December 21, 2010 Page 1 Common Anesthetic and Analgesic Agents 1 We strongly recommend the use of pre-emptive analgesia for surgical and/or painful procedures unless contraindicated. The information provided below is a starting point. Always seek veterinary advice when developing anesthesia and analgesia for your studies or teaching protocols. Check out the Virtual Anesthesia Machine at http://vam.anest.ufl.edu/. Additional information is available from http://web.research.colostate.edu/LAR/anesthesia/appaa.aspx. Amphibians It is the recommendation that frogs be fasted for one day prior to anesthesia to prevent regurgitation. Xenopus should be handled with soft nets for procedures performed without anesthesia. The use of chemical restraint is required for prolonged or invasive procedures. A light plane of anesthesia is characterized by a loss of righting reflexes, but withdrawal reflexes and gular (throat) respiratory efforts remain. As the anesthetic level deepens, abdominal respiration is lost, followed by slowing of gular (throat) movements, which stop as a surgical level is reached. The cardiac impulse (visible heartbeat) should be retained, slowing or loss of cardiac impulse indicates an anesthetic overdose. Keep skin moist during recovery; dechlorinated water with a pH of 6.5-8.5 is recommended. AGENT DOSAGE COMMENTS Tricaine methosulfonate MS-222 Immersion bath dosages: Tadpoles/newts: 200-500mg/L Frogs/salamanders: 500mg/L to 2g/L Toads: 1-3g/L Injection dosage: 50-150 mg/kg IM, SC, IM Anesthetic of choice, for Xenopus. Concentrations over 500mg/L should be buffered with NaHCO 3 ; unbuffered solutions have a prolonged induction time and are irritating to the animal. Induction: 5 min and recovery at 1-30 min. Disadvantage of injecting MS-222 is that solutions for injection require filtration to ensure that it is sterile. Benzocaine 50 mg/L; Larvae 200-300 mg/L; Frogs, salamanders Dissolve with ethanol first Ketamine 50-150 mg/kg SC, IM Can be used for minor procedures e.g. radiography. Disadvantage: Animals anesthetized with these drugs even at high doses remain sensitive to pain. The surgical use of these drugs is therefore limited to preanesthetic use. Tiletamine/zolazepam (Telazol) 10-20 mg/kg SC, IM, IC Variable results, rapid recovery 1 Modified from a compilation by Dr. Sylvia Sigletary (2004).
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
December 21, 2010 Page 1
Common Anesthetic and Analgesic Agents1
We strongly recommend the use of pre-emptive analgesia for surgical and/or painful procedures unless
contraindicated. The information provided below is a starting point. Always seek veterinary advice when
developing anesthesia and analgesia for your studies or teaching protocols.
Check out the Virtual Anesthesia Machine at http://vam.anest.ufl.edu/.
Additional information is available from http://web.research.colostate.edu/LAR/anesthesia/appaa.aspx.
Amphibians
It is the recommendation that frogs be fasted for one day prior to anesthesia to prevent regurgitation.
Xenopus should be handled with soft nets for procedures performed without anesthesia. The use of
chemical restraint is required for prolonged or invasive procedures. A light plane of anesthesia is
characterized by a loss of righting reflexes, but withdrawal reflexes and gular (throat) respiratory efforts
remain. As the anesthetic level deepens, abdominal respiration is lost, followed by slowing of gular
(throat) movements, which stop as a surgical level is reached. The cardiac impulse (visible heartbeat)
should be retained, slowing or loss of cardiac impulse indicates an anesthetic overdose. Keep skin moist
during recovery; dechlorinated water with a pH of 6.5-8.5 is recommended.
AGENT DOSAGE COMMENTS
Tricaine methosulfonate
MS-222
Immersion bath dosages:
Tadpoles/newts: 200-500mg/L
Frogs/salamanders: 500mg/L to 2g/L
Toads: 1-3g/L
Injection dosage:
50-150 mg/kg IM, SC, IM
Anesthetic of choice, for Xenopus.
Concentrations over 500mg/L should be
buffered with NaHCO3; unbuffered
solutions have a prolonged induction
time and are irritating to the animal.
Induction: 5 min and recovery at 1-30
min.
Disadvantage of injecting MS-222 is
that solutions for injection require
filtration to ensure that it is sterile.
Benzocaine 50 mg/L; Larvae
200-300 mg/L; Frogs, salamanders
Dissolve with ethanol first
Ketamine
50-150 mg/kg SC, IM
Can be used for minor procedures e.g.
radiography.
Disadvantage: Animals anesthetized
with these drugs even at high doses
remain sensitive to pain. The surgical
use of these drugs is therefore limited to
preanesthetic use.
Tiletamine/zolazepam
(Telazol)
10-20 mg/kg SC, IM, IC Variable results, rapid recovery
1 Modified from a compilation by Dr. Sylvia Sigletary (2004).
Pentobarbital 40-50 mg/kg; inject into dorsal lymph
sac, IC
Variable response may be best suited for
euthanasia
ANALGESIA
Buprenorphine 38 mg/kg SC Duration > 4h
Butorphanol 0.2-0.4 mg/kg IM Duration 12h **
Flunixin meglumine 25mg/kg intracelomic 4h **
Xylazine 10mg/kg intracelomic 12-24h**
* Smith. J. M. 2000. Isoflurane Anesthesia in the African Clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). Contemp. Topics 39 (6): 39-42.
**Terril-Robb, L. 1996.Evaluation of the Analgesic Effect of Butorphanol Tartrate, Xylazine Hydrochloride, and Flunixin Meglumine in Leopard Frogs (Rana pipiens). Contemp. Topics 35 (3): 54-56.
Cat Cats can vomit during induction and recovery. They need to be fasted for 6-8h before anesthesia and
observed carefully during recovery. They can have free access to water. Cats are prone to laryngospasm
during endotracheal intubation; a lidocaine spray is commonly used in practice to help prevent spasms. In
uncomplicated or short procedures gas anesthesia can be maintained with a correctly fitted nose cone.
“Masking down” is also used as an induction technique with animals that are properly sedated.
However, there is an increased risk, to the operator, from anesthetic gas exposure. Animals less than 7kg
should be placed on a nonrebreathing system when gas anesthesia is being administered.
AGENT DOSAGE COMMENTS
Atropine 0.02-0.04 mg/kg IM, SC Anticholinergic. Duration of effect 30-60
min.
Glycopyrrolate 0.02 mg/kg IM, SC Anticholinergic. Duration of effect is 1-2
h. Some cats can have dry mouth after 2 h
on glycopyrrolate.
Acepromazine 0.05-0.1 mg/kg SC, IM Hypotension and prolonged recovery, but
very commonly used for calming
fractious animals for placement of IV
catheters and minor procedures.
Xylazine 0.4-0.9 mg/kg IM α2-adrenergic agonist. IV administration
can lead to hypotensive crisis. Reduces
cardiac output even when anticholinergics
are given. Reported to cause vomiting
Diazepam 0.2-0.4 mg/kg (max dose is 10
mg) IV
Duration of effect 30-180 min. More
rapid recovery the ace and xylazine, less
hypotension
Acepromazine + Oxymorphone 0.05mg/kg of each, IM A good sedative analgesia combination.
Meloxicam 0.5 mg/kg SC, PO q12h Based on PK data in Indian
Ring-necked parakeets, and has
been extrapolated clinically to
multiple other species
Tramadol 5 mg/kg PO q12h Based on PK data in Bald Eagles
#The Veterinary Clinics of North America, Heard Darrly, Volume 4, Number 1, January 2001 W.B. Saunders § Joint Working Group on Refinements. Laboratory birds: refinement in husbandry and procedures. Lab. Anim. 35(Suppl. 1), 2001.
December 21, 2010 Page 5
Dog
In survival surgical patients, baseline data can identify any preexisting physical or physiological
abnormalities. The review of pre-surgical blood work and performing a physical examination are
common methods used to evaluate surgical patients. It is recommended that complete blood count,
parasite examination and chemical evaluation of both kidney and liver function be included in the pre-
surgical work-up.
Intramuscular injections are commonly delivered to the caudal thigh muscles. However, IM injection in
this location can cause deposition of the agent in the fascial plane. This can result in both decreased
absorption and possible damage to the sciatic nerve. Drugs administered in either the cranial thigh or
lumbar muscles are better absorbed and preferred locations for IM injections. However, if the caudal
thigh muscle is used, direct the needle backwards.
AGENT DOSAGE COMMENTS
Atropine 0.02-0.04 mg/kg IM, SC Anticholinergic. Duration of effect 30-
60 min
Glycopyrrolate 0.02 mg/kg IM, SC Anticholinergic. Duration of effect is
60-120 min
Acepromazine 0.01-0.05 mg/kg, IV,
0.05-0.1 mg/kg IM, SC
Hypotension and prolonged recovery,
but very commonly used for placement
of IV and minor procedures in fractious
animals.
Xylazine 0.5-2.0 mg/kg IM Duration 30-60 min α2-adrenergic
agonist with short lived analgesic
properties. IV administration can lead to
hypotensive crisis. Reduces cardiac
output even when anticholinergics are
given has been reported to cause
vomiting
Sedative Combination:
Acepromazine
Oxymorphone
0.05mg/kg of each, IM A good sedative analgesia combination.
Anticholinergics are recommended to
prevent bradycardia.
Propofol 0.3-0.5 mg/kg/min
Recommended combination for
animals with compromised
cardiovascular function:
Propofol 1-2 mg/kg IV +
Slow bolus fentanyl 7-10μg/kg
and atropine 0.005-0.01mg/kg
IV
Propofol is a sedative/hypnotic. It can be
used in induction or maintenance of
general anesthesia. An opioid or α2-
agonists must be added for surgery,
because of its poor analgesic properties.
There are rapid induction and recovery
times Some of the adverse effects are
apnea, bradycardia and hypotension.
Ketamine + Diazepam 10 mg/kg + 0.2-0.4 mg/kg IV.
Give ⅓ as bolus then titrate to
effect
Duration 20 min used for short periods
of restraint or minor procedures or for
intubation
Telazol 1-3 mg/kg IM, IV For tracheal intubation. For large dogs
use lower end of the recommended dose.
Tachycardia and hypertension are
common. Premedicate with
acepromazine, opioid or xylazine
provides a smoother recovery.
Pentobarbital 20-30 mg/kg IV
Isoflurane 1-3% to effect Scavenge waste anesthetic gases.
Ketoprofen 5 mg/kg IM Potent COX inhibitor, preoperative
administration inhibited platelet
aggregation (Lemke, 2002). Use caution
when given pre-operatively, supportive
fluid therapy is recommended.
Fentanyl 50µg/h transdermal patch
Fentanyl has a very short duration of
action (30-45 min.). Therefore, it is most
effectively used as a continuous drip
either intraoperatively and/or post-
operatively
Tramadol 2-3 mg/kg PO q6-12h
Flecknell (1985). The management of post-operative pain and distress in experimental animals. Anim. Tech. 36(2): 97-103. Mathew N (ed) (1999) The Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice, Volume 29, number 3. W.B. Saunders.
Lemke, KA, Runyon CL, Horney BS (2002) Effect of perioperative administration of ketoprofen on whole blood platelet aggregation, buccal
mucosal bleeding time, and hematologic indices in dogs undergoing elective ovarhysterectomy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 220(12): 1818-1822
Ferret
Small mammals can develop hypoglycemia if fasted. However, the possibility of vomiting and aspiration
does exist whenever ferrets are anesthetized. Thus, fasting for a minimum of 4h not to exceed 8h is
recommended. In animals over 3 years of age fasting should not exceed four hours. In addition, water
should be withheld for 2h prior to anesthetic procedures. Ferrets respond well to gas anesthesia, but a
decrease by up to 40% of the packed cell volume should be expected when ferrets are exposed to
Isoflurane, halothane, or servoflurane. As with the cat a properly fitted nose cone can be used to
administer gas anesthesia. Furthermore, an induction chamber can be used but some animals may
become excitable during this procedure. The ferret is easily intubated; recommended endotracheal tube
size ranges from 2.5-3.5mm. The topical application of 0.05 ml of a 2% lidocaine solution will prevent
larygospasm. A nonrebreathing anesthesia circuit is recommended for ferrets. Body temperature is
rapidly lost in small mammals, which results in prolonged recovery and bradycardia. Thus, the use of
recirculation hot water blankets, rectal core temperature monitoring and heated recovery areas is
recommended.
AGENT DOSAGE COMMENTS
December 21, 2010 Page 7
Atropine
Glycopyrrolate
0.04-0.05 mg/kg IM, SC
0.01mg/kg IM, SC
Anticholinergic. Recommended to
control salivation associated with
ketamine, tiletamine-zolazepam,
administration or gas induction.
Acepromazine 0.1-0.25 mg/kg IM,SC Light to moderate sedation, no
analgesia, not recommended for
debilitated animals.
Xylazine
*REVERSAL AGENT:
Yohimbine (0.2 mg/kg IV; 0.5
mg/kg IM)
1.0 mg/kg IM,SC Profound sedation, good muscle
relaxation, analgesia, bradycardia,
arrhythmias and hypotension. Not
recommended for debilitated animals.
Diazepam 1.0-2.0 mg/kg, IM
0.5 mg/kg PO, IM, IV q6-8h
Light tranquilization no analgesia
Smooth muscle relaxation
Midazolam 0.3-1.0 mg/kg, IM, SC Light tranquilization no analgesia
Butorphanol 0.1-0.5 mg/kg IM, IV Provides analgesia, improves recovery
in tiletamine-zolazepam/xylazine
combinations
Ketamine 20-30 mg/kg IM When used alone muscle relaxation is
Isoflurane 2-5% induction, 0.25-4% maintenance Good general anesthetic with high
safety margin. Long procedures
require a precision vaporizer.
Scavenge waste anesthetic gases.
Analgesics
Buprenorphine 0.05-2.5 mg/kg SC, IP q6-12h
Takes 1 h to be effective so give
preemptively. For mild to
moderate pain. Duration of effect
3-5h (Gades, 2000). Combine with
NSAID.
Flunixin meglumine 0.3-2.0 mg/kg IM, IV, PO q12-24h
Carprofen 5 mg/kg SC q24h
Meloxicam 1-2 mg/kg PO, SC
Arras M, Autenried P, Rettich A, Spaeni D, Rülicke (2001) Optimization of intraperitoneal anesthesia in mice: drugs, dosages, adverse effects and anesthesia depth. Comp. Med. 51: 443-456
Cruz et al (1998). Observations on the use of Medetomidine/ketamine and its reversal with Atipamazole for chemical restraint in the mouse. Lab. Anim. Sci. 32(1): 18-22.
Gades et al (2000). The magnitude and duration of the analgesic effect of morphine, Butorphanol, and buprenorphine. Contemp. Top. Lab. Anim.
Sci. 39(2): 8-13. Wixson (1994). Anesthesia and analgesia. In: The Biology of the Laboratory Rabbit, 2nd ed. Manning et al eds., p 87-109, Academic Press, New
York.
December 21, 2010 Page 13
Pig
There is a documented variability of response to anesthetics between domestic and miniature swine. In
addition, there are response differences between breeds within both categories. Pigs are very sensitive to
restraint, anesthesia (particularly halothane) and excitement. In some cases these events can produce
malignant hyperthermia (MH). The first clinical sign is an elevation in end-tidal CO2. A rise of 5-10 mm
Hg above baseline is highly suspect. Other clinical signs of MH include muscle rigidity, tachypnea,
tachycardia and hyperthermia (rectal temperature up 108°F) followed by dyspnea, cardiac arrhythmias,
apnea and death. Dantrolene is the drug of choice for MH. The minimum effective dose for prophylaxis
is 3.5-5mg/kg
Preanesthetic preparation should include withholding feed, at least 12 hours, and withholding water, at
least 4-12 hours before anesthesia. Each pig should be evaluated before anesthesia; at a minimum, this
evaluation should include: rectal temperature, pulse, respiration rate, auscultation of the lung fields and
assessment of general health and attitude. If, extensive surgical procedures will be part of the project,
discuss with the veterinarian the need for additional preoperative testing.
Normal values: temperature 38.0-40.0oC (100.4-104.0
oF); heart rate 60-120/min; respiration rate 10-
12/min.
AGENT DOSAGE COMMENTS
Atropine
0.07-0.09 mg/kg IM Administer 15-30 min prior to
induction of anesthesia
Acepromazine 0.03-0.22 mg/kg IM, IV, SC
Glycopyrrolate 0.004-0.01 mg/kg IM Duration 30 min
Midazolam 100 µg/kg IM
0.5 mg/kg IM
Produces 20 min of sedation (Smith,
1991).
In the Yucatan micropig significant
cardiovascular changes reported
(Goodrich, 2001)
Ketamine 11-33 mg/kg IM Duration 30 min, immobilization with
Isoflurane 1-3% Scavenge waste anesthetic gases. Can
cause malignant hyperthermia
Analgesics
Carprofen 2-4 mg/kg IV, SC q24h
5 mg/kg IM q24h
Flunixin meglumine 2-2.2 mg/kg IV, SC q12-24h
Phenylbutazone 1mg/kg IM
Buprenorphine 0.01 mg/kg IV q6h
0.02 mg/kg IV q10h (Rodriguez,
2001)
0.005- 0.1 mg/kg IM, IV q6-12h
Less effective in treating pain due to
inflammation, organ failure or systemic
disease. Higher dosages recommended
for major surgical procedures.
Fentanyl 0.05 mg/kg IM q2h
50-100 µg/kg/h IV
50 µg/h patch for 25-30 kg pig
up to 72 h (Harvey-Clark, 2000)
Infusion is preferred because of the
short half life in swine. Transdermal
patches have been tried in miniature
swine (Wilkinson, 2001)
Tramadol 2-4 mg/kg PO
Lidocaine and prilocaine
(EMLA cream)
Topical, apply 2 mm of cream to
skin 45 min prior to procedure
Effective in preventing pain associated
with blood sampling or injection of the
ear veins
Phenylbutazone 1 mg/kg q24h IM
Ketoprofen 1-3 mg/kg PO q12h NSAID, potent, non-selective inhibitor
of COX enzymes, good analgesic agent
and anti-inflammatory.
Goodrich et al (2001). Non-invasive measurement of blood pressures in the Yucatan micropig (Sus scrofa domestica), with and without
Midazolam-induced sedation. Comp. Med. 51(1): 13-15. Harvey-Clark et al (2000). Transdermal fentanyl compared with parenteral buprenorphine in post-surgical in swine: a case study. Lab. Anim.
34(4): 386-398.
Foster PS, Hopkinson KC, Denborough MA (1992). Propofol anesthesia in malignant hyperthermia susceptible swine. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 19: 183-186.
Riebold (1995)
Rodriguez NA, Cooper DM, Risdahl JM (2001). Antinociceptive activity of and clinical experience with buprenorphine in swine (2001). Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 40(3): 17-20.
Smith AC, Zellner JL, Spinale FG, Swindle MM (1991). Sedative and cardiovascular effects of Midazolam in swine. Lab Anim Sci 41: 157-161.
Wilkinson AC, Thomas ML, Morse BC (2001). Evaluation of transdermal fentanyl system in Yucatan miniature pigs. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 40(3): 12-16.
December 21, 2010 Page 15
Rabbit
Rabbits are prone to hypoxia due to their small lung capacity and restricted nasopharynx, especially in
short nosed breeds. Their tidal volume is 4-6 ml/kg2. Rabbits should be evaluated for signs of disease (i.e.
respiratory noises, sneezing, appetite, consistency of feces, skin turgor, and moistness of mucus
membranes) before anesthesia is administered. Anesthetic drug dosages in the rabbit are higher than
similar sized cats or dogs. Animals should be weighed prior to the administration of drugs. The large
intestinal tract can lead to over estimation of lean body mass. In addition the cecum can act as a reservoir
for anesthetics and alter drug effects. It may be beneficial to calculate the drug dose based on metabolic
body size (Wkg0.75
)3. In addition age, sex, breed and strain, body weight and time of day may affect the
response to anesthetic agents. Drugs given intravenously should be given to effect. When giving
intramuscular injections start at the lower end of the dose range. Fasting is not required because rabbits
have a high metabolic rate and a low risk for vomiting.
Endotracheal intubation should be used in prolonged procedures. Tube sizes range from 2.0 mm to 4.0
mm inner diameter. The blind placement of the endotracheal tube works well for many operators and is
easy to master. Prior to intubation, a few drops lidocaine should be applied directly to the larynx to
prevent laryngospasm. A non-rebreathing circuit (e.g. Ayers’s T-tube, Bain system) should be used with
rabbits on gas anesthesia. In addition, supplementary oxygen is recommended in animals given
barbiturates, or other injectable agents that reduce respiratory function. Use of a pulse oximeter is
recommended anesthesia because anesthesia and a large gastrointestinal tract can decrease tidal volume
and compromise respiratory function.
The depth of anesthesia is best indicated by response to ear pinch. The reliability of accepted reflex tests
as indicators of anesthesia level has been rated (most to least) as follows: pinna, pedal, corneal, palpebral
reflex (Borkowski, 1990)4.
Rabbits have high levels of circulating catecholamine. The sudden awareness of pain can lead to breath
holding which further increases circulating catecholamines, and the possibility of fatal cardiac
arrhythmias.
AGENT DOSAGE5 COMMENTS
Atropine 0.1-0.5 mg/kg SC, IM Some rabbits produce an atropine
esterase, which can inactive atropine.
Glycopyrrolate 0.01-0.02mg/kg SC
Duration 60 min. Glycopyrrolate has
been shown to be effective and is the
recommended anticholinergic agent in
rabbits.
Acepromazine 0.25-1.0 mg/kg IV,IM or SC
1-5 mg/kg SC, IM
Duration 15-30m. Useful as mild
tranquilizer to reduce handling stress,
activity as a vasodilator is beneficial in
blood collection procedures.
At this dosage will increase the duration
and depth of anesthesia of ketamine-
xylazine
2 Harcout-Brown, F (2002). Textbook of Rabbit Medicine, Butterworth Heinmann, Edinburgh
3 Aeschbacher, G (1995). Rabbit Anesthesia. Compendium on Continuing Education, 17:1003-1011.
4 Borkowski, GL, Danneman PJ, Russell GB, Lang CM (1990). An evaluation of three intravenous anesthetic
regimens in New Zealand rabbits. Lab. Anim. Sci. 40: 270-276. 5 May need to decrease dosages by up to ½ for small breed e.g. Dutch-Belted.
Doxopram 5 mg/kg IM, IV Respiratory stimulant. Duration 15 min
Diazepam 1-5 mg/kg IV, IM Cardiovascular side effects are minimal
when used alone. Can reverse with
flumenzanil (0.01-0.1 mg/kg)
Midazolam 1-2 mg/kg IM, IV More potent than diazepam. Can mix
with other solutions or drugs. Free from
propylene glycol. May be better for
cardiovascular research.
Medetomidine 0.1-0.5 mg/kg IM Sedation or premedication
Ketamine 20-50 mg/kg IM Good for restraint and minor
procedures.
Ketamine + Diazepam 10-15 mg/kg + 0-2 -0.5 mg/kg
IV
Follow with Isoflurane for anesthesia
Ketamine + Xylazine 30-40 mg/kg + 3-5 mg/kg IM
10 mg/kg + 3 mg/kg IV
IV infusion: 25 mg/kg + 5
mg/kg. Give the first ⅓ over 1
min, and the remainder slowly
over the next 4 min.
Better combinations available.
Respiratory depression, hypotension
and hypoxemia common. Light plane of
anesthesia not suitable for
intraabdominal or intrathoracic
procedures. IM injection can cause
local irritation and amputation of the
digits on the injected legs. Dilution with
saline will limit this effect. Duration
20-30 min
IV infusion has good muscle relation
and analgesia, with moderate
depression of respiratory and heart rate
and severe hypotension.
Ketamine + Xylazine +
Acepromazine
35 mg/kg + 5 mg/kg + 0.75
mg/kg IM
Longer anesthesia than with ketamine
plus xylazine. Use with an
anticholinergic. More hypotension and
hypothermia than ketamine plus
xylazine.
Ketamine + Xylazine +
Butorphanol
35 mg/kg + 5 mg/kg + 0.1
mg/kg IM
Longer loss of reflexes than with
ketamine plus xylazine. Less
hypotensive effects compared to
ketamine plus xylazine plus
acepromazine.
Ketamine + Medetomidine 20 mg/kg + 0.1 mg/kg IM Wait 15 min after Medetomidine before
giving ketamine. Duration 90-180 min.
low mortality.
Ketamine + Medetomidine +
Butorphanol
10 mg/kg + 0.2 mg/kg + 0.05
mg/kg SC
Induction. Can be mixed in same
syringe. Duration 30-40 min
Yohimbine 0.2-1.0 mg/kg IV Will cut in ½ the duration of ketamine
plus xylazine anesthesia.
December 21, 2010 Page 17
Propofol 7.5-10 mg/kg IV Lower dosage safest for repeat
administration. Anesthesia time 2-3 min
at lower dosage increases to 3.5 min at
higher dosage. Respiratory support
equipment should be available to treat
respiratory depression (Labreck, 1998)
Propfol + medetomidine +
midozolam + atropine
0.25 mg/kg medetomidine + 0.5
mg/kg midazolam+ 0.5 mg/kg
atropine IM + 4.0 mg/kg
propofol IV
Average length of ear pinch reflex loss
was 37 min. sufficient anesthesia for
endotracheal intubation, induction, and
short term anesthesia.
Isoflurane 1-5%. MAC = 2.05 Premedication is advised to reduce
stress of induction. Gradually increase
the percentage of gas being delivered to
prevent high initial exposure to the
agent if the animal holds it breath.
Scavenge waste anesthetic gases.
Analgesics
Buprenorphine 0.01-0.05mg/kg SC, IV Duration 6-12 h Partial -agonist,
recommended for moderate pain.
Flunixin meglumine 1.1 mg/kg SC, IM q12-24h Not to exceed 3 days