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GlobalAdap,veGovernanceandNetworksThecuriouscaseofthePirateFishers
AndrewMerrieStockholmResilienceCentre
SERSDMastersProgramme03March2016
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SowhoamIthen?
• NewZealanderwithabackgroundinPoli,calScienceandInterna,onalBusiness• EGGAlumni,classof2011(EGGiscoolerthanSERSDright?)• Master’sThesiswithPerOlssonandVictorGalazontheemergenceandspreadofMarine
Spa,alPlanningasatoolforecosystemmanagement• NowdoingaPhdwithHenrikÖsterblom,PerOlssonandVictorGalazonGlobalGovernance
ofMarineResourcesaspartoftheNereusProgram(Predic,ngtheFutureOcean)
• PhDfocusingonunderstandingtheadap,venessofexis,nggovernanceins,tu,ons,theemergenceofnewformsofgovernanceandcontribu,ngtothegenera,onofplausiblescenariosoffuturegovernanceofmarineresources.
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GlobalNetworksandFisheries–WhatdowemeanbyaGlobalNetwork?
DefinedAs:“Globallyspanninginforma,onsharingandcollabora,onpa_ernsbetweenorganiza,ons,includinggovernmentaland/ornongovernmentalactors.Eachindividualpar,cipa,ngorganiza,onisnotnecessarilyglobal,butthenetworkasawholeaimstoaffectglobalprocesses.”
(Galazetal2013,p.3)
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Spatial Expansion of Fisheries– Genuinely Global Spa2alExpansionofEUandnonEUFishingFleetsintotheGlobalOcean1950totoday:
UBCFisheriesandWWFNetherlands
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ARefresher:NetworksandPolycentricity(ElinorOstrominGalazetal2011)
ThreeProposi,onsonPolycentricity:• Prop1-Polycentricityisama_erofdegree,ranging
fromweakcoordina,ontostrongpolycentricorder.
• Prop2-Degreesofpolycentricorderaredefinedbyfeaturessuchascommunica,ondynamics,degreeofformaliza,on,andnetworkstructuralpa_erns.
• Prop3-Externalandinternaltensionsaffecttheabilityofactorstomaintainacertaindegreeofpolycentricorder.
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AGlobalNetworkEmergenceCaseStudyPirateFishingandtheIMCSNetwork
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Piratefishingisanentertaininglynamedbutactuallyterriblescourgeoftheoceans.
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WhatexactlyisIUU?PiratefishingvesselsarelegallyclassifiedasIllegal,Unreported,andUnregulated(IUU)vessels:• Illegal–vesselsoperateinviola,onofregionallaws,i.e.,fishing
outofseason,catchingwrongspecies,usingwronggear,catchingmorethantheirquota,nothavingtheproperlicense.
• Unreported–eithernotrepor,ngormisrepor,ngsizeofcatch.
• Unregulated–vesselsthathavenona,onalregistra,on,flyingwrongflag,orfishwheretherearenoconserva,onmeasuresinplace.
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GlobalIUU–BythenumbersNotaTrivialProblem–(Agnew2009)
Photo:Ma_,asKlum
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IUU;Sophis,cated,Adap,veandInnova,ve–Amateursneednotapply
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Adap,veGovernanceforfigh,ngillegalfishingintheSouthernOceans
Österblom&Folke,EcologyandSociety,2013
Photo:AustralianCustomsService
• Adiversenetworkofactorsandins,tu,onshavemanagedtodrama,callyreduceillegalfishingintheSouthernOcean
• Informalandformalnetworkshavebeeninstrumentaltothesuccessfuloutcomes
• Thenetworkincludedna,onalgovernments,civilsocietyandthefishingindustryallworkingincollabora,onovermanyyears
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AGlobalFrameworkforAc,ononIUUNetworkedinunexpectedwaysthroughindividualsandorganisa,ons
(shadownetworksopera,nginthespacesbetweenestablishedgovernanceins,tu,ons)
• UNconven,ononthelawoftheseas(UNCLOS)1974
• UNFishStocksAgreement(partofUNCLOS)2001
• Interna,onalPlanofAc,ontocombatIUU(IPOA-IUU),2001
• IMCSNetwork(2002)
• HighSeastaskforce(2003-2006)
• PortStateMeasuresAgreement(2010)
• GlobalOceanCommission(2013)
• ChathamhouseIUUIni,a,ve
• StopIllegalFising–UKGovtIni,a,ve
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Fromregionalini,a,vetoglobalnetwork–IntheBeginningtherewastalk• CCAMLRandbeyond…
• Hey,IknowyoufromthatToothfishthing!
• Acoreinformalgroup:USA,Australia,Chile,Peru,Canada,Norway…
• Couldweenvisionan‘interpol’forfisheries?
• DiscussionsinFAOcommi_eeonFisheries
• BirthoftheIMCSNetwork
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IndividualActorswithSharedInterestschatinformally
Emergenceofaninformalcommunica,ons&knowledgesharingnetwork
Incrementalmovestowardstheestablishmentofaaformalnetworkstructure
Aformalisedorganisa,onalstructureisputinplace–IMCSisins,tu,onalised
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TheHistoryoftheInterna,onalMonitoring,ControlandSurveillanceNetwork(IMCS)• Scopingmee,nginSan,ago,Chile1999
• Responsiblefishingdeclara,ondraqed
• Foundingmee,ngKeyLargo,USA,2000• Establishmentoftermsofreference• EstablishmentofWebsiteimcsnet.org
• Secretariatestablishedin2008focusedonimprovingfisheriesMCSthrough:• Enhancedcoopera,on• Coordina,on• Informa,oncollec,on&exchange• CapacityBuilding(GFETW)
• RightNow:49membercountries,6Observers,NGOaccessindevelopment
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BigDiverseData–Essen,alfordealingeffec,velywithsavvypiratefishersMCSInforma,on&IntlDatabases
Equasis(MerchantShippingDatabase)
RFMOFVLists
Na,onalDatabases
PortStateInspec,ons
Prosecu,onDatabases
Black,White&GrayLists
Regionalandsub-regionalFVdatabases
AuthorizedandUnauthorizedFVlists LloydsShippingRegister
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Bus,ngFishPiratesacrossscales
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NovelTechnologyPlasorms–EnablersofAdap,veGovernance?
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Rapidtechnologydevelopmentunintendedconsequences
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Thepoten,alofinformalgovernancenetworkstogenerateimpact
InterpolandIUU
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Somemorethinkingonthepoten,alofglobalnetworks• Globalnetworksimprovecapacitytocoordinatethroughmobiliza,onofdiversecapaci,es• Emergeinspecificcontextsoqentosolvespecificchallenges• Differentdegreesofsocialorganiza,on(changeableover,meandnotnecessarilyalinear
progression)• Eachnetworkfacesdifferentsetsofchallengesi.e.Legi,macy,fundingetc.• But...Itisclearthatglobalnetworksareemergingtoaddressglobalchallenges(although
notallnetworksarebenignofcourse,thinkabouttheIUUcase)
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Aconclusionofsorts–BringingittogetherCoreArgument:Ifformalinterna,onalins,tu,onsaretoofragmentedorslowtoaddressrapidandnon-lineardynamics,globalnetworksmaycontributetoincreasingtheadap,vecapacityofglobalgovernanceof“,ppingpoints”
Networksofferanelegantdescriptorforsomeoftheemerginggovernancedynamicsthatareoccurringattheglobalscale.
• Fourfeaturesofglobalnetworks(evidentfromIUUIMCScasestudy):• Informa,onprocessingandearlywarnings• Mul,-levelandmul,-networkresponses• Abilitytodevelopandmaintaindiverseresponsecapacity• Balancinglegi,macyandefficiencygoals
Canbedifficulttoanalyzeandstudyastheyareconstantlyshiqingandarequiteephemeral,althoughcanbeaveryrewardingareaofstudy.
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Thankyouforlistening!AndrewMerrie
PhDCandidateinSustainabilityScienceStockholmResilienceCentre
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Ques,onsforDiscussion–SelectandRotate
1. Considertheemergenceofglobalscaleenvironmentalcrime,howmightthisalterourabilitytogovernecosystems?Isitrighttocharacterizethisas‘organizedcrime’andwhymightthatbeproblema,c?
2. Donon-stateactorsandinformalnetworksreallyma_er,areweoversta,ngthecase?
Willna,on-statesremainparamountfordeterminingthefutureofecosystems?
3. Forwhatenvironmentalgovernancechallengesmightnetworksbeillsuited?Whatarethedisadvantagesofrelyingonemergenceofnetworkstoaddresschallengesattheglobalscale?
4. Infisheries,orinanotherareaof‘governanceofecosystems’withwhichyouarefamiliar,
howmighttechnologyimpactgovernancechallengesthatseemintractable?Whatunintendedconsequencesmayariseduetotheuseofanewtechnology?