Andrew Jackson A Man of the People A Controversial President.

Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson

A Man of the PeopleA Man of the People

A Controversial PresidentA Controversial President

Disputed Election of 1824: Disputed Election of 1824: The Corrupt BargainThe Corrupt Bargain

Only republican candidates ran.Only republican candidates ran.

John Quincy AdamsJohn Quincy Adams: favored in New England, : favored in New England, intelligent, appeared hard and coldintelligent, appeared hard and cold

Henry ClayHenry Clay: Speaker of the House, skillful : Speaker of the House, skillful negotiatornegotiator

Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson: military hero, man of the : military hero, man of the people, favored by farmers and “the common people, favored by farmers and “the common man”man”

Who got the popular vote?Who got the popular vote?

Disputed Election of 1824: Disputed Election of 1824: The Corrupt BargainThe Corrupt Bargain

There was There was no clear winnerno clear winnerJackson won popular vote, but not majority.Jackson won popular vote, but not majority.House of Representatives had to choose the House of Representatives had to choose the new Presidentnew President..Clay withdrew from the race and backed Clay withdrew from the race and backed Adams (influenced race?).Adams (influenced race?).Adams made Clay Secretary of State.Adams made Clay Secretary of State.Jackson accused Adams and Clay of making Jackson accused Adams and Clay of making a a Corrupt BargainCorrupt Bargain..

Election of 1828—Four Years LaterElection of 1828—Four Years Later

Adams versus Jackson made a “bitter Adams versus Jackson made a “bitter contest,” and contest,” and mudslingingmudslinging was born. was born.

Adams supporters called Jackson a Adams supporters called Jackson a “military chieftain” comparable to “military chieftain” comparable to Napoleon Bonaparte of FranceNapoleon Bonaparte of France

Jackson supporters called Adams an Jackson supporters called Adams an aristocrat and corrupt.aristocrat and corrupt.

Jackson’s easy win was viewed as a Jackson’s easy win was viewed as a victory for the common peoplevictory for the common people..

Result of Adams-Jackson DivideResult of Adams-Jackson Divide

Adams’ supporters = National Republicans = Adams’ supporters = National Republicans = WhigsWhigs: wanted federal government to spur the : wanted federal government to spur the economyeconomy– Eastern business people, some southern Eastern business people, some southern

planters, many former Federalistsplanters, many former Federalists

Jackson’s supporters = Jackson’s supporters = DemocratsDemocrats: roots of : roots of today’s Democratic partytoday’s Democratic party– Frontier farmers, workers in Eastern citiesFrontier farmers, workers in Eastern cities

How did Jackson affect the idea of the How did Jackson affect the idea of the Presidency and democracy?Presidency and democracy?

Jacksonian DemocracyJacksonian DemocracySpreadSpread of political power to of political power to more peoplemore people

ShiftShift of political power from East to West of political power from East to West

Common workers and farmersCommon workers and farmers considered Jackson considered Jackson “their president.”“their president.”

Just as Jackson was a Just as Jackson was a self-made manself-made man, the ideal of , the ideal of toughness and self-improvement grew nationallytoughness and self-improvement grew nationally– Strong fighterStrong fighter– Resisted and was wounded by a British officer at 13Resisted and was wounded by a British officer at 13– Studied law in NC and practiced law in TNStudied law in NC and practiced law in TN– Became wealthy speculating in land sales in GA and ALBecame wealthy speculating in land sales in GA and AL– Elected to Congress in his 20s (strong leadership)Elected to Congress in his 20s (strong leadership)– Defeated British and Creek in War of 1812Defeated British and Creek in War of 1812

Jackson—A Complex ManJackson—A Complex Man

Led a violent and adventurous lifeLed a violent and adventurous life

Had a short temperHad a short temper

Treated enemies harshly and without mercyTreated enemies harshly and without mercy

Was called “King Andrew” by enemiesWas called “King Andrew” by enemies

Expanded the power of the presidencyExpanded the power of the presidency

Inspired and led othersInspired and led others

Was called a man of his word and champion of the Was called a man of his word and champion of the common peoplecommon people

Rewarded his followers with a “Spoils System”Rewarded his followers with a “Spoils System”

What’s a Spoils System?What’s a Spoils System?

Jackson fired Jackson fired manymany government employees government employeesReplaced them with his Replaced them with his own supportersown supporters—on a larger —on a larger scale than previous Presidentsscale than previous PresidentsWas criticized for Was criticized for rewarding friendsrewarding friends instead of instead of choosing qualified menchoosing qualified menReplied he was letting Replied he was letting more citizens take partmore citizens take part in in government, rather that allowing a small group of government, rather that allowing a small group of wealthy men to control the governmentwealthy men to control the governmentSupporter: “Supporter: “To the Victor belong the SpoilsTo the Victor belong the Spoils.”.”Formed the “Formed the “Kitchen CabinetKitchen Cabinet,” a group of trusted and ,” a group of trusted and capable capable unofficialunofficial advisors (not Senate approved) advisors (not Senate approved)

Why Did Jackson Make War on the Why Did Jackson Make War on the Bank of the United States?Bank of the United States?

Felt the Felt the Bank of the USBank of the US (BUS) was too powerful (BUS) was too powerfulOpposed the BUS controlling loans made by Opposed the BUS controlling loans made by state banksstate banks (BUS control angered farmers and (BUS control angered farmers and merchants who borrowed locally.)merchants who borrowed locally.)Saw the BUS as Saw the BUS as undemocraticundemocratic because it was because it was run by private bankersrun by private bankersFelt these Felt these private bankers unfairly grew rich private bankers unfairly grew rich with public fundswith public fundsFelt the bankers of the BUS Felt the bankers of the BUS benefitted only the benefitted only the rich and influenced Congressrich and influenced Congress

Could the War on the Bank of the Could the War on the Bank of the United States Defeat Jackson? United States Defeat Jackson?

Henry ClayHenry Clay (west) and (west) and Daniel WebsterDaniel Webster (New (New England) plotted to save the bank and defeat England) plotted to save the bank and defeat Jackson.Jackson.Although the charter for the BUS wasn’t due Although the charter for the BUS wasn’t due till 1836, Clay and Webster lobbied for till 1836, Clay and Webster lobbied for early early renewalrenewal of the charter before the 1832 of the charter before the 1832 election.election.The Whigs believed Jackson would The Whigs believed Jackson would vetoveto the the new BUS charter and lose both public new BUS charter and lose both public support and the election.support and the election.

How Did the War on the Bank of How Did the War on the Bank of the United States End?the United States End?

Jackson Jackson vetoedvetoed the new BUS charter. the new BUS charter.– Felt the Bank was unconstitutionalFelt the Bank was unconstitutional– Believed only states had the right to charter banksBelieved only states had the right to charter banks

The BUS became a major issue in the The BUS became a major issue in the election election of 1832.of 1832.Jackson ordered the Secretary of the Treasury Jackson ordered the Secretary of the Treasury to stop putting government money in the Bankto stop putting government money in the Bank– Federal money was Federal money was deposited in state (pet) banksdeposited in state (pet) banks– Loss of federal money crippled the BUS, which Loss of federal money crippled the BUS, which

closed in 1836 and contributed to an closed in 1836 and contributed to an economic economic crisiscrisis

2 States Rights Crises: Tariff2 States Rights Crises: Tariff

1828: Congress passed the highest tariff in 1828: Congress passed the highest tariff in historyhistory

Southerners called it the Southerners called it the Tariff of AbominationsTariff of Abominations

Protected manufacturersProtected manufacturers (mostly northern) from (mostly northern) from foreign competitionforeign competition

Southern planters mostly sold cotton in Europe Southern planters mostly sold cotton in Europe and bought European goods; thus, higher costsand bought European goods; thus, higher costs

Many felt the tariff was unconstitutionalMany felt the tariff was unconstitutional

How did this lead to a crisis?How did this lead to a crisis?

2 States Rights Crises: Tariff2 States Rights Crises: Tariff

CalhounCalhoun (VP under Jackson, SC) claimed (VP under Jackson, SC) claimed statesstates had the had the rightright to to nullifynullify (cancel) a federal (cancel) a federal law that it considered unconstitutional.law that it considered unconstitutional.1832, the tariff was lowered 1832, the tariff was lowered slightlyslightly..SC passed the SC passed the Nullification ActNullification Act (illegal tariff). (illegal tariff).SC also threatened to SC also threatened to secedesecede (withdraw, leave) (withdraw, leave) from the union if challenged.from the union if challenged.Jackson (furious) knew nullification could lead Jackson (furious) knew nullification could lead to to civil warcivil war..What did Jackson, Congress, and Calhoun do?What did Jackson, Congress, and Calhoun do?

2 States Rights Crises: Tariff2 States Rights Crises: Tariff

Jackson upheld the federal government.Jackson upheld the federal government.Jackson’s firm stand resulted in no other Jackson’s firm stand resulted in no other states supporting SC.states supporting SC.– ClayClay produced a lower produced a lower compromisecompromise tariff tariff– Jackson asked Congress for the Jackson asked Congress for the Force BillForce Bill

(use army to enforce the tariff, if necessary).(use army to enforce the tariff, if necessary).

The crisis was “ended,” but The crisis was “ended,” but tensions tensions between North and Southbetween North and South continued. continued.– Calhoun supported the compromise tariff.Calhoun supported the compromise tariff.– SC repealed the Nullification Act.SC repealed the Nullification Act.

2 States Rights Crises: 2 States Rights Crises: the Native American Tragedythe Native American Tragedy

Since early colonial days, white settlers Since early colonial days, white settlers had forces Native Americans off their had forces Native Americans off their landland..– PontiacPontiac– TecumsehTecumseh

Southeast: Southeast: – Native American Nations: Creek, Choctaw, Native American Nations: Creek, Choctaw,

Chickasaw, Cherokee, Seminole Chickasaw, Cherokee, Seminole – Fertile Fertile soil perfect for cottonsoil perfect for cotton

2 States Rights Crises: 2 States Rights Crises: the Native American Tragedythe Native American Tragedy

Jackson urged the government to set aside Jackson urged the government to set aside lands lands west of the Mississippi Riverwest of the Mississippi RiverSoutheastern Native Americans were Southeastern Native Americans were persuaded or forced to relocate west.persuaded or forced to relocate west.Cherokee had adapted to survive (GA, NC, TN, Cherokee had adapted to survive (GA, NC, TN, AL)AL)– Blended legal system and governmentBlended legal system and government– Sequoyah: created written Cherokee alphabet, Sequoyah: created written Cherokee alphabet,

literacy, published newspaperliteracy, published newspaper

2 States Rights Crises: 2 States Rights Crises: the Native American Tragedythe Native American Tragedy

GAGA claimed right to make laws for the Cherokee claimed right to make laws for the CherokeeCherokee protested in Court and cited federal Cherokee protested in Court and cited federal treatiestreaties which protected their right and property which protected their right and propertySupreme CourtSupreme Court (John (John MarshallMarshall) upheld Native ) upheld Native American protection by the ConstitutionAmerican protection by the ConstitutionJackson backed Jackson backed states’ rightsstates’ rights and refused to and refused to enforceenforce the Court’s decision. the Court’s decision.– Jackson said federal government could not stop GAJackson said federal government could not stop GA

What did Jackson’s decision lead to?What did Jackson’s decision lead to?

2 States Rights Crises: 2 States Rights Crises: the Native American Tragedythe Native American Tragedy

Indian Removal Act (1830)Indian Removal Act (1830): US troops forced : US troops forced many Native Americans west of the Mississippi.many Native Americans west of the Mississippi.

Cherokee Cherokee Trail of TearsTrail of Tears: Thousands of : Thousands of Cherokee died (mostly children and elderly) in Cherokee died (mostly children and elderly) in march to Indian Territory (current Oklahoma)march to Indian Territory (current Oklahoma)

First of the 3 First of the 3 Seminole WarsSeminole Wars was led by Chief was led by Chief Osceola. After 3Osceola. After 3rdrd war, all leaders and most war, all leaders and most Seminoles forced to leave Florida.Seminoles forced to leave Florida.

How Did Jackson Contribute to the How Did Jackson Contribute to the Panic of 1837?Panic of 1837?

1830s: Government sold millions of acres of 1830s: Government sold millions of acres of western public landwestern public land..Farmers bought some land, but Farmers bought some land, but speculatorsspeculators bought more, hoping for huge profits.bought more, hoping for huge profits.Speculators Speculators borrowed from state banksborrowed from state banks, which , which could lend could lend irresponsibly and without limitirresponsibly and without limit..Alarmed by the speculation, Jackson said Alarmed by the speculation, Jackson said public land could only be purchased with silver public land could only be purchased with silver or gold.or gold.Speculators Speculators rushed the banksrushed the banks; many failed.; many failed.

How Did Jackson Contribute to the How Did Jackson Contribute to the Panic of 1837?Panic of 1837?

At the same time, a At the same time, a surplus of cottonsurplus of cotton caused caused lower lower cotton pricescotton prices, which meant cotton farmers couldn’t , which meant cotton farmers couldn’t repay bank loans.repay bank loans.

More banks failed.More banks failed.

Business declined and many people lost jobs, Business declined and many people lost jobs, resulting in a resulting in a deep economic depressiondeep economic depression..– Began two months into Van Buren’s presidencyBegan two months into Van Buren’s presidency– Lasted three yearsLasted three years– At worst, 90% of nation’s At worst, 90% of nation’s factories closedfactories closed– Thousands had Thousands had no jobsno jobs..– Hungry crowds looted warehouses Hungry crowds looted warehouses for foodfor food..

What Effect Did the Depression What Effect Did the Depression Have on the Election of 1840?Have on the Election of 1840?

Democrats nominated Van Buren (helped the Democrats nominated Van Buren (helped the economy and the banks but still blamed)economy and the banks but still blamed)

Whigs chose William Henry Harrison (“Tippecanoe Whigs chose William Henry Harrison (“Tippecanoe and Tyler too,” “man of the people”)and Tyler too,” “man of the people”)

New form of campaigningNew form of campaigning– Harrison Harrison traveledtraveled and made and made speechesspeeches– Both parties had rallies, banquets, Both parties had rallies, banquets, entertainmententertainment– Whig and Democrat Whig and Democrat mudslingingmudslinging

Harrison won but died of pneumonia after 2 hour Harrison won but died of pneumonia after 2 hour inaugural address in cold raininaugural address in cold rain