptojme tekstin.) What is right? a or/and b? {Cila është e saktë? a apo/dhe b?)
1 Coils are called inductors because a) of their ability to induce voltage in themselves, b) they can store electrical charge. 2 The inductance of a coil is low if
a) the coil has an air-core. b) its core is of ferromagnetic material.
3 Coils can be used to a) control current. b) increase voltage.
4 The impedance of a coil depends on
a) the resistance of the wire and its inductive reactance, b) the amount of current.
5 A transformer offers mutual inductance because
a) its coils have many turns. b) it consists of two coils that are magnetically coupled.
6 Air-core coils have
a) large inductances, b) small inductances.
7 The inductance of a ferrite-core is large because
a) the core is made from magnetic material. b) the wire size is very small.
Please fill in. (Ju lutemi plotësoni fjalitë.)
capacitance - capacitor - conductance - inductance - induced - insulating - insulator - resistance - resistor
1 A coil produces an ___________________ voltage.
2 A __________________ is a component that opposes the flow of current.
3 The __________________ of a conductor increases if the ____________________ decreases.
4 If the core of a coil is made from a magnetic material, the ________________ of the coil is high.
5 _________________ is the ability to store electrical charge.
6 A material where electrons cannot move freely is called ____________________
7 A ________________ consists of two metal plates that are separated by an __________material
2
1
59
Put the terms into the correct spaces. (Vendosni termat në hapësirat boshe të duhura.)
capacitance - to induce - conductor - inductance - to insulate - capacitor - resistance - insulator - conductance - to conduct - resistor - to resist
3
60
VOCABULARY
coil bobinë (to) be due to në sajë të
inductance induktancë inductive reactance reaktance induktive
made from bërë nga, i/e përbërë nga given by dhënë nga
(to) wind mbështjell transformer transformator
wound mbështjell (në kohën e kryer) magnetically magnetikisht
core bërthamë, nukël (to) couple çiftëzoj, bashkoj, lidh
ferromagnetic material material ferromagnetik the first (1st) i pari
inductor induktor magnetic flux line drejtim i rrjedhës magnetike
because sepse primary winding mbështjellje parësore
induced voltage voltazh/tension i detyruar secondary winding mbështjellje dytësore
in themselves në vetveten e tyre (to) induce induktoj, nxis, shtyj
(to) change ndryshoj at the same time në të njëjtën kohë
(to) choke mbyt, reduktoj, vë valvul ajri interaction ndërveprim
part pjesë magnetic field fushë magnetike
oscillating circuit qark lëkundës mutual inductance induktance e dyanshme
linkage lidhje air-core coil bobinë me bërthamë ajri
magnetic magnetik iron-core coil bobinë me bërthamë hekuri
magnetic flux fluks/rrjedhe magnetike high frequency frekuencë e lartë
measure masë signal tuning circuit qark i rregullimit të sinjalit
induction induksion, thithje above lart, sipër
henry henri (njësi matëse) construction ndërtimi
at the rate of në normën/masën form of construction forma e ndërtimit
second sekond cylindrical coil bobinë cilindtrike
number numër toroidal coil bobinë unazë/rrethore
winding mbështjellje laminated core bërthamë e petëzuar
cross-sectional area zonë ndërsektoriale ferrite core bërthamë hekuri
length gjatësi (to) concentrate përqendrohem
kind lloj, tip (to) block bllokoj
(to) decrease zvogëloj eddy current rrymë në form vorbulle/spirale
turn kthesë, kthim, përdredhje large i/e madhe
(to) provide siguroj (to) enable bëj të mundur, mundësoj
current control kontroll i rrymës required i/e duhur, i/e nevojshëm
opposition opozita, kundërshtari substrate nënshtresë, themel
impedance impedancë, rezistencë e plotë quantity sasi
61
Unit 7 SEMICONDUCTORS
Semiconductors are materials whose resistance is greater than that of a conductor but less than that of an insulator. In other words their conductivity is between that of good conductors and that of good insulators. Semiconductor materials are, for example, silicon, germanium and carbon. They possess two types of electrical charge carriers: negative electrons and positive holes. The conductivity of pure semiconductors varies with the temperature: the higher the temperature, the lower the resistance and the higher the conductance. Germanium, for example, is an insulator when the temperature is low. Its conductance is practically 0. However, its conductance increases when the temperature increases.
The process of introducing impurities into a pure semiconductor is called doping. Two different kinds of semiconductors are available by doping: n-type and p-type semiconductors.
Semiconductor devices consist of doped semiconductors. There are four basic groups of semiconductor devices:
- diodes - transistors - thyristors - ICs
62
GRAMMAR 1 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (Mbiemrat në shkallën krahasore)
a low voltage
(... i ulët ...)
a high resistance
a happy man
an easy test
a lower voltage
(... më i ulët...)
a higher resistance
a happier man
an easier test
the lowest voltage
( . . . më i ulëti...)
the highest resistance
the happiest man
the easiest test
Fjalë njërrokëshe (low, high, ...) dhe fjalë që mbarojnë me -y (happy, easy ...), marrin er dhe -est në fund.
an economical method an expensive car
a more economical method a more expensive car
the most economical method the most expensive car
Shumica e fjalëve me dy ose me më shumë rrokje marrin more ose most përpara.
spelling (Gërmëzimi):
big bigger - the biggest
pure - purer - the purest
heavy - heavier - the heaviest
irregular Comparisons (Formime të parregullta të shkallës krahasore):
2 COMPARISON IN SENTENCES (Fjalitë krahasore):
1 This test is easier than the last one. (Ky test është më i lehtë se ai i kaluari.)
2 This test is as easy as the last one.
(Ky test është po aq i lehtë sa ai i kaluari.)
This test is not as easy as the last one.
(Ky test nuk është aq i lehtë sa ai i kaluari.)
3 The more you know the better your test will be. (Sa më shumë të dish, aq më i mire do të jetë testi yt.)
good - better - the best bad worse - the worst many/much - more - the most
(a) little less - the least
63
3 RELATIVE CLAUSES I (me përemrat përcaktues) (Fjalitë pëcaktuese-me përemrat përcaktues)
1 he, she that/who
That's the man. That's the man
He that/who can repair the device, can repair the device.
2 it that/which
That's a problem. That's a problem
It that/which
cannot be solved, cannot be solved.
3 his, her, its whose
That's the teacher. That's the teacher. Copper is a metal. Copper is a metal
His whose Its whose
students can solve the problem, students can solve the problem, conductivity is very good, conductivity is very good.
64
PRACTICE Understanding the text. (Të kuptojmë tekstin.)
a) Are the sentences right (R) or wrong (W)? b) If you think a statement is wrong, give the correct version.
(Nëse mendoni se ndonjë nga pohimet janë gabim, jepni versionin e saktë.) 1 A semiconductor is a material whose resistance is higher than that of an insulator and
whose conductance is higher than that of a conductor. __________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2 The two types of electric charge carriers are electrons and holes.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3 The holes are negatively charged.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
4 The electrons are positively charged.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
5 The conductivity of pure semiconductors depends on the temperature.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
6 Pure semiconductors produce n-type semiconductors or p-type semiconductors.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Compare the adjectives. (Krahasojini mbiemrat.)
example: a high voltage - a higher voltage - the highest voltage
1 a useful device
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2 a fast car
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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2
65
3 a thirsty man
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4 an expensive computer
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5 a low resistance
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Please translate. (Ju lutemi përkthejini.)
1 For us English is easier to learn than Finnish.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2 The more intense the light, the lower the resistance.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3 This exercise is not as difficult as the last one. It's easier.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4 English is as important as the other school subjects.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5 This test is worse than the last one.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6 Doped semiconductors conduct better than pure semiconductors.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Please fill in who, which, that or whose. (Ju lutemi plotësojini fjalitë me who, which, that ose whose.) 1 A capacitor is a component__________________can store electric charge.
2 A man_______________can program a computer is a programmer.
3 You can't use a soldering iron_________________is broken.
4 A semiconductor is a material________charge carriers are negative electrons or positive holes.
5 A machine_________________is defective must be repaired
3
4
66
VOCABULARY
semiconductor gjysëm përsjellës thyristor tiristor
whose i/e kujt IC, integrated circuit qark i integruar
greater më i/e madh/-e comparison krahasim
than se (to) compare krahasoj
less më pak happy i/e lumtur
in other words me fjalë të tjera man burrë, njeri
silicon silikon economical ekonomike
germanium germanium expensive i/e shtrenjtë
carbon karbon car makinë
charge carrier mbartës heavy i/e rëndë
hole vrimë bad i/e keq
pure i/e pastër, i/e pa përzier the last one i/e fundit
(to) vary ndryshoj who kush
temperature temperature (to) solve zgjidh, gjej zgjidhje
practically praktikisht solution zgjidhje
(to) introduce fus, përhap, njoh useful i/e dobishëm/-me
impurity papastërti fast i/e shpejtë
doping stimulim, përzierje lëndësh kimike thirsty i/e etur
(to) dope stimuloj, përziej lëndë kimike Finnish finlandez
doped i stimuluar, i përzier intense intense
available i/e diponueshëm subject subjekt
n-type semiconductor gjysëm përsjellës të tipit n school shkollë
p-type semiconductor gjysëm përsjellës të tipit p (to) program programoj
bazic bazat, themelet programmer programues
group grup broken i/e prishur
diode diodë defective defektiv, e/i dëmtuar
transistor tranzistor
67
Unit 8 DIODES
A diode is a two-terminal semi-conductor. It has a positive pole, the anode, and a negative pole, the cathode. A diode can have a high or a low resistance depending on the polarity of the voltage supply. That means that a diode is a kind of one-way street: it permits the current to flow in only one direction. There are two ways in which a diode can operate: 1) it can operate in the reverse-biased mode, 2) it can operate in the forward-biased mode.
1) A diode has high resistance if the anode is more negative than the cathode.
Operating in reverse-biased mode, a diode has a high resistance. The reverse resistance (RR) can be higher than 10 MQ. And although the diode blocks the current, there is still a minimal flow: the reverse current IR. Depending on the type of diode, the reverse voltage VR varies between 20 and 1500 volts.
2) A diode conducts if the anode is more positive than the cathode.
Operating in forward direction, the diode has only low resistance and so offers high conductance to the current (lF). The voltage drop in the forward-biased direction (VF) depends on the intensity of the current (lF) and the material of which the diode is made (germanium: VF = 0.3 V or silicon: VF = 0.7V). GERMANIUM POINT CONTACT DIODE. GENERAL PURPOSE DIODE WITH HIGH REVERSE VOLTAGE.
(Diode kontakti me Germanium. Diode universal me rrymë të kundërt/prerëse të lartë.) Dimensions (Dimensionet) - measurements (Matjet) : mm - scale (Shkalla): 2:1
Standard case (Norma)
JEDEC DO 7 Weight (Pesha)
0.2 g max
Absolute maximum ratings (Vlerat absolute maksimale) ambient temperature (temperatura e ambjentit) tamb 25 75 °C reverse voltage (rrymë e kundërt/prerëse) VR 90 75 V maximum reverse voltage (rrymë e kundërt/prerëse maksimale)
VRM 115 100 V
maximum forward current (rrymë e drejtë maksimale) IF 150 150 mA junction temperature (temperaturë lidhje) tj 100 °C storage temperature (temperature konservimi) tstg -55 ... +100 °C
68
GRAMMAR ING-FORM 1 Form
(to) put putting (to) stop stopping
t-tt, s-ss, n-nn after single, short, stressed p-pp, m-mm, g-gg vowels (pas zanoreve teke, të d-dd shkurtra, të theksuara)
(to) control controlling
l-ll- after single vowels (pas zanoreve teke)
after single, long vowels in words r-rr with the stress on the last syllable (pas zanoreve teke të gjata me theksin tek rrokja e fundit)
2 USE (Përdorimi)
compound nouns (emra të përbërë)
soldering iron measuring device operating instructions indicating light insulating material maximum ratings
as subject of the sentence (si kryefjalë e fjalisë)
Learning English is fun. Repairing this device is not difficult. Increasing the voltage can be dangerous.
as verb after the imperative (si folje pas formës urdhërore)
Stop working. Start measuring now. Keep checking this instrument.
to connect noun and relative clause (për të lidhur emra dhe fjali përcaktuese)
a component blocking the current flow … that (which) blocks… electrons moving round the circuit … that (which) move… an electronic engineer checking the computers
…who checks….
to connect two sentences (për të lidhur dy fjali që kanë të njëjtën kryefjalë)
Operating in forward direction, a diode has ... Connecting a wire to a battery produces an electric current. Using an ohmmeter, measure the resistance.
69
PRACTICE Understanding the text. (Të kuptuarit e tekstit.)
Fill in: minimal - reverse(-biased) - component - one - forward - high - reverse – low
1 A diode is a_________________that has two poles.
2 It permits the current to flow in only ___________________________direction.
3 A diode can work in two directions:
in the__________________direction and in the_______________________direction.
4 In forward direction, the diode offers________________resistance and__________________
conductance.
5 In the reverse-biased mode, there is still a ______________________current flow, the
____________________current.
Please translate. (Ju lutemi përkthejini.)
1 This is your computer speaking.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2 Moving the switch to the ON-position, you complete the circuit.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3 You find all the maximum ratings of these diodes in the manual.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4 Keep using these tools.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5 Measuring the voltage requires special devices.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6 The current flowing in a conductor is measured in amperes.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7 A material blocking the current flow is called an insulator.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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2
70
8 Capacitors are devices storing electric charge.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
9 Depending on the type of diode, the reverse voltage can vary between 20 and 1500 V.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
10 You can discharge a capacitor by placing a resistor across the leads.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Please translate. (Ju lutemi përkthejini.) 1 A tool that holds things is called a vice.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2 A battery has a p.d. that pushes the current through a conductor.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3 Metals are materials that conduct the current.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4 The electrons that move in one direction are the electric current.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5 Resistance is a force that opposes the current flow.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6 Resistors are components that have specified values of resistance.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7 If you know the resistance and the current, you can calculate the voltage.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
8 If you study the example, you can do the exercise.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
9 When it operates in forward direction, a diode offers low resistance.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
10 The reverse voltage varies between 20 and 1500 V, which depends on the type of diode.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3
71
Please transform the ten sentences in Exercise 3. (Ju lutemi transformoni dhjetë fjalitë e Ushtrimit 3.) A file is a tool that smoothes things. A file is a tool smoothing things.
1 ______________________________________________________________________________
2 ______________________________________________________________________________
3 ______________________________________________________________________________
4 ______________________________________________________________________________
5 ______________________________________________________________________________
6 ______________________________________________________________________________
7 ______________________________________________________________________________
8 ______________________________________________________________________________
9 ______________________________________________________________________________
10 ______________________________________________________________________________
Using a suitable ohmmeter, please measure the resistance of a diode. (Ju lutemi matni rezistencën e një diode duke përdorur një Ohmmetër të përshtatshëm.)
1 by connecting the positive terminal of the measuring instrument to the anode and the negative terminal to the cathode. (duke lidhur skajin pozitiv të instrumentit matës me anodën dhe skajin negativ me katodën):
2 by connecting the negative terminal of the measuring instrument to the anode and the positive terminal to the cathode. (duke lidhur skajin negativ të instrumentit matës me anodën dhe skajin pozitiv me katodën):
4
5
72
VOCABULARY
diode diodë reverse current rryme e kundërt/prerëse
pole pol forward (-biased) direction drejtim
polarity polaritet voltage drop rënie voltazhi/tensioni
cathode katodë measuring device paisje matëse
anode anodë measuring instrument instrument matës
supply furnizim indicating light dritë treguese
voltage supply furnizim me rrymë maximum ratings vlera maksimale
(to) mean do të thotë, ka kuptimin fun qejf
one-way street rrugë një kalimshe dangerous i/e rrezikshëm/-me
(to) permit lejoj danger rrezik
(to) operate funksionoj (to) keep mbaj
reverse-biased mode metoda e drejtimit të kundërt electronic engineer inxhinier elektronik
forward-biased mode metoda e drejtimit të përparmë (to) fill mbush
bias anësi, paragjykim (to) speak flas
although megjithatë ON position pozicion i ndezur
still akoma OFF position pozicion i fikur
minimal minimal, shumë i/e vogël (to) complete a circuit përfundoj një qark
(to) require
kërkoj, është i/e domosdoshëm/-me
reverse forward (to) place vendos
reverse current forward current calculation llogaritje
reverse voltage forward voltage (to) study studioj
reverse resistance forward resistance exercise ushtrim
73
Unit 9 RESISTORS Fixed value resistors are components whose resistance cannot be changed. Two very common types of fixed value resistors are 1) the carbon-film resistor and 2) the metal-film resistor. 1) A carbon film is applied to a ceramic plate or rod. The thickness and length of the film determines the
actual resistance of the component. The typical resistance range of a carbon-film resistor is from 10 D to 10 MQ. Its tolerance1 is 5 % or more and its power rating2 is from 0.1 to 2W.
2) A metal film is applied to a ceramic or glass substrate (tube). Its resistance ranges from 0.1 Q to 1.5 MQ. Its tolerance range is between 0.1 and 10 % and its power rating between 0.5 and 1 W.
Variable resistors/trimmers have a sliding wiper. By tapping off one part of the carbon track, their resistance can be altered. They are usually adjusted using a screwdriver. Their resistance ranges from just a few ohms to 5 MO. Generally they have a tolerance of ± 10 % and a power rating of 0.1 W.
Potentiometers or pots have a turning knob so that the value of resistance can be altered frequently. They are generally used as voltage or current control devices. There are two basic types of pots: a) single turn, b) multiple turn.
a) The single-turn resistors are the most common of these two types. Their resistance range is between 50 Q and 5 MQ. They can have a tolerance of ± 10 and 20 %, and a power rating of 0.2 to 30 W or more. These types find many applications, for example as volume controls in TV-receivers.
b) Multiple-turn pots usually have 10 turns. Their typical resistance range is from 50 Q to 250 kO. Generally, they have a tolerance of ± 3 % and a power rating of up to 5 W. Multiple-turn pots are often used in analog computers.
1 The term tolerance refers to the possible spread of resistance value.
2 The power rating refers to the maximum power that can be tolerated by a resistor without the resistor being damaged by
overheating.
74
Resistors are marked with 4 colour bands. Each colour strip indicates the particular value of resistance:
Example: red violet brown gold 2 7 ∙ 10 ±5 = 27 ∙ 10Ω = 270Ω ± 5%
colour 1st band 2nd band 3rd band 4th band
(1st value) (2nd value) (multiplication factor)
(tolerance)
black 0 0 10° ______ —
brown 1 1 101 ± 1 % red 2 2 102 ± 2% orange 3 3 103 — yellow 4 4 104 — green 5 5 10s ±0.5 % blue 6 6 106 — violet 7 7 107 — grey 8 8 108 — white 9 9 109 — gold — — 10-1 ± 5% silver — — 10-2 ± 10% no colour — — 10° ± 20 %
75
GRAMMAR THE PASSIVE VOICE (forma Joveprore)
Look at the passive voice sentences in the table. Remember? (Shikoni në tabelë fjalitë në formën joveprore. Ju kujtohen ?)
-e -ed use used define defined
-y -ied apply applied specify specified
-1, -t, -p -lied, -tted, -pped (consonants)
control controlled emit emitted stop stopped
-r -rred refer referred
be Verb
This tool is used to undo screws.
The coils are magnetically coupled. A transformer is made of two coils. Technical texts are often read in class.
Spelling (Gërmëzimi në ndërtimin e foljes):
Irregular verbs (Foljet e parregullta):
make made cut cut
do done put put write written read read
76
PRACTICE Understanding the text. (Të kuptuarit e tekstit.)
1. Fixed value resistors are components whose resistance can be changed.
2. One very common type of fixed value resistor is the carbon-film reistor.
3. Variable resistors are also called trimmers.
4. Their resistance can be altered using a screwdriver.
5. The resistance of a pot cannot be altered.
6. Single and multiple turn are two basic types of pots.
7. Pots can be used as voltage control devices.
8. The colour strips help you to calculate the particular value of the resistance.
Please write the infinitive and translate the sentences. (Ju lutemi shkruani formën e thjeshtë të foljes dhe përkthejini fjalitë.) The sound is spread. - to spread Tingulli është shpërndarë. 1. The wire is wound. - _____________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. The pin is found. - _____________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. The voltage is kept constant. - ____________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. The program is run. - ________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. The transistor is mounted. - ________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6. A diode can be made of germanium. - ________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7. The manual is written in English.- __________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
8. The IC pins are put on aluminium foil - ____________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
9. The programming language is learnt. – ______________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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2
77
10. The indicating light isn't lit. - ______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Please transform the sentences into the passive voice. (Ju lutemi transformoni fjalitë në formën joveprore.) 1 A capacitor stores electrical energy.
Electrical energy is stored by a capacitor.
2 You apply the term capacitor to a special device.
The term capacitor_____________________________________________________________________
3 The dielectric separates the two metal plates.
The two metal plates___________________________________________________________________
4 The dielectric influences the capacitance.
The capacitance_______________________________________________________________________
5 The capacitor blocks the flow of d.c.
The flow of d.c.________________________________________________________________________
6 The capacitor allows the a.c. to pass.
The a.c.______________________________________________________________________________
Active or Passive? (Veprore apo Joveprore?) 1 He ______________________ in the workshop. (to) work
2 They _____________________ the voltage. (to) control
3 These scales are _______________________ in ohms. (to) graduate
4 The voltmeter is ______________________ as follows. (to) define
5 I _____________________ the instrument. (to) switch on
6 The instrument is_______________________. (to) switch off
7 He ______________________ the operating manual. (to) read
8 This formula is ______________________ as follows. (to) read
3
4
78
Please translate. (Ju lutem përkthejini.) 1 The sentences are translated by Peter.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2 This question can be answered by everybody.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3 A positive charge is attracted by a negative charge.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4 A negative charge is repelled by another negative charge.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5 The electrons are pushed through the conductor by the electromotive force.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
6 The amount of current flow is controlled by a resistor.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7 The relationship between voltage, resistance and current is described by Ohm's law.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
8 Electric power can be defined as follows
_____________________________________________________________________________________
If you want more practice , rewrite the sentences in the Exercise 5 in the active voice.
(Nëse doni të bëni më shumë praktikë, rishkruani fjalitë e Ushtrimit 5 në formën joveprore.)
1 Peter translates the sentences.
2 Everybody can__________________________________________________________________
3 ______________________________________________________________________________
4 ______________________________________________________________________________
5 ______________________________________________________________________________
6 ______________________________________________________________________________
7 ______________________________________________________________________________
8 ______________________________________________________________________________
5
6
79
VOCABULARY
fixed value resistor rezistencë me vlerë fikse single turn kthesë teke
common i/e zakonshëm/-me multiple turn kthesë e shumëfishtë
carbon-film fletë/shtresë e hollë karboni (to) find gjej
metal -film fletë/shtresë e hollë metali application zbatim, aplikim
ceramic qeramikë up to deri më/në
rod shufër analog(ue) computer kompjuter analog
thickness trashësi (to) mark shënoj
actual aktual colour band fasho, shirit me ngjyrë
typical tipik colour strip rrip, gjuhëz me ngjyrë
range gamë, një seri, shtrirje each secili/-a
resistance range gamë vlerash rezistence 1st (first) i/e pari/-a
power range gamë vlerash energjie 2nd (second) i/e dyti/-a
tolerance tolerance 3rd (third) i/e treti/-a
(to) tolerate toleroj 4th (fourth) i/e katërt/-a
power rating narma e energjisë black i/e zezë
tube tub brown i/e kaftë
(to)range from…to varion nga ….në red i/e kuqe
trimmer rezistence rregullatore orange portokall
sliding wiper kontakt rrëshqitës yellow i/e verdhë
(to) tap off kap, marr green jeshil, i/e gjelbër
carbon-track gjurmë karboni blue blu, i/e kaltër
(to) alter ndryshoj violet violet, lejla
usually zakonisht grey gri
(to) adjust rregulloj white i/e bardhë
a few pak gold ar
generally në përgjithësi silver argjend
(to) refer to i referohen multiplication factor faktor shumëzimi
spread përhapje class klasë
(to) damage dëmtoj sound tingull
damage dëmtim constant konstante
overheating tejnxehje (to) run vë në punë, vë në funksionim
(to) overheat tejnxej (to) mount montoj
turning knob çelës rrotullues foil fletë metalike
frequently shpesh (to) light ndriçoj
voltage control kontroll i tensionit everybody cdo njeri
another një tjetër
80
Unit 10 PHOTO RESISTORS
Photo resistors are light dependent resistors (LDR). They are mixed crystals composed of elements like cadmium, lead, sulphur. When the resistor is exposed to light (i.e. energy), the charge carriers (electrons or positive holes) begin to move. This causes an increase in the conductivity of the crystals. So the more intense the 5 light the lower the resistance of the photo resistor. The device is usually a ceramic component (the substrate) with an active layer applied to it. The size of this layer and the material used determine the actual sensitivity of the particular photo resistor. Cadmium sulphide, for example, is highly sensitive to light. The data sheet of a photo resistor includes the typical performance curve of the device in question. It indicates how the resistance of the particular device decreases upon its exposure to light.
Photo resistors are not equally sensitive to all light waves. Their maximum sensitivity is reached at a certain wave length (Xmax) and it can be altered by the application of a certain semiconductor material (see above).
Ev = illuminance (ndriçimi)
different types
example: at 30 I x RB = 104 Ω “ 200l x RB = 1800 Ω “ 1000l x RB = 500 Ω
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Practical applications of the LDR are (among others) exposure meters, light controls and burglar 15 alarms.
Maximum ratings for common devices:
Ptot 50 mW to 2 W (when Vu = 25 oC)
UV maximum working voltage 100 V to 250 V ≈
Ro dark resistance 1 min. after obscurity: 1 MΩ to 100 MΩ
Rb bright resistance at Ev = 1000 lx 100 Ω to 2 kΩ
Λmax wavelength with maximum sensitivity 0,5 μm to 0,72 μm
tτ reaction time, i.e. the time that passes at 1000 lx after obscurity until the count
reaches 65% of its value at R1000
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GRAMMAR CONTACT CLAUSES (Fjali nënrenditëse pa përemër lidhor)
Remember: (Mbani mend:)
1 A file is a tool that/which smoothes things. 2 A programmer is a person that/who can program computers
■ Subordinate clauses that begin with a relative pronoun are relative clauses. This relative pronoun is that or which for things [—>1], and that or who for persons [—>-2].
(Fjalitë nënrenditëse që fillojnë me nje përemër lidhor janë fjali lidhore. Ky përemër lidhor është that ose which për sendet [—>1], dhe that ose who për njerëzit.
■ However, the relative pronoun (that, which, who) is often left out. Then the form of to be (is, are) is left out, too.
(Megjithatë përemrat lidhor (that, which, who) shpesh mund të përjashtohen. Pastaj forma to be (is, are) mund të pëjashtohet gjithashtu.)
Examples:
Look at the examples that/which are shown above.
Look at the examples shown above.
Ask the technician that/who is responsible for the repairs. Ask the technician responsible for the repairs.
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PRACTICE Please fill in. (Ju lutemi plotësoni fjalitë.)
size - typical - controls - semiconductor - light - alarms - material - decreases
1 Photo resistors are _____________ dependent resistors (LDR);
2 When the resistor is exposed to light, its resistivity ________________
3 The actual sensitivity of a photo resistor depends on the _______________ of the layer and
the___________________used.
4 The data sheet includes the______________ performance curve of a particular LDR.
5 The sensitivity of a photo resistor can be altered by the application of a certain ______________ material.
6 Practical applications of the LDR are light _______________ and burglar____________________
Fill in which/that is or which/that are. (Vendosni: which/that is ose which/that are.)
1 Machines _____________ controlled by a computer work fast.
2 The material _____________ used is too expensive.
3 The value _____________ indicated here is wrong.
4 Be careful with ICs ______________ taken from the package.
5 I hope you can operate the instrument _____________ set up now.
6 The fault _____________ found is easy to debug.
Shorten the following sentences. (Shkurtoni fjalitë e mëposhtme.) 1 The material that is used influences the conductivity.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2 The voltage which is applied can range between 1 V and 1 kV.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3 Chips that are made from silicon are used for ICs.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4 The voltagewhich is measured is 12 V.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
1
3
2
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5 The electronic engineer who is trained in running computers can find the bug in the system.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6 We guarantee the proper functioning of all the machines that are checked by our experts.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Please translate. (Ju lutemi përkthejini fjalitë e mëposhtme.)
1 Photo resistors are mixed crystals composed of different elements.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2 An LDR consists of an active layer applied to a ceramic substrate.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3 The material used influences the resistivity of a photo resistor.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4 The voltage applied can range between 1 V and 1 kV.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5 The current measured in the device is much too high.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6 The induction produced by the coil is called the inductance L.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7 ICs taken from the package must be handled with care
_______________________________________________________________________________________
8 Machines run by computers can produce at lower costs.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4
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VOCABULARY
photo resistor foto reziztencë eye sy
dependent (on) varem nga among others mes të tjerëve
dependency varësi exposure meter matës i ekspozimit ndaj dritës
mixed e përzier light control kontrollues i dritës
crystal kristal burglar alarm alarm kundër vjedhjes
(to) compose përbëj, hartoj working voltage tension përdorimi
(to) be composed of përbëhet dark resistance rezistencë e errët
like si obscurity errësirë
cadmium kadmium bright resistance rezistencë e ndritshme
lead plumb wave length gjatësi vale
sulphur squfur reaction time koha e reagimit
(to) expose (to) ekspozoj ndaj/në drop (in) rënie, reduktim, fundosem
exposure ekspozim (to) drop bie, hedh, lëshoj
exposure to light ekspozim në dritë description përshkrim
i.e. d.m.th. technology teknologji
(to) cause shkaktoj responsible përgjegjës
increase rritje repair riparim, korrigjim
active aktiv careful i/e kujdesshëm/-me
layer shtresë (to) take marr
sensitivity ndjeshmëri package paketë
sensitive (to) i/e ndjeshëm/me ndaj (to) hope shpresoj
cadmium sulphide kadmium squfuri (to) train mësoj, përgatis, stërvis, ushtroj
highly shumë, shumë mirë, tepër (to) guarantee garantoj
data sheet specifikim të dhënash expert ekspert, specialist
(to) include (in) përfshij në (to) set up instaloj
curve kthesë, lakore, kurbë fault gabim
performance curve lakore efektshmërie/egzekutimi bug gabim (në sistem)
in question në pyetje (to) debug rregulloj
equally njësoj (to) handle trajtoj, manovroj, merrem me
light wave vala e dritës care kujdes
(to) reach arrij at lower costs me kosto të ulët
certain i/e sigurt certainly sigurisht human njeri, njerëzor
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Unit 11 THERMAL RESISTORS Thermal resistors or thermistors are temperature-dependent resistors. They are made of semiconductor materials that are highly sensitive to changes in temperature. This property of thermistors has many important applications such as the measurement and control of temperature, for example in fire alarms. Thermistors can have a negative or a positive temperature coefficient. So there are
two types of device: the NTC and the PTC thermistor.
The resistance of an NTC decreases rapidly with increasing temperatures. The resistance-temperature graph shows the characteristic curve of an NTC:
Manufacturers also use these typical curves to indicate the dependency of a special NTC-device on the temperature. The resistance of an NTC can change through a) external heating or through b) self-heating.
a) There is only a low current flow in the thermistor so that there is practically no heating. In this way the resistance is only influenced by the temperature outside the NTC. Therefore externally heated NTCs are commonly used as temperature detectors.
b) There is a strong current flow in the NTC so that the device heats up. The final temperature depends on the cooling medium (air, water, oil, vacuum). So it is possible to use self-heating NTCs as detectors for the flow rate of gases and liquids and for the measuring of vacuums.
The following graph shows the typical curve of a PTC: Like an NTC, the PTC can change its resistance eitherthrough external heating (when there is low voltage) or through self- heating (when there is high voltage). Externally heated PTCs are mostly used as temperature detectors to protect electrical machines from overheating. Self-heating PTCs are applied in self-regulating
thermostats, in liquid-controllers or in retarders.
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GRAMMAR THE ADVERB (Ndajfolja) 1 Form
adjective adverb form
free rapid usual
freely rapidly usually
adjective + -ly
simple simply -ie -ly easy ready easily readily -y -ily
full fully -11 -Ily
good well special form fast hard high fair
fast hard high fair
exceptions (Përjashtime)
2 Adjective or adverb? (Mbiemer apo ndajfolje?)
adjective adverb
1 There is a rapid increase in temperature. He is an efficient engineer. Metal is a good conductor. Regular checks of the measuring equipment are important.
The temperature increases rapidly. He works efficiently. Metal conducts well. Measuring equipment must be checked regularly.
2 It is an automatic machine. It is easy to operate.
It is fully automatic. It is extremely easy to operate.
3 Their usual working hours are from 9 to 5. 2 A common use of the NTC is the temperature
detector.
Usually, they work from 9 to 5. Commonly, an NTC is used as a temperature detector.
The adverb tells you how something is done. It defines a verb >1, an adjective >2, or a whole sentence >3.
Ndajfoja ju tregon mënyrën se si diçka bëhet. Përcakton një folje >1, një mbiemër>2, ose një fjali të plotë >3.
3 Special meaning of the adverb (kuptime të veçanta të ndajfoljes)
The temperature rises high, (lart) The device is highly sensitive, (tepër)
He works hard for his tests, (shumë) He hardly works, (rrallë)
It was too late, (vonë) New PCs have been developed lately, (kohët e funditJ
Don't put a magnet near the disc, (afër) This nearly caused a short circuit, (gati, pothuajse)
Play fair! (ndershmërisht) The translation was fairly difficult, (mjaftueshëm)
Rregullat e drejtshkrimit:
(a) Një mbaresë me -e zevëndësohet me-y: free, freely
(b) Mbiemrat që mbarojnë me bashkëtingëllore + -e, bie mbaresa -e dhe vendoset mbaresa -y: simple, simply
(c) Një që mbaron me -y ndryshon: easy, easily
(d) Mbiemrave që mbarojnë me -c , i vendoset -ally : electric, electrically
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PRACTICE Understanding the text. (Të kuptojmë tekstin.) What is right? a or/and b? (Cila është e saktë? a apo/dhe b?)
1 Thermal resistors are a) light-dependent resistors, b) temperature-dependent resistors.
2 They are made of
a) semi-conductor materials, b) pure conductor materials.
3 These materials are
a) highly sensitive to changes in temperature, b) highly resistant at all temperatures.
4 With rising temperature the resistance of an NTC
a) decreases, b) increases.
5 Self-heating means that
a) there is a strong current flow in the device, b) there is practically no current flow in the device.
6 Separate heating means
a) a current flow in the device influences the resistance, b) outer temperatures influence the resistance.
7 Above a certain temperature the resistance of a PTC
a) increases rapidly, b) decreases rapidly.
Please translate. (Ju lutemi përkthejini.) 1 There is an easy solution to this problem.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2 In an insulator, electrons cannot move freely.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3 Machines controlled by a computer work fast.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4 ICs taken from the packages must be handled carefully.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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2
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5 A photo resistor is highly resistant when you interrupt the light.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6 You should not come into contact with materials which can be charged electrostatically.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
-ly or not? (-ly: duhet vendosur apo jo?)
1 External___heating influences the resistance of an NTC.
2 External__heated NTCs are often used as temperature detectors.
3 There is a rapid___ decrease of the resistance of an NTC.
4 MC technology changes rapid___.
5 With high temperatures the resistance of an NTC drops rapid___.
6 Photo resistors are high____sensitive to light.
7 Thermal resistors have many practical____applications.
8 When there is a low current flow in the NTC, there is practicai___no heating.
9 Finding a short circuit is not always easy____
10 An expert can easi____locate the faults.
Please make sentences. (Ndërtoni fjali.)
engine/extreme/efficient This engine is extremely efficient. 1 electronic device/particular/expensive
___________________________________________________________________________________
2 electronic control system/full/automatic
___________________________________________________________________________________
3 a photo resistor/certain/light-dependent
___________________________________________________________________________________
4 temperature/extreme/high
___________________________________________________________________________________
5 the electrician/check/the equipment/careful
___________________________________________________________________________________
6 the engineer/work/good
___________________________________________________________________________________
7 it/practical/results/in a short circuit
___________________________________________________________________________________
3
4
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VOCABULARY
thermal termik, termal self - regulating vetërregullator
thermal resistor rezistencë termike thermostat termostat
thermistor termistor liquid-controller kontrollor lëngjesh
change ndryshim retarded i/e vonuar, qark i vonuar
control kontroll simple i/e thjeshtë, jo e komplikuar
fire alarm alarm kundër zjarrit ready gati, i/e gatshëm
coefficient koeficient full plot
rapid i/e shpejtë fair i/e drejtë
graph grafik electrostatic elektrostatike
characteristic karakteristike, tipar efficient efiçent
manufacturer prodhues, fabrikant engineer inxhinier
heating nxehtësi regular i/e rregullt, i/e zakonshme
external heating nxehtësi eksterne/nga jashtë equipment paisje
self-heating vetënxehje check kontroll
outside (of) jashtë (nga) fully i/e plotë, plotësisht
therefore prandaj extreme ekstrem
commonly zakonisht, shpesh working hour orë pune
detector detektor, zbulues (to) develop zhvilloj
strong i/e fortë magnet magnet
(to) heat up ngroh, nxeh disk disk
final final, përfundimtar (to) play luaj, vë në punë
cooling medium mjet ftohje, ftohës (to) interrupt ndërpres, ndal
oil vaj, naftë contact kontrakt
possible mundësisht, i/e mundur short circuit qark i shkurtër
rate vlerë, normë (to) locate vendos, përcaktoj vendodhjen
gas gaz, benzinë engine motor, mjet
liquid lëng (to) result (in) përfundon në, rezulton
either …or ose…ose (to) protect (from) mbroj (nga) protection mbrojtje
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Unit 12 TRANSISTORS Transistors are semi-conductor devices that function as current, voltage and power amplifiers. They belong to the most important group of electronic components. There are two broad categories of transistors:
- the field-effect transistors (FET) and - the bipolar junction transistors (BJT).
The BJT is built in two types. Each type has three layers that form a "sandwich". The pnp-device has a thin n-(egative) section that is surrounded by two outer p-(ositive) sections.
The npn-transistor is constructed the other way round. Its middle section is positive and its outer regions are negative.
There are transit (or barrier) layers at each side of the middle section where it forms junctions: a pn-junction or an np-junction. Transistors that depend on the interaction of the charge carriers in these transit layers are called bipolar junction transistors. The first section is called emitter because it emits the carriers (electrons or positive holes). The middle region controls the emissions. It is called the base. And the last region is the collector. It collects the carriers. The leads are connected to these three regions. The base (B) lead is connected to the inner section. The collector (C) and emitter (E) leads are connected to the two outer sections (p, p or n, n). Transistors are used as electronic switches and amplifiers.
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GRAMMAR THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (krahasimi i mbiemrave )
Remember: (Mbani mend:)
1 This battery has a lower voltage than that one. 2 Jack is the happiest man I know. 3 That car is more expensive than this one. 4 This test is as easy as the last one. 5 This battery is not as good that one.
Short words and words ending in -y are compared with -er and -est (—^ 1 > 2) Fjalët e shkurtra dhe fjalët që mbarojnë me –y krahasohen me mbaresat -er dhe-est. Longer words are compared with more/most (—► 3).
Fjalët më të gjata krahasohen me more/most. Note the forms of comparisons in sentences:
No difference: as ... as 4) Difference, +: ... than (—^ 1, 3) Difference, - not as ... as (—v 5).
Vini re format e krahasimit në fjali:
Nuk ka ndryshim: as ... as Ndryshimi, +: ... than Ndryshimi, -: not as ... as
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PRACTICE Understanding the text. (Të kuptuarit e tekstit)
1 Transistors are semiconductor devices.
2 The BJT has the form of a sandwich. 3 The npn-type has two outer positive sections and a negative middle section.
4 The BJT forms two junctions at each side of the middle section.
5 The transistor is based on the interaction of charge carriers in the junction
regions. 6 The section that collects the charge carriers is called the emitter.
Form the comparison. (Formoni formën krahasore.)
1 poor conductance __________________________________________________
2 good insulating material __________________________________________________
3 strong light __________________________________________________
4 weak sound __________________________________________________
5 economical method _________________________________________________
6 sure calculation _________________________________________________
7 high voltage __________________________________________________
8 intense light ________________________________________________
Complete the sentences using the comparison. (Plotësoni fjëlitë duke përdorur krahasimim)
1 Metals have a___________ (high) conductance than glass.
2 Gold is the __________ (good) conductor.
3 The __________ (common) semiconductors are germanium and silicon.
4 At a ___________(high) temperature germanium is a good conductor.
5 Among the __________ (good) insulators are air, vacuum and wax.
6 _________ (much) wire conductors are made of copper.
7 The__________(low) the resistance, the ____________(intense) the current.
1
2
4
3
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Please translate. (Ju lutemi përkthejini.) 1 A p-type semiconductor has more positive than negative charge carriers.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2 The more complex the circuit, the more difficult the trouble shooting.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3 The better your learning, the better your tests.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4 English is as important as the other subjects.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5 This test is worse than the last one.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6 The English language is not as difficult as a programming language.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Measurements taken at transistors. (Masat e marra tek tranziztorët)
Using a suitable ohmmeter, measure the resistance between the diode regions of an npn-transistor:
1 by connecting the positive terminal of the ohmmeter to the base and the negative terminal to the emitter:
Result:
2 by connecting the positive terminal of the measuring instrument to the emitter and the negative terminal to the base:
Reltsult:
4
5
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VOCABULARY
(to) function (as) funksioj si (to) construct ndërtoj
amplifier amplifikator, përforcues the other way round nga ana tjetër, anasjelltas
(to) amplify aplifikoj, përforcoj middle mes, i/e mesit
(to) belong (to) i përket region rajon
broad i/e gjerë transit tranzit
category kategori barrier pengesë, pengesë
field-effect transistor base bazë
junction bashkim, vend bashkimi (to) collect grumbulloj
bipolar junction transistor inner i/e brëndëshëm/-me
(to) build ndërtoj weak i/e dobët
(to) form formoj sure i/e sigurt, sigurisht
thin i/e hollë, i/e dobët among mes, në mes
section seksion, sektor wax parafinë, dyll
(to) be surrounded (by) të jesh i/e rrethuar (nga) complex kompleks, i/e vështirë
outer i/e jashtme trouble shooting kërkues gabimesh
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Unit 13 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
Conventional amplifiers are components that are used for amplifying faint signals. Several amplifiers are produced for different tasks, for example transistor amplifiers, FET amplifiers or valve amplifiers.
Since its introduction the operational amplifier (op-amp) has replaced many conventional amplifiers in the most varied applications. In contrast to a conventional amplifier one op-amp is suitable for different tasks. Thus an operational amplifier is the most versatile component in the field of electronics.
The main properties of an op-amp are a very high voltage gain, a very high input impedance and a very low output impedance. The ideal op-amp has an infinite voltage gain, an infinite input impedance and an output impedance of zero.
The op-amp has two signal inputs (an inverting input V1 and a non-inverting input V2). The voltage difference between the inputs is amplified and appears at the output Vout.
By changing the circuitry around the op-amp it is possible to set the gain at the required level and also to influence the way in which it works, allowing it to be used as a precision gain-voltage amplifier, buffer, summing amplifier, current source, differentiator, integrator, filter oscillator or in analog computers.
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LOGICAL LINKS (lidhëzat logjike)
Logical links are words that combine eithertwo sentences or parts of one sentence. They are used to
(Lidhëzat logjike janë fjalë të cilat lidhin dy ose më shumë fjali ose pjesë të një fjalie. Ato përdoren:)
express reason or result (që të shprehin shkak apo pasojë)
example:
combine two or more facts (që të lidhin dy ose më shumë fakte)
example:
and dhe both ... and të dyja/dy ….dhe moreover mbi të gjitha furthermore për më tepër, gjithashty also gjithashtu, poashtu
Both germanium and silicon are used to make semiconductor devices.
indicate a contrast (që të tregojnë një ndryshim apo kontrast)
example:
but por despite pavarësisht nga, ndonëse however megjithatë nevertheless megjithatë, pavarësisht whereas ndërsa on the other hand nga ana tjetër although megjithatë conversely në të kundërt, in spite of pavarësisht nga
Although all m eta is are conductors, some conduct better than others.
because sepse as a result si rezultat, si pasojë, si rrjedhojë consequently si rezultat, si pasojë, si rrjedhojë for this reason prandaj, për këtë arsye since meqënëse so kështu që, kështu thus kështu që, pra therefore prandaj, pra, si rrjedhojë
The op-amp has replaced many conventional amplifiers because it is suitable for different tasks.
express hypotheses and conditions (që të shprehin hipoteza dhe kushte)
example:
if nëse unless vetëm nëse, vetëm në rast se, vetëm kur
The light is intense unless the resistance is high.
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indicate time relations (që të tregojnë lidhjet kohore)
example:
as soon as sapo të, në momentin që before përpara while ndërkohë after pastaj until deri sa, deri kur when kur
As soon as the bulb is connected to a battery it will glow.
show that things happen one after the other (që të tregojnë që gjërat ndodhin njëra pas tjetrës)
example:
First së pari after this pas kësaj then më pas finally së fundmi, si përfundim, si konkluzion
First we went to John. Then we went to Sam.
make additional statements
(që të bëjnë pohime shtesë)
example:
in other words me fjalë të tjera in particular në vecanti, vecanërisht that is që do të thotë, besides përvec, vec, për më tepër for example si për shembull such as si with respect to në lidhje me
Metals such as gold and silver are the best conductors.
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PRACTICE Understanding the text. (Të kuptuarit e tekstit.)
Please fill in the blanks using the words given. (Ju lutemi plotësoni hapsirat boshe duke përdorur fjalët e dhëna.)
conventional - faint - high - input - larger - one - operational - output - smaller - two - zero
2 Amplifiers are components that amplify ________________ signals.
3 A._____________ amplifier is suitable for one task whereas an ___________________ amplifier
is suitable for many different tasks.
4 The main properties of an op-amp are a _______________ voltage gain, a high_______________
impedance and a low ______________ impedance.
5 It has _______________ signal inputs and ________________ output.
6 If the non-inverting input is ________________ than the inverting input, the output is positive.
7 If the non-inverting input is ________________ than the inverting input, the output is negative.
8 The output is _ __________ if the non-inverting input equals the inverting input.
Please translate the sentences. (Ju lutem përkthejini.) 1 You can't repair the device until you know the cause of the defect. _________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2 We don't know the cause of the defect, so we can't repair the device.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3 We know the cause of the defect but we can't repair the device.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4 As soon as we know the cause of the defect we can repair the device.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5 Before we can repair the device we must know the cause of the defect.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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2
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6 We don't know the cause of the defect. Therefore we can't repair the device.
________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
7 Since we know the cause of the defect we can repair the device.
________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
8 First we must know the cause of the defect. Then we can repair the device.
________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
9 We know the cause of the defect. However, we can't repair the device.
________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
10 We can repair the device because we know the cause of the defect.
________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
11 We don't know the cause of the defect. Nevertheless we can repair the device
________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
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VOCABULARY
operational amplifier amplifikator operacional precision gain voltage tension me rritje preçize
faint i/e zbehtë, i/e dobët buffer amortizator, zbutës
signal sinjal summing amplifier amplifikator përmbledhës
several disa current source burim energjie
task detyrë differentiator diferenciator
value amplifier amplifikator vlerash integrator integrator, që bashkon
since që kur filter oscillator oshilator me filtër
introduction hyrje both…and të dy/-ja ….dhe
(to) replace zëvëndësoj moreover gjithashtu, veç kësaj, për më tepër
varied të ndryshme furthermore gjithashtu, veç kësaj, për më tepër
in contrast to në krahasim me, në kundërshtim me despite pavarësisht nga
suitable i/e përshtatshme never the less megjithatë, sidoqoftë
versatile i/e gjithanshëm, me shumë funksione on the other hand
nga ana tjetër, anasjelltas
field fushë conversely anasjelltas
main kryesore in spite of pavarësisht nga
gain fitim, dobi,shtim, rritje as a result of si rezultat
voltage gain rritje tensioni consequently si pasojë, si rrjedhojë
ideal ideal/-e for this reason për këtë arsye
infinite e pafund unless vetëm nëse, veç në
input input, ushqim, të dhëna të futura as soon as sapo
input impedance impedancë inputi/të dhënash while ndërsa
output output, prodhim after pasi, më pas
output impedance impedancë outputi/prodhimi until deri sa
inverting i/e kthyeshëm/-me bulb llambë
non-inverting i/e pakthyeshëm/-me (to) glow digjem, shkëlqej
voltage indiference indiferencë tensioni in particular në veçanti
(to) appear shfaq besides përveç
circuitry teknologjia e qarqeve with respect to për sa i takon
(to) set vendos, siguroj first së pari
level nivel after this pas kësaj
way mënyrë, rrugë finally më në fund
(to) work punoj (to) go home shkoj në shtëpi
went
shkova (koha e kryer e foljes shkoj)
cause shkak
defect defekt
whether nëse
102
UNIT 14 RECTIFIERS
Rectifiers are current transformers. They transform alternating current into direct current
In a rectifier circuit one or more diodes are used to convert a.c. into d.c. There are different kinds of rectifier circuits. Three rectifier circuits are presented here. Which one of them is applied depends on the required direct-current power.
a) the half-wave rectifier circuit
This circuit is used for low output power. It requires only one diode. The diode allows the positive half-wave of the a.c. to pass, whereas the negative half-wave is blocked. The forward biased diode produces a pulse of current which flows during the positive half cycle. The waveform at the output is unidirectional, i.e. it moves in one direction. In other words, a d.c. flows.
b) the centre-tap full-wave rectifier circuit
This circuit can be used for low-frequency amplifiers. It requires a transformer with a centre-tapped secondary winding and two diodes. 50 % of the total time diode 1 is conducting and the other
103
50 % of the time diode 2 is conducting. The centre-tap full-wave rectifier circuit rectifies the half- cycles. The negative half-wave changes into a positive one. The a.c. is transformed into pulsating d.c.
c) the bridge full-wave rectifier circuit
This circuit is applied for transformer-fed rectifier circuits. It rectifies the positive and the negative half-waves, too, but it does not require the centre-tap. Four diodes are used. Two of them are blocked during each half-wave. Because the diodes are either reverse biased or forward biased, the negative half-wave is converted into a positive one. The waveform at the output is like the one shown in b).
Current path during the positive half-wave
Current path during the negative half-wave
104
GRAMMAR THE NEGATION (forma mohore)
affirmative (forma pohore) subject + do not + verb
I ask I don't ask
you measure you don't measure he controls he doesn't control she writes she doesn't write it flows it doesn't flow we translate we don't translate you connect you don't connect they switch on they don't switch on
But: There is no 'do not' or 'does not' in front of can, must, need, be (am, is, are), have got, has got.
(Përpara foljeve can, must, need, be (am, is, are), have got, has got nuk vendoset 'do not' apo 'does not' për të formuar formën negative)
The d.c. can't pass.
This isn't a file. You needn't come today. 1 haven't got the data sheet. You mustn't touch the plugs.
THE QUESTION (forma pyetse)
But:
Can you control the instrument?
Must we memorize Ohm's law? Have you got the test leads? Are they tested every day?
Statement (Pohim) (Fjalë pyetse) + (to) do + subject + verb
I ask What do I ask?
you measure How do you measure? he controls Why does he control? she writes When does she write? it flows off How does it flow off? we translate When do we translate? you connect What do you connect? they switch on Why do they switch on?
must duhet must not nuk duhet
105
PRACTICE Understanding the text. (Të kuptuarit e tekstit.) What is right? a or b? (Cila është e saktë? a apo b?) 1 Rectifiers transform
a d.c. into a.c. b a.c. into d.c.
2 One or more
a thyristors are used to transform the current, b diodes are used to transform the current.
3 The half-wave rectifier circuit requires
a two diodes, b one diode.
4 The centre-tap full-wave rectifier circuit a rectifies the half-cycles by changing the negative and the positive half-waves, b transforms the negative half-waves into positive half-waves.
5 The bridge full-wave rectifier circuit requires
a four diodes and a transformer with a centre-tap. b four diodes.
6 During each half-wave two of the four diodes are blocked because
a of their property of being reverse biased or forward biased, b they are disconnected from the circuit.
Please translate. (Ju lutem përkthejini.) 1 Does the half-wave rectifier require four diodes? No, it doesn't. The half-wave rectifier circuit doesn't require four diodes. _________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2 Does she come to work tomorrow? No, she doesn't. She doesn't come to work tomorrow. _________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
1
2
106
3 Does the electrician repair the device? No, he doesn't. He doesn't repair the device because he can't find the fault. _________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
7 Have you got a computer? No, we haven't. We haven't got a computer. _________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
8 Do pure semiconductors conduct well? No, they don't. Pure semiconductors don't conduct well. _________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
6 Do the students translate the text? No, they don't. They don't translate the text because the English lesson is over.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
a. Please translate the questions. (Ju lutemi përkthejini pyetjet.) b. Answer the questions. (Përgjigjuni pyetjeve.) 1 Are rectifiers current transformers?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2 Do they transform a.c. into d.c.?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3 Are there different kinds of rectifier circuits?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3
107
4 What is the half-wave rectifier used for?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5 Does it need several diodes?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6 Does it allow the positive half-wave of the a.c. to pass?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7 Are the waveforms at the output bidirectional?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
8 Does an a.c. flow?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
9 What does a centre-tap full-wave rectifier require?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
10 What does it rectify?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
11 What does the bridge full-wave rectifier rectify?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
12 How many diodes does it need?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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a Please make questions (Ju lutem bëni pyetjet):
b Can you answer the questions, too? (A mund t’i përgjigjeni pyetjeve gjithashtu?):
Suppose you want to know ... (Supozoni sikur ju dëshironi të dini ...) .. . if a rectifier transforms a.c. into d.c.
You ask (Ju pyetni): Does a rectifier transform a.c. into d.c.?
Go on. (Vazhdoni.) 1 . . . if a resistor resists the flow of current.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2 . . . if a capacitor can store electrical energy.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3 . . . when the voltage drops.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4 . . . why the pupils learn technical English.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5 . . . what 'fixed value resistors' are.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6 . . . what an inductor can provide in an a.c. circuit.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7 . . . how rectifier circuits transform a.c. into d.c.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4
109
VOCABULARY
rectifier ndreqës (to) rectify drejtoj, ndreq
(to) convert shndërroj pulsating që pulson
(to)present prezantoj bridge full-wave rectifier ndreqës urë
which one of them cili/cila nga ato path mënyrë, rrugë
half-wave gjysëm valë transformer-fed half-wave rectifier ndreqës gjysëm vale at në, tek
during gjatë (to) need të kesh nevojë
half-cycle gjysëm cikël needn't nuk ka nevojë
pulse puls today sot
waveform formë e valës plug prizë
unidirectional me një drejtim why pse, përse
full-wave valë e plotë when kur
centre-tap full wave rectifier ndreqës me lidhje qëndrore every day çdo ditë
low frequency amplifier
amplifikator me frekuencë të ulët tomorrow nesër
centre-tapped lidhje qëndrore student student
per cent (%) përqindje bidirectional me dy drejtime
total shuma, totali pupil nxënës
110
Unit 15 OSCILLOSCOPES The cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) is used mainly to study periodic occurrences such as alternating voltage. It displays the waveform of the voltage that is applied to its input. Now you can observe on the screen how the voltage varies with time. Any measurements other than voltage must first be changed into voltage. This can be done by transducers. In this way, oscilloscopes have a wide range of uses.
Basically, an oscilloscope consists of the following components:
- A cathode ray tube. It emits electrons that are focussed on an electron beam of varying intensity. - A Y-amplifier. It amplifies the input voltage. - X- and Y-plates. They cause a deflection of the electron beam, i.e. the vertical orY-deflection and the
horizontal or X-deflection. - An X-amplifier. - Timebase circuitry. - A power supply.
How does the oscilloscope work?
The focussed electron beam becomes a luminous spot on the screen. To make this spot move across the screen, the electron beam must be deflected. This deflection is caused by the two pairs of plates, X and Y.
a) The Y-input circuit You connect the voltage that you want to measure (the input p.d.) to the Y-input terminals.
The input is amplified and then led on to the Y-plate where the electron beam is deflected vertically.
b) The X-input circuit By applying a sawtooth voltage to the X-plates the spot is moved horizontally across the screen, always from left to right.
This sawtooth voltage, in addition to the voltage connected to the Y-input circuit, finally produces the waveforms that are displayed on the screen. The speed of these waves is controlled by the time base which is included in the X-input circuit.
111
How a picture develops:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
112
GRAMMAR AUXILIARIES (Foljet ndihmëse)
Auxiliary Negation can be replaced by
konnen I can unë mundem të I could unë mundja të I might unë mund të (ndoshta) it may be mund të ndodhë që
I cannot/can't I could not/couldn't I might not/mightn't
(to) be able to
durfen may I? a mundem unë? I must not/mustn't (to) be allowed to
mussen I must unë duhet të I need not/needn't (unë nuk kam nevojë )
(to) have to
sollen shall I? a duhet unë të? I should unë duhet të I ought to unë duhet të
shall I not?/shan't I? I should not/shouldn't I ought not to/oughtn't to
(to) be to
wollen is generally expressed by the verbs (zakonisht shprehet nga foljet)
(to) want to (to) intend to express intention (to) be going to
Examples:
You can observe the screen.
You may observe the screen.
You must observe the screen.
You should observe the screen.
You ought to observe the screen.
Do you want to observe the screen?
You mustn’t observe…. You needn’t observe….
113
PRACTICE Understanding the text. (Të kuptuarit e tekstit.) Please fill in the following words. (Ju lutem plotësoni në vendet bosh fjalët e mëposhtme.)
cathode ray tube - change - deflection - displays - electron beam - horizontally - sawtooth voltage - timebase - vertically - X- and Y-plates - Y-ampiifier
1 The CRO______________________the waveform of the alternating voltage which is applied to
its input.
2 Transducers can_____________________any measurements other than voltage into a voltage.
3 The_______________________emits electrons that are focussed to an electron beam.
4 The_______________________amplifies the input voltage.
5 The_______________________cause a deflection of the electron beam.
6 The________________________controls the speed of the waves.
7 The focused________________________moves across the screen.
8 The_________________________of the electron beam is caused by the two pairs of plates.
9 After amplifying the input voltage, it is led onto the Y-plate and then the electron beam is
deflected_______________________.
10 A sawtooth voltage is applied to the X-plates which makes the spot move across the screen
______________________.
11 The waveforms are produced by the_________________________and the voltage connected to the
Y-input circuit.
Please translate. (Ju lutem përkthejini.)
1. It might be right to look at the fuse.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. You mustn't touch this device.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. The service manual must be used.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. You may be right.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. You might be right.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
1
2
114
6. The front cover can be removed.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7. You have to use the formulas of Ohm's law.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
8. You ought to prepare every test.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
9. The students are able to translate users' manuals.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Describing functions. (Të përshkruajmë funksionet.)
Here is an extract from the operating manual of an oscilloscope. The diagram shows the controls of the oscilloscope and gives an explanation of some of them. Describe their functions briefly.
3
115
1 The ILLUM control varies the graticule illumination.
2 __________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
116
6 __________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7 __________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
8 __________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
9 __________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
10 __________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
11 __________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
12 __________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
117
VOCABULARY
oscilloscope oshiloskop spot vend, pikë, njollë cathode ray oscilloscope
oshiloskom me rreze katode luminous spot pike e shndritshme
mainly kryesisht (to) deflect ndërroj drejtim, shmang, thyhem
periodic periodik (to) lead drejtoj
occurrence dukuri, zhvillim left i/e majtë
(to) display shfaq right i/e djathtë
now tani in addition (to) për më tepër, shtesë
(to) observe vëzhgoj speed shpejtësi
screen ekran (to) intend to kam si qëllim të
any ndonjë intention qëllim
transducer shndërrues, dhënës continously variable control
kontroll i vazhdueshëm i variablave
wide i/e gjërë graticule rrjet koordinativ
electrode electrode graticule illumination ndiçimi i rrjetit koordinativ
focussed i/e fokusur mains (line) switch çelës rrejti
beam rreze, tufë drite trace gjurmë, shenjë
electronic beam rreze elektronike, tufë drite elektronike (to) align (with) rregulloj në bazë të
Y-amplifier amplifikator Y cycle cikël
X-plates boshti horizontal X fixed frequency frekuencë fikse
Y-plates boshti vertikal Y shift zhvendosje, spostim
deflection devijim, shmangje, thyerje push-pull switch çelës me shtytje-tërheqje
namely përkatësisht sequence sekuencë
vertical vertikal (to) dictate urdhëroj
Y-deflection devijim, shmangje, thyerje Y frame kornizë
sawtooth voltage tension i tipit dhëmbëz sharrë knob button
horizontal horizontal clockwise në krahun e akrepave të orës
time base kohë bazë defective defektiv, i/e dëmtuar
timebase circuitry sistem çelës për kohën bazë fuse shkrij
power supply ushqyes energjie (to) be right kam të drejtë
front cover pllakëza e përparme
(to) prepare përgatis
user përdorues
heating nxehje
Wehnelt cylinder cilindri I Wehnelt
auxiliary anode anode ndihmëse
luminiscent screen ekran luminishent
118
Unit 16 MULTIMETER
Multimeters are universal measuring devices. There are analog and digital multimeters. Basically, an analog multimeter has one single movement. This movement can be switched to measure voltage, current, resistance and sometimes temperature. With the range switch you can choose which of those factors and which range you want to measure. A typical analog multimeter consists of the following basic components: a permanent magnet moving-coil, two scales and a pointer. It works on the principle that the mechanical force is proportional to the electrical quantity. So the deflection over the scale shows the value of the measured quantity.
The measured values help you to check electronic circuits and components. With these values you can find out
a) if the measurands (e.g. a switching element) function correctly or b) if there are faults in the system.
If so you can locate them with these values.
An important factor for the measuring instrument and the measurements is accuracy.
Errors can be caused by
- inaccuracy of the instrument, - improper handling of the instrument, - ambient influences, - reading errors.
volts or amps
119
GRAMMAR 1 FRACTIONS (Thyesat)
1 2
= one half (of)
2 3
= two thirds
3 4
= three quarters
4 5
= four fifths
2 DECIMAL FRACTIONS (Numrat me presje dhjetore)
German English you say
0,1 .1 point one
9,9 9.9 nine point nine 3,508 3.508 three point five nought eight
3 LARGE NUMBERS (Numrat e mëdhenj)
German English you say
1.000 1,000 one/a thousand 10.000 10,000 ten thousand
1.000.000 1,000,000 one/a million 1.000.000.000 1,000,000,000 one/a billion
120
PRACTICE Understanding the text. (Të kuptuarit e tekstit.) What is right? a or b? (Cila është e saktë? a apo b?)
1 A multimeter is
a a semiconductor device,
b a measuring instrument.
2 A multimeter has
a several movements,
b one movement that can be switched.
3 The deflection over the scale shows
a the relation between two currents,
b the value of the measured quantity.
4 The measured values
a can cause faults in the circuit,
b help to locate faults in the circuit
5 An important factor for a multimeter is
a size,
b accuracy.
Write down in numerals (Shkruani me numëror):
one thousand two hundred 1,200
1 three thousand five hundred ____________________________________________
2 point four two ____________________________________________
3 thirteen thousand one hundred ____________________________________________
4 one million ____________________________________________
5 five point nought nought six ____________________________________________
6 ten point nine eight seven ____________________________________________
Read the following numbers (Lexoni numrat e mëposhtëm):
1
2
3
121
Read and write these values. — (Lexoni dhe shkruani kwto vlera
a - Measure the voltage (the measuring range is 8 V)
1 ________________________________
2 ________________________________
b - Measure the resistance
1 ________________________________
2 ________________________________
c - What does the digital ammeter read?
1 ______________________________________________________________________________
2 ______________________________________________________________________________
3 ______________________________________________________________________________
4 ______________________________________________________________________________
4
122
Please translate the following text. (Ju lutem përkthejeni tekstin e mëposhtëm)
How do you measure voltage, current and resistance?
When you measure voltage, meter and component must be in parallel. So make sure to connect the meter
across the component.
If you want to measure the current, it must flow through the meter itself. That means that the meter must
be in series with the circuit component. So you must include the meter in the circuit. With a shunted meter
you can read higher currents.
For the measurement of resistance you must first adjust the meter to zero by holding together the test leads
of the meter. The pointer is then on the 0 of the ohm scale. Now make sure that meter and circuit are
isolated, and that there is no p.d. across the component. You must exclude any external resistance possible
and make a maximum current flow through the meter. Now you can connect the leads across the resistance
you want to measure.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
5
123
VOCABULARY
multimeter multimetër error gabim
digital dixhital, i/e kompjuterizuar improper i/e papërshtashëm/-me
basically praktikisht handling manovrim, trajtim
single i/e vetëm, tek reading error gabim në të lexuar
sometimes nganjëherë ambient ambient, mjedis
range switch çelës i matjes së ndryshimit të vlerave ambient influences ndikimet e mjedisit
(to) choose zgjedh indicated value vlera e treguar
factor faktor full-scale deflection devijim i plotë
permanent magnet magnet permanent/i përhershëm (to) respond përgjigjem
moving-coil bërthamë lëvizëse response përgjigje
pointer shënues parallel (to) paralel me
principle princip in series (with) në seri me
mechanical mekanik (to) make sure sigurohem
proportional proporcional itself vetë
measurand matje shunted i/e drejtuar, i/e spostuar
correct korrekt, i/e saktë (to) hold together mbaj së bashku
accuracy saktësi (to) isolate izoloj
inaccuracy pasaktësi external ekstern, i/e jashtëm
124
Unit 17 IC TECHNOLOGY
1 The Development of the IC
The field of electronics has developed rapidly since the early 1900s. Electronics became the term for the technology that used resistors, capacitors, coils and electronic valves for the construction of low-voltage circuits. At that time, people already knew how computers could be built and what they might be used for. Being built of large valves and wires, computers were big and very expensive. They were not versatile either because they had no proper memory. They were wired up to run a single program. If you wanted to run a different program on the same computer, you had to change all the wires around physically. All these things meant that there were not many computers around except in io government offices, universities or huge companies.
With the invention of the transistor in the late 1940s all this started to change. The transistor did more or less the same job as the valve but it was much smaller and more reliable. People began to put transistors and other electronic components all together onto small, flat pieces of silicon. These components came to be known as integrated circuits, or ICs, or simply chips.
The invention of the chip has led to
- a high complexity of circuit arrangements, - small-size devices and instruments, - the highest accuracy, - economy of production.
Because of these advantages ICs made a lot of difference to computing. They made it possible to build quite small computers with a lot of computing power. Therefore this development was strongly pushed forward not only by industry but also by space science, which was highly dependent on smallest-size electronic components for rockets, space laboratory equipment and military missiles.
These days, you can get about 150,000 transistors onto a single chip, and this number is growing all thetime.
2 IC Packages
For reasons of protection, the IC chip is enclosed in a plastic case. It is linked by leads to connecting pins on the case.
There are two types of IC packages: - The 'can' type where the pins are arranged in a circular line similar to a transistor. However, unlike a transistor, an IC can have up to 14 connecting leads. - Themostcommontypeisthedual-in-line(DlL) package where the pins (usually 14-16) are arranged in two lines on either side of the case. It is important that you fix an IC properly into the circuit. Otherwise you damage it. So look for a 40 notch (or small circle) at one end. When the notch is placed at the left end, pin 1 is in the lower left corner. To identify the other pins you must now count in a counter-clockwise direction.
125
GRAMMAR
1 SIMPLE PAST AND PRESENT PERFECT, -ED FORM (e kryera e thjeshtë dhe e kryera)
2 IRREGULAR FORMS (Format e parregullta)
Of course, some verbs are irregular, for example: (Natyrisht,disa folje janë të parregullta, për shembull:)
There is a list of the most important irregular verbs at the end of this book. (Në fund të këtij libri gjëndet një listë e foljeve të parregullta më të rëndësishme.)
3 USE (Përdorimi)
You use the simple past when something is already completely over. You use the present perfect when something began in the past but has not finished yet. (Në gjuhën angleze ne përdorim të kryerën e thjeshtë kur diçka ka përfunduar Ne përdorim të kryerën kur diçka ka filluar në të kaluarën por ende vazhdon në të tashmen)
Examples:
I went to England last year. I have learned English since last year
present simple past present perfect
(e tashmja) (e kryera e thjeshtë) (e kryera e përbërë)
I check checked have checked
You work worked have worked He repairs repaired has repaired She controls controlled has controlled It operates operated has operated We play played have played You look looked have looked They fix fixed have fixed
present simple past present perfect
can could
be was, were have/has been do did have/has done find found have/has found give gave have/has given go went have/has gone have had have/has had lead led have/has led make made have/has made read read have/has read take took have/has taken wind wound have/has wound write wrote have/has written
126
PRACTICE
Understanding the text. (Të kuptuarit e tekstit.)
Fill in. (Plotësojini.)
case - wired - chips - rapidly - left - complete - pins - replaced – side
1 The field of electronics has developed___________________.
2 Until 1950 components were_________________loosely on boards.
3 With the invention of the transistor, the electronic tube was__________________.
4 The IC is a____________________miniature electronic circuit.
5 ICs are small silicon___________________.
6 To prevent damage the IC is packed in a plastic____________________.
7 The DIL-type IC has 14 to 16________________that are arranged on either________________of
the case.
8 When you insert the IC into the circuit, the notch must be at the____________________end.
Change the sentences into the simple past (Ndryshojini fjalitë duke përdorur të kryerën e thjeshtë ):
I switch on the instrument.
I switched on the instrument.
1 Special handling is necessary.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2 The technicians check the computers.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3 They give us the service manuals.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4 Are they in the workshop?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5 I replace the ICs.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6 They take the soldering iron.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7 The voltage drops by 10%.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
8 She measures the resistance.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
9 We insert the new diodes.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
10 He reads the data sheet.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
11 They look for the error.
1
2
127
_____________________________________________________________________________________
12 That is the end.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Please translate. (Ju lutem përkthejini)
1- A: Have you ever worked with a PC?
B: Yes, I have. I worked with one last year.
A: ____________________________________________________________________________________
B: ____________________________________________________________________________________
2- A: Has the technician found the fault yet?
B: Yes, he has.
A:_____________________________________________________________________________________
B:_____________________________________________________________________________________
3- A: Have you already switched on the instrument?
B: No, I haven't.
A:_____________________________________________________________________________________
B:_____________________________________________________________________________________
4- A: Have you already finished your measurements?
B: Yes, I have. I finished them yesterday.
A:_____________________________________________________________________________________
B:_____________________________________________________________________________________
5- A: Have you already checked the values with an ohmmeter?
B: Yes, I have. But so far I haven't been able to locate the fault.
A: ____________________________________________________________________________________
B: ____________________________________________________________________________________
3
128
Please translate. (Ju lutem përkthejini.)
1. Computer technology has changed our lives completely.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Electronic devices have become much smaller.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. The costs of production have been lowered.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. The number of components on one chip has increased enormously.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. Space programs have been developed.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6. Computers have taken over a lot of boring work.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7. Computers have made a lot of things easier.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
8. Computers have replaced a lot of workers.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Please translate. (Ju lutem përkthejini.)
a. The transistor was invented in 1948.
___
b. It replaced the electronic tube.
___
c. Ohm was a German mathematician.
___
d. Last year the company bought a lot of new equipment.
___
e. The package with the new components included an operating manual.
___
___
4
5
129
VOCABULARY
early herët for reasons of për arsye të
early 1900 (the early nineteen hundreds) në fillim të 1900 (to) enclose mbyll, fus, kufizoj
(to) become bëhem case rast
low-voltage circuit qark me tension të ulet (to) link lidh
electron(ic) wave (or tube) valë (kanal) elektroni(ke) pin gjilpërë, kunj, kapëse
(to) wire up lidh, bashkoj me tel connecting pin gjilpërë lidhëse
not…either as …as.. circular rrethore, qarkore
proper i/e duhur line linjë, vijë
physically fizikisht similar (to) i/e ngjashëm/-me me
government qeveri connecting lead tel lidhës
huge i/e madh/-e dual-in-line linjë paralele
company kompani (to) arrange rregulloj, sistemoj
invention shpikje on either side nga njëra ose tjetra anë
reliable i/e besueshëm/-me (to) fix rregulloj
complexity kompleksitet, ndërlikim otherwise për ndryshe
circuit arrangement rregullim I qarkut properly siç duhet
economy ekonomi notch dhëmbëz, e prerë
advantage avantazh, përparësi circle rreth, qark, cikël,
quite plotësisht, krejtësisht end fundi
forward i/e avancuar, i/e përparuar (to) be placed vendos, zë vend
(to) push forward shyj përpara corner kënd
science shkencë (to) indentify identifikoj
space hapësirë in a counter-clockwise direction
në drejtim të akrepave të orës
rocket raketë (to) insert fus
laboratory laborator (to) look for kërkoj
missile raketë, shigjetë PC kompjuter përsonal
preparation përgatitje
(to) finish mbaroj, përfundoj
boring i/e mërzitshëm/-me
130
Electrical and magnetic quantities and units (madhësi dhe njësi elektrike dhe magnetike)
Quantity Unit
Term symbol term symbol
capacitance C farad F -----------------------
conductance G siemens S electric charge Q coulomb C
electric current I ampere A
inductance L henry H -------- -------------
power P watt W
potential difference, voltage V volt V
resistance R ohm o —I I—
Common symbols (Simbole të zakonshme)
unconnected wires
connected wires
ground/earth
(loud)speaker
microphone
transformer
crystal/quartz
pushbutton switch normally
open
pushbutton switch normally
closed
relais
resistor
variable resistor
polarized capacitor
variable capacitor
diode
light emitting diode (LED)
photo resistor (LDR)
pnp-transistor
npn-transistor
operational amplifier
lamp
131
Lista e foljeve të parregullta
become became become bëhem
Begin began begun filloj
Bend bent bent përkul,përkulem
Bet bet bet vë bast
Bite bit bitten kafshoj
Blow blew blown fryj
Break broke broken thyej
Bring brought brought sjell
Build built built ndërtoj
Burn burnt burnt djeg, digjet
Buy bought bought blej
Catch caught caught kap
choose chose chosen zgjedh
Come came come vij, vjen,erdha
Cost cost cost kushton
Cut cut cut pres, copëzoj
Deal dealt dealt merrem me
Do did done bëj
Draw drew drawn vizatoj, skicoj
Drink drank drunk pi
Drive drove driven ngas makinën
Eat ate eaten ha
Fall fell fallen bie
Feed fed fed ushqej
Feel felt felt ndjej
Fight fought fought luftoj
Find found found gjej
Fly flew flown fluturoj
Forbid forbade forbidden ndaloj
Forget forgot forgotten harroj
forgive forgave forgiven fal
Get got got bëj
Give gave given jap
Go went gone shkoj
Grow grew grown rritem
Hang hung hung var
Have had had kam
Hear heard heard dëgjoj
Hide hid hidden fsheh dicka (nga)
Hit hit hit godas
Hold held held mbaj
Hurt hurt hurt lëndoj
Keep kept kept mbaj
Know knew known dij, njoh
Lay laid laid shtroj, vendos
132
Lead led led drejtoj
Learn learnt learnt mësoj
Leave left left largohem
Lend lent lent jap borxh
let let let lejoj, lë
lie lay lain shtrihem
light lit lit ndez, ndriçoj
lose lost lost humb
make made made bëj
mean meant meant kam para sysh,nënkuptoj
meet met met takoj
pay paid paid paguaj
put put put vendos
read read read lexoj
ride rode ridden ngas
ring rang rung telefonoj, bie zilja
run ran run vrapoj, vë në veprim
say said said them
see saw seen shikon
sell sold sold shes
send sent sent dërgoj
set set set gradoj, vendos
shake shook shaken tund, shkund
shine shone shone ndriçon
shoot shot shot godas
show showed shown tregoj, shfaq
spell spelt spelt gërmëzoj
spoil spoilt spoilt prish, llastoj
shrink shrank shrunk tkurr
shut shut shut mbyll
sing sang sung këndoj
sink sank sunk fundosem
sit sat sat ulem
sleep slept slept fle
smell smelt smelt nuhas, mbaj erë
speak spoke spoken flas
spend spent spent shpenzoj
spread spread spread përhap
stand stood stood qëndroj
steal stole stolen vjedh
stick stuck stuck ngjit
strike struck struck godas
swim swam swum notoj
take took taken marr
teach taught taught jap mësim,
tear tore torn gris
tell told told tregoj, them
think thought thought mendoj
133
throw threw thrown hedh
understand understood understood kuptoj
wake woke woken zgjohem
wear wore worn vesh
win won won fitoj
write wrote written shkruaj
134
Fjalori në rend alfabetik
Në listën e përgjithshme japim vetëm ekuivalentet. Shpjegimin e saktë mund ta gjeni në fjalorin e mësimit përkatës.
1st (first) i/e pari/-a any ndonjë
2nd (second) i/e dyti/-a appear shfaq
3rd (third) i/e treti/-a application zbatim, aplikim
4th (fourth) i/e katërt/-a apply to zbatoj
a few pak arrange rregulloj, sistemoj
a(n) një (nyje joshquese) as si, sikur
ability aftësi as a result of si rezultat
above lart, sipër as follows si më poshtë
accuracy saktësi as soon as sapo
across përmes as you know siç e dini edhe ju
acryl Akril ask pyes
act upon veproj mbi, influencoj at në, tek
active aktiv at lower costs me kosto të ulët
actual aktual at the rate of në normën/masën
adjust rregulloj at the same time në të njëjtën kohë
advantage avantazh, përparësi attract tërheq
after pasi, më pas attraction tërheqje
after this pas kësaj auxiliary anode anode ndihmëse
air ajër available i/e diponueshëm
air-core coil bobinë me bërthamë ajri bad i/e keq
align (with) rregulloj në bazë të barrier pengesë, pengesë
all të gjithë base bazë
allow to lejoj basically praktikisht
also gjithashtu battery bateri
alter ndryshoj bazic bazat, themelet
alternative current (a.c.) rrymë alternative be jam (me qënë)
although megjithatë be able to jam në gjendje
ambient ambient, mjedis be composed of përbëhet
ambient influences ndikimet e mjedisit be due to në sajë të
among mes, në mes be placed vendos, zë vend
among others mes të tjerëve be right kam të drejtë
amount shumë be surrounded (by) të jesh i/e rrethuar (nga)
ampere amper beam rreze, tufë drite
amplifier amplifikator, përforcues because sepse
amplify aplifikoj, përforcoj become bëhem
analog(ue) computer kompjuter analog begin filloj
and dhe belong (to) i përket
anode anodë bend përkul, kthej
another një tjetër besides përveç
answer përgjigjem between mes
bias anësi, paragjykim care kujdes
bidirectional me dy drejtime careful i/e kujdesshëm/-me
big e/i madh case rast
135
bipolar junction transistor
category kategori
black i/e zezë cathode katodë
block bllokoj cathode ray oscilloscope oshiloskom me rreze katode
block bllokoj cause shkaktoj
blue blu, i/e kaltër cause shkak
bolt bulon centre-tap full wave rectifier
ndreqës me lidhje qëndrore
book libër centre-tapped lindhje qëndrore
boring i/e mërzitshëm/-me ceramic qeramikë
both…and të dy/-ja ….dhe ceramics qeramikë
bridge urë certain i/e sigurt
bridge full-wave rectifier ndreqës urë certainly sigurisht
bright resistance rezistencë e ndritshme change ndryshoj
broad i/e gjerë change ndryshim
broken i/e prishur characteristic karaktestikë
brown i/e kaftë characteristic karakteristike, tipar
buffer amortizator, zbutës charge ngarkoj
bug gabim (në sistem) charge ngarkesë
build ndërtoj charge carrier mbartës
bulb llambë check kontrolloj
burglar alarm alarm kundër vjedhjes check kontroll
but por choke mbyt, reduktoj, vë valvul ajri
button buton choose zgjedh
by nga, pranë circle rreth, qark, cikël,
by nga circuit qark elektrik
cable kabllo circuit arrangement rregullim I qarkut
cadmium kadmium circuitry teknologjia e qarqeve
cadmium sulphide kadmium squfuri circular rrethore, qarkore
calculate llogaris class klasë
calculation llogaritje clockwise në krahun e akrepave të orës
can mund close mbyll
can't (cannot) nuk mund coefficient koeficient
capacitance vëllim coil bobinë
capacitor kondensator collect grumbulloj
car makinë colour band fasho, shirit me ngjyrë
carbon karbon colour strip rrip, gjuhëz me ngjyrë
carbon-film fletë/shtresë e hollë karboni common i/e zakonshëm/-me
carbon-track gjurmë karboni commonly zakonisht, shpesh
company kompani current source burim energjie
compare krahasoj curve kthesë, lakore, kurbë
comparison krahasim cut pres
complete përfundoj cycle cikël
complete a circuit përfundoj një qark cylindrical coil bobinë cilindtrike
complex kompleks, i/e vështirë damage dëmtoj
complexity kompleksitet, ndërlikim damage dëmtim
component përbërës danger rrezik
136
compose përbëj, hartoj dangerous i/e rrezikshëm/-me
computer kompjuter dark resistance rezistencë e errët
concentrate përqendrohem data sheet specifikim të dhënash
conduct drejtoj, udhëheq, përcjell debug rregulloj
conductance përçueshmëri decrease zvogëloj
conductor përcjellës, përçues, tejçues defect defekt
connect (to) lidh me defective defektiv, e/i dëmtuar
connecting lead tel lidhës defective defektiv, i/e dëmtuar
connecting pin gjilpërë ose kunj lidhëse deficit defiçit
consequently si pasojë, si rrjedhojë define (as) përkufizoj (si)
consist of përbëhet nga deflect ndërroj drejtim, shmang, thyhem
constant konstante deflection devijim, shmangje, thyerje
construct ndërtoj depend on varet nga
construction ndërtimi dependency varësi
contact kontrakt dependent (on) varem nga continously variable control
kontroll i vazhdueshëm i variablave describe përshkruaj
control kontrolloj description përshkrim
control kontroll despite pavarësisht nga
conversely anasjelltas detector detektor, zbulues
convert shndërroj determine përcaktoj
cooling medium mjet ftohje, ftohës develop zhvilloj
copper bakër device paisje
core bërthamë, nukël dictate urdhëroj
corner kënd dielectric jopërçues
correct korrekt, i/e saktë different i/e ndryshëm/-me
coulomb Kolumb (njësi matëse) differentiator diferenciator
count numëroj difficult i/e vështirë
couple çiftëzoj, bashkoj, lidh digital dixhital, i/e kompjuterizuar
cross-sectional area zonë ndërsektoriale diode diodë
crystal kristal diode diodë
current rrymë elektrike direct current (d.c.) rrymë e vazhdueshme
current control kontroll i rrymës direct, directly i/e drejtë, i/e drejtpërdrejtë
direction drejtim electron elektron
discharge lëshoj, shkarkoj electron(ic) wave (or tube) valë (kanal) elektroni(ke)
disk disk electronic elektronike
dislike mospëlqim electronic beam rreze elektronike
display shfaq electronic engineer inxhinier elektronik
distance distancë electronics elektronikë
do bëj electrostatic elektrostatike
do up riparoj elektromotive force (e.m.f.) forca elektrolëvizëse
dope stimuloj, lëndë kimike element element
137
doped i stimuluar, i përzier emit lëshoj, nxjerr
doping stimulim, përzierje lëndësh kimike enable bëj të mundur, mundësoj
drill shpoj enclose mbyll, fus, kufizoj
drill trapan end fundi
drop bie, hedh, lëshoj energy energji
drop (in) rënie, reduktim, bie engine motor, mjet
dual-in-line linjë paralele engineer inxhinier
during gjatë equal barazoj, i barabartë
dynamo dinamo equal i/e barabartë
e.g. p.sh. equally njësoj
each secili/-a equipment paisje
each other njëri tjetri error gabim
early herët every day çdo ditë early 1900 (the early nineteen hundreds) në fillim të 1900 everybody cdo njeri
easy, easily i/e lehtë, lehtësisht example shembull
economical ekonomike excess tepri, i/e tepërt
economy ekonomi exercise ushtrim
eddy current rrymë në form vorbulle/spirale expensive i/e shtrenjtë
efficient efiçent expert ekspert, specialist
either …or ose…ose expose (to) ekspozoj ndaj/në
electric elektrike exposure ekspozim
electric elektrike exposure meter matës i ekspozimit ndaj dritës
electric intensity intensitet elektrik exposure to light ekspozim në dritë
electrical elektrike external ekstern, i/e jashtëm
electrical engineer inxhinier elektrik external heating nxehtësi eksterne/nga jashtë
electrical power energji elektrike extreme ekstrem
electricity elektricitet eye sy
electricity elektricitet factor faktor
electrode electrode faint i/e zbehtë, i/e dobët
electron elektron fair i/e drejtë
farad farad
fast i/e shpejtë forward-biased mode metoda e drejtimit të përparmë
fault gabim frame kornizë
ferrite core bërthamë hekuri free, freely i/e lirë, lirshëm
ferromagnetic material material ferromagnetik frequently shpesh
field fushë from…to nga …tek
field-effect transistor
front cover pllakëza e përparme
file limë full plot
fill mbush full-scale deflection devijim i plotë
filter oscillator oshilator me filtër full-wave valë e plotë
final final, përfundimtar fully i/e plotë, plotësisht
finally më në fund fun qejf
138
find gjej function funksion
finish mbaroj, përfundoj function (as) funksioj si
Finnish finlandez furthermore gjithashtu, veç kësaj, për më tepër
fire alarm alarm kundër zjarrit fuse shkrij
first së pari gain fitim, dobi,shtim, rritje
fix rregulloj gas gaz, benzinë
fixed i/e fiksuar, i/e palëvizshëm generally në përgjithësi
fixed frequency frekuencë fikse germanium germanium
fixed resistor rezistencë e fiksuar give jap
fixed value resistor rezistencë me vlerë fikse given by dhënë nga
flow rrjedh glass qelq, i/e qelqtë, gotë, xham
flow rrjedhë glow digjem, shkëlqej
flow off fluturoj tutje go home shkoj në shtëpi
focussed i/e fokusur gold ar, flori
foil fletë metalike gold ar
following pasues, vijues, në vazhdim good mirë, i/e mirë
for për government qeveri
for example për shembull graduate diplomohem, mbaroj shkollën
for reasons of për arsye të graph grafik
for this reason për këtë arsye graticule rrjet koordinativ
force detyroj, bëj me forcë graticule illumination ndiçimi i rrjetit koordinativ
force forcë greater më i/e madh/-e
form formoj green jeshil, i/e gjelbër
form formoj grey gri
form of construction forma e ndërtimit group grup
form of energy formë energjie guarantee garantoj
formula formulë half-cycle gjysëm cikël
forward i/e avancuar, i/e përparuar half-wave gjysëm valë
forward (-biased) direction drejtim half-wave rectifier ndreqës gjysëm vale
hammer çekiç, çekan impurity papastërti
handle trajtoj, manovroj, merrem me in në
handling manovrim, trajtim in a counter-clockwise direction
në drejtim të akrepave të orës
happy i/e lumtur in addition (to) për më tepër, shtesë
hard i/e fortë in contrast to në krahasim me, në kundërshtim me
have kam in English në Anglisht
have got kam, zotëroj in other words me fjalë të tjera
heat nxehtësi in parallel paralel
heat up ngroh, nxeh in particular në veçanti
heating nxehtësi in place of në vend të
heating nxehje in question në pyetje
heavy i/e rëndë in series në seri
139
help ndihmoj in series (with) në seri me
henry henri (njësi matëse) in spite of pavarësisht nga
here këtu in themselves në vetveten e tyre
high i/e lartë inaccuracy pasaktësi
high frequency frekuencë e lartë include (in) përfshij në
highly shumë, shumë mirë, tepër increase rris
hit godas increase rritje
hold mbaj indentify identifikoj
hold together mbaj së bashku indicate do të thotë, tregon
hole vrimë indicated value vlera e treguar
hole vrimë indicating light dritë treguese
hope shpresoj induce induktoj, nxis, shtyj
horizontal horizontal induced voltage voltazh/tension i detyruar
hour orë inductance induktancë
how si induction induksion, thithje
how many sa (për emrat e numrueshëm) inductive reactance reaktance induktive
how much sa inductor induktor
however megjithatë infinite e pafund
huge i/e madh/-e influence influencoj
human njeri, njerëzor inner i/e brëndëshëm/-me
i.e. d.m.th. input input, ushqim, të dhëna të futura
IC, integrated circuit qark i integruar input impedance impedancë inputi/të dhënash
ideal ideal/-e insert fus
if nëse, në qoftëse instrument instrument
impedance impedancë, rezistencë e plotë insulating izolues
important i/e rëndësishëm/-me insulator izolant, izolator
impregnated i/e mbarsur, i/e plotësuar integrator integrator, që bashkon
improper i/e papërshtashëm/-me intend to kam si qëllim të
intense intense light ndriçoj
intensity intensitet light dritë
intention qëllim light control kontrollues i dritës
interaction ndërveprim light wave vala e dritës
interrupt ndërpres, ndal like njësoj, ashtu si
into në like si
introduce fus, përhap, njoh like ashtu si, sikur
introduction hyrje limit kufizoj
invention shpikje line linjë, vijë
inverting i/e kthyeshëm/-me link lidh
invisible e/i padukshëm linkage lidhje
iron-core coil bobinë me bërthamë hekuri liquid leng
isolate izoloj liquid-controller kontrollor lëngjesh
it isn't (is not) nuk është listen dëgjoj
it's (it is) është live jetoj
itself vetë load ngarkesë
140
junction bashkim, vend bashkimi load ngarkesë
just vetëm locate vendos, përcaktoj vendodhjen
just like pikërisht si look shikoj
keep mbaj look at shikoj
kind lloj, tip look for kërkoj
kit komplet low i/e ulët
knife thikë low frequency amplifier amplifikator me frekuencë të ulët
knob button low-voltage circuit qark me tension të ulet
know as njeh si luminiscent screen ekran luminishent
knowledge njohuri luminous spot pike e shndritshme
laboratory laborator machine makineri
laminated core bërthamë e petëzuar made from bërë nga, i/e përbërë nga
lamp llambë magnet magnet
large i/e madh/-e magnetic magnetik
large i/e madhe magnetic field fushë magnetike
law ligj magnetic flux fluks/rrjedhe magnetike
layer shtresë magnetic flux line drejtim i rrjedhës magnetike
lead drejtoj, plumb magnetically magnetikisht
learn (well) mësoj (mirë) main kryesore
left i/e majtë mainly kryesisht
length gjatësi mains (line) switch çelës rrejti
less më pak make bëj
lesson mësim make sure sigurohem
level nivel man burrë, njeri
manual manuale need të kesh nevojë
manufacturer prodhues, fabrikant needn't nuk ka nevojë
many disa, shumë negative negative
mark shënoj network rrjet
material material never the less megjithatë, sidoqoftë
mathematician matematicient new i/e re
maximum ratings vlera maksimale no jo
me mua non-inverting i/e pakthyeshëm/-me
mean do të thotë, ka kuptimin normally normalisht
measurand matje not nuk
measure bëj matje not…either as …as..
measure masë notch dhëmbëz, e prerë
measurement matje now tani
measuring device paisje matëse n-type semiconductor gjysëm përsjellës të tipit n
measuring instrument instrument matës number numër
mechanical mekanik number numër
memorize fut ne kujtese, memorizoj nut dado
metal metal obscurity errësirë
metal -film fletë/shtresë e hollë metali observe vëzhgoj
mica mikë occurrence dukuri, zhvillim
middle mes, i/e mesit of e/i/së/të
141
minimal minimal, shumë i/e vogël OFF position pozicion i fikur
missile raketë, shigjetë offer ofroj
mixed e përzier often shpesh
more më tepër ohm Ohm (njësi matëse)
moreover gjithashtu, veç kësaj, për më tepër oil vaj, naftë
motion lëvizje old i/e vjetër
mount montoj on mbi, sipër
move lëviz on either side nga njëra ose tjetra anë
moving-coil bërthamë lëvizëse ON position pozicion i ndezur
much shumë on the other hand nga ana tjetër, anasjelltas
multimeter multimetër one-way street rrugë një kalimshe
multiple turn kthesë e shumëfishtë only vetëm
multiplication factor faktor shumëzimi open hap
must duhet operate funksionoj
must not nuk duhet operating manual funksionim manual
mutual inductance induktance e dyanshme operational amplifier amplifikator operacional
nail gozhdë oppose kundërshtoj
namely domethënë opposite e/i kundërt
namely përkatësisht opposition opozita, kundërshtari
or ose plug prizë
orange portokall plug prizë
ordered e/i porositur plug in fus në prizë
oscillating circuit qark lëkundës pointer shënues
oscilloscope oshiloskop polarity polaritet
other tjetër pole pol
otherwise për ndryshe poor i/e varfër
outer i/e jashtme porcelain porcelan
output output, prodhim positive pozitive
output impedance impedancë outputi/prodhimi possess kam, zotëroj, posedoj
outside (of) jashtë (nga) possible mundësisht, i/e mundur
overheat tejnxej potential difference (p.d.) diferencë potenciale
overheating tejnxehje potentiometer voltmetër
package paketë power fuqi, forcë, energji
pair of pliers një palë pinca power range gamë vlerash energjie
pair of scissors një palë gërshërë power rating narma e energjisë
pair of tweezers një palë piskatore power supply ushqyes energjie
paper letër practical praktik/e
parallel (to) paralel me practically praktikisht
part pjesë precision gain voltage tension me rritje preçize
particular i/e veçantë preparation përgatitje
pass kaloj, pranohem, çoj prepare përgatis
passage kalim, pasazh present prezantoj
path mënyrë, rrugë press shtyp, shtyhet
PC kompjuter personal primary winding mbështjellje parësore
per për principle princip
per cent (%) përqindje problem problem
performance curve lakore process proces
142
efektshmërie/egzekutimi
periodic periodik produce prodhoj
permanent magnet magnet permanent/i përhershëm product produkt, prodhim
permit lejoj production prodhim, produkte
photo resistor foto reziztencë program programoj
physically fizikisht programmer programues
pin gjilpërë me kokë, kapëse, mbërtheckë proper i/e duhur
pin gjilpërë properly siç duhet
place vendos property pronë
plastics plastikë proportional proporcional
plate pjatë, pllakë protect (from) mbroj (nga)
play luaj, vë në punë protection mbrojtje
please të/ju lutem proton proton
provide siguroj replace zëvëndësoj
p-type semiconductor gjysëm përsjellës të tipit p replace zëvëndësoj
pulsating që pulson repulsion shtytje
pulse puls require kërkoj, është i/e domosdoshëm/-me
pupil nxënës required i/e duhur, i/e nevojshëm
pure i/e pastër, i/e pa përzier resistance qëndrueshmëri, rezistencë
purpose qëllim resistance range gamë vlerash rezistence
push shtyj resistor rezistencë
push forward shyj përpara respond përgjigjem
push-pull switch çelës me shtytje-tërheqje response përgjigje
put vendos responsible përgjegjës
put in vë në përdorim, tërheq result (in) përfundon në, rezulton
quantity sasi resulting si rezultat
quartz kuarc retarded i/e vonuar, qark i vonuar
question pyetje reverse current rryme e kundërt/prerëse
quite plotësisht, krejtësisht reverse-biased mode metoda e drejtimit të kundërt
raise ngrihet right e drejtë
range gamë, një seri, shtrirje right i/e djathtë
range from…to varion nga ….në river lumë range switch çelës i matjes së
ndryshimit të vlerave rivet përçina
rapid i/e shpejtë rocket raketë
rate vlerë, normë rod shufër
reach arrij round rreth, rreth e rrotull
reaction time koha e reagimit rubber gomë
read lexoj rule rregull
reading error gabim në të lexuar run vë në punë, vë në funksionim
ready gati, i/e gatshëm saw sharroj
rectifier ndreqës saw sharrë
rectify drejtoj, ndreq sawtooth voltage tension i tipit dhëmbëz sharrë
143
red i/e kuqe say them
refer to i referohen scale shkallë
region rajon school shkollë
regular i/e rregullt, i/e zakonshme science shkencë
relationship marrëdhënie, lidhje screen ekran
release liroj, çiroj, lëshoj screw vidhë
reliable i/e besueshëm/-me screwdriver kaçavidë
remove heq,largoj second sekond
repair riparoj secondary winding mbështjellje dytësore
repair riparim, korrigjim section seksion, sektor
repel shtyj, zbraps, prapësoj see shikoj
self - regulating vetërregullator special speciale, e veçantë
self-heating vetënxehje specified i/e specifikuar
semiconductor gjysëm përsjellës specify specifikoj
semiconductor gjysëm përcjedhës speed shpejtësi
sensitive (to) i/e ndjeshëm/me ndaj spot vend, pikë, njollë
sensitivity ndjeshmëri spread përhapje
sentence fjali square skuadroj, i jap formë katrore
separate ndaj start filloj
sequence sekuencë still akoma
set vendos, siguroj stop ndaloj
set up instaloj store magazinoj
several disa strong i/e fortë
shift zhvendosje, spostim student student
short circuit qark i shkurtër study studioj
show shfaq, tregoj subject subjekt
shunted i/e drejtuar, i/e spostuar submultiple ndarës
signal sinjal substance substancë, materie
signal tuning circuit qark i rregullimit të sinjalit substrate nënshtresë, themel
silicon silikon such i/e tillë
silver argjend such as sikur, ashtu si
similar (to) i/e ngjashëm/-me me suitable i/e përshtatshme
simple i/e thjeshtë, jo e komplikuar sulphur squfur
since që kur, që nga summing amplifier amplifikator përmbledhës
since që kur supply furnizim
single i/e vetëm, tek sure i/e sigurt, sigurisht
single turn kthesë teke switch çelës
size masë switch off fik, ndërprej
sliding wiper kontakt rrëshqitës switch on ndez, lidh
small e/i vogël take marr
smooth zdrugoj, sheshoj tap off kap, marr
so kështu task detyrë
soft i/e butë teacher mësues/-e
solution zgjidhje technical current rrymë teknik
solve zgjidh, gjej zgjidhje technician teknik
some disa, shumë technology teknologji
144
sometimes nganjëherë temperature temperature
sound tingull term afat, periudhë, semestër
space hapësirë terminal skaj, pjesë fundore
spanner, wrench çelës shtërngues text tekst
speak flas Thames Tamiz
than se toroidal coil bobinë unazë/rrethore
thank you faleminderit Tower Bridge Ura Kullë
that atë, që trace gjurmë, shenjë
that, those ai/ajo/atë atje train mësoj, përgatis, stërvis, ushtroj
the nyje shquese transducer shndërrues, dhënës
the best më i/e miri/-a transform transformoj
the first (1st) i pari transformable (into) e/i transformueshëm (në)
the last one i/e fundit transformed i/e transformuar
the other way round nga ana tjetër, anasjelltas transformer transformator
their e tyre transformer-fed them ato transistor tranzistor
then pastaj transit tranzit
there atje translate përkthej
there are ka, gjenden trimmer rezistence rregullatore
there is ka, gjendet trouble shooting kërkues gabimesh
therefore prandaj tube tub
thermal termik, termal turn kthesë, kthim, përdredh
thermal resistor rezistencë termike turning knob çelës rrotullues
thermistor termistor type tip, lloj
thermostat termostat typical tipik
they ato understand kuptoj
thickness trashësi undo zhbëj
thin i/e hollë, i/e dobët unidirectional me një drejtim
thing gjë, send unit njësi
thirsty i/e etur unit of measurement njësi matëse
this kjo/ky unit of time njësi kohe
this, these ai/ajo këtu unknown i/e panjohur
through përmes unless vetëm nëse, veç në
thyristor tiristor until deri sa
time kohë up to deri më/në
time base kohë bazë use përdor
timebase circuitry sistem çelës për kohën bazë use përdor
to call thërras, thërras në telefon useful i/e dobishëm/-me
today sot user përdorues
tolerance tolerance usually zakonisht
tolerate toleroj vacuum vakuum, zbrazëti
tomorrow nesër value vlerë
too gjithashtu value amplifier amplifikator vlerash
too gjithashtu varied të ndryshme
tool mjete various të ndryshme
total shuma, totali vary ndryshoj
145
touch prek versatile i/e gjithanshëm, me shumë funksione
vertical vertikal white i/e bardhë
vice morsë who kush
violet violet, lejla whose i/e kujt
visible e/i dukshëm why pse, përse
volt volt wide i/e gjërë
voltage voltazh, tension wind mbështjell
voltage control kontroll i tensionit winding mbështjellje
voltage drop rënie voltazhi/tensioni wire tel
voltage gain rritje tensioni wire up lidh, bashkoj me tel
voltage indiference indiferencë tensioni with me
voltage supply furnizim me rrymë with respect to për sa i takon
voltmeter voltmetër without pa
want dëshiroj, dua wood dru
water ujë word fjalë
watt vat work punoj, punë
wave length gjatësi vale workbench banko/tavolinë pune
waveform formë e valës working hour orë pune
wax parafinë, dyll working voltage tension përdorimi
way mënyrë, rrugë workshop repart pune, bazë prodhuese
weak i/e dobët wound mbështjell (në kohën e kryer)
Wehnelt cylinder cilindri i Wehnelt write shkruaj
well mirë wrong e gabuar
went shkova (koha e kryer e foljes shkoj) X-plates boshti horizontal X
what çfarë Y-amplifier amplifikator Y
What's (What is)? Çfarë është? Y-deflection devijim, shmangje, thyerje Y
What's this Çfarë është kjo/ky? yellow i/e verdhë
when kur yes po
when kur you ti, ju
whereas ndërsa Y-plates boshti vertikal Y
whether nëse which cili/cila which one of them cili/cila nga ato while ndërsa
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