ANGGOTA FILUM CHORDATA (LANJUTAN) - WordPress.com · 4/7/2015 · ANGGOTA FILUM CHORDATA (LANJUTAN) I GEDE SUDIRAGAYASA. MAMALIA AMNIOTA YANG BERAMBUT DAN MENGHASILKAN SUSU. ANCESTRAL

ANGGOTA FILUM CHORDATA(LANJUTAN)

I GEDE SUDIRAGAYASA

MAMALIAAMNIOTA YANG BERAMBUT DAN

MENGHASILKAN SUSU

ANCESTRALDEUTEROSTOME

Notochord

Commonancestor ofchordates

Head

Vertebral column

Jaws, mineralized skeleton

Lungs or lung derivatives

Lobed fins

Limbs with digits

Amniotic egg

Milk

Echinodermata

Cephalochordata

Urochordata

Myxini

Petromyzontida

Chondrichthyes

Actinopterygii

Actinistia

Dipnoi

Amphibia

Reptilia

Mammalia

Ch

ord

ates

Cran

iates

Ve

rteb

rates

Gn

atho

stom

es

Oste

ichth

yans

Lob

e-fin

s

Tetrapo

ds

Am

nio

tes

FILOGENI KORDATA YANG MASIH ADA

What do you notice that is odd?

• Mammals, class Mammalia, are represented by more than 5,300 species

• Derived characters of mammals:

– Mammary glands, which produce milk

– Hair

– A high metabolic rate, due to endothermy

– A larger brain than other vertebrates of equivalent size

– Differentiated teeth

•© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

KARAKTER TURUNAN MAMMALIA

Key

Articular

Quadrate

Dentary

Squamosal

Biarmosuchus,a synapsid

Temporalfenestra

Jaw joint

(a) Articular and quadrate bones in the jaw

Eardrum

Middle ear

StapesInnerear

Sound

Present-day reptile

(b) Articular and quadrate bones in the middle ear

Sound

Present-day mammal

Eardrum Middle ear

Inner ear

Stapes

Incus (quadrate)

Malleus (articular)

Figure 34.37

Figure 34.38

• Monotremes are a small group of egg-laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus

Monotremes

• Vid

• vid

Marsupials

• Marsupials include opossums, kangaroos, and koalas

• The embryo develops within a placenta in the mother’s uterus

• A marsupial is born very early in its development

• It completes its embryonic development while nursing in a maternal pouch called a marsupium

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 34.39

(a) A young brushtail possum

(b) Long-nosed bandicoot

• Vid

• Vid

• Vid

• Vid

• Vid

EUTERIAMAMALIA BERPLASENTA

• PLASENTA LEBIH KOMPLEKS DARI MARSUPIALIA

• MEMILIKI MASA KEHAMILAN YANG LEBIH LAMA DARI MARSUPIALIA

• ANAK MENYELESAIKAN PERKEMBANGAN EMBRIONIKNYA DALAM UTERUS

Figure 34.40

Convergent evolution of

marsupials and eutherians (placental

mammals).

Plantigale

Marsupialmammals

Eutherianmammals

Marsupial mole

Sugar glider

Wombat

Tasmanian devil

Kangaroo

Deer mouse

Mole

Flyingsquirrel

Woodchuck

Wolverine

Patagonian cavy

ANCESTRALMAMMAL

Mo

no

trem

es(5

spe

cies)

Marsu

pials

(32

4 sp

ecie

s)Eu

the

rians

(5,0

10

spe

cies)

Monotremata

Marsupialia

ProboscideaSireniaTubulidentataHyracoideaAfrosoricidaMacroscelidea

Xenarthra

RodentiaLagomorphaPrimatesDermopteraScandentia

CarnivoraCetartiodactylaPerissodactylaChiropteraEulipotyphiaPholidota

Figure 34.41a

– Hands, feet for grasping

– Flat nails

– A large brain and short jaws

– Forward-looking eyes close together on the face, providing depth perception

– Complex social behavior and parental care

– A fully opposable thumb (in monkeys and apes)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Derived Characters of Primates

• There are three main groups of living primates

– Lemurs, lorises, and pottos

– Tarsiers

– Anthropoids (monkeys and apes)

Living Primates

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 34.42

Figure 34.43

ANCESTRALPRIMATE

Time (millions of years ago)

60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Lemurs, lorises,and bush babies

Tarsiers

New World monkeys

Old World monkeys

Gibbons

Orangutans

Gorillas

Chimpanzeesand bonobos

Humans

An

thro

po

ids

Figure 34.44

(b) Old World monkey: macaque(a) New World monkey:spider monkey with prehensile tail

(a) Gibbon(b) Orangutan

(c) Gorilla

(d) Chimpanzees

(e) Bonobos

Figure 34.45

vidvidvidvidvidvidvidvidvidvidvid

Monotremata

Orders and Examples Main Characteristics Orders and Examples Main Characteristics

Platypuses,echidnas

Echidna

ProboscideaElephants

African elephant

SireniaManatees,dugongs

Manatee

Lay eggs; no nipples;young suck milk fromfur of mother

Long, muscular trunk;thick, loose skin; upperincisors elongatedas tusks

Aquatic; finlike fore-limbs and no hindlimbs; herbivorous

XenarthraSloths,anteaters,armadillos

Tamandua

LagomorphaRabbits, hares,picas

Jackrabbit

Reduced teeth or noteeth; herbivorous(sloths) or carnivorous(anteaters, armadillos)

Chisel-like incisors;hind legs longer thanforelegs and adaptedfor running and jumping;herbivorous

Sharp, pointed canineteeth and molars forshearing; carnivorous

Hooves with an evennumber of toes on eachfoot; herbivorous

Aquatic; streamlined body; paddle-like fore-limbs and no hind limbs; thick layer of insulating blubber;carnivorous

CarnivoraDogs, wolves,bears, cats,weasels, otters,seals, walruses Coyote

CetartiodactylaArtiodactylsSheep, pigs,cattle, deer,giraffes

CetaceansWhales,dolphins,porpoises

MarsupialiaKangaroos,opossums,koalas

Koala

Completes embryonicdevelopment in pouchon mother’s body

TubulidentataAardvarks

Aardvark

Teeth consisting ofmany thin tubescemented together;eats ants and termites

HyracoideaHyraxes

Rock hyrax

Short legs; stumpytail; herbivorous;complex, multi-chambered stomach

RodentiaSquirrels,beavers, rats,porcupines,mice Red squirrel

Chisel-like, continuouslygrowing incisors worndown by gnawing;herbivorous

PrimatesLemurs, monkeys,chimpanzees,gorillas, humans Golden lion

tamarin

Opposable thumbs;forward-facing eyes;well-developed cerebralcortex; omnivorous

PerissodactylaHorses, zebras,tapirs,rhinoceroses

Indian rhinoceros

Hooves with an oddnumber of toes oneach foot; herbivorous

ChiropteraBats

Frog-eating bat

Eulipotyphla“Coreinsectivores”:some moles,some shrews

Star-nosedmole

Eat mainly insectsand other smallinvertebrates

Adapted for flight;broad skinfold thatextends from elongatedfingers to body andlegs; carnivorous orherbivorousBighorn sheep

Pacific white-sided porpoise

Figure 34.41b

DISKUSI