Andrew Jackson: 1767 - 1845

South Belton Middle South Belton Middle School United States School United States

History History

South Belton Middle South Belton Middle School United States School United States

History History http://www.pbs.org/kcet/andrewjackson/video/video_pop.html?id=0&KeepThis=true&TB_iframe=true&height=335&width=500

Essential Essential Question:Question:Essential Essential Question:Question:

Champion of Champion of the the

““Common ManCommon Man””??

““KingKing””Andrew?Andrew?OROR

Voting Voting Requirements Requirements in the Early 19cin the Early 19c

Voting Voting Requirements Requirements in the Early 19cin the Early 19c

Voter Turnout: Voter Turnout: 1820 - 18601820 - 1860

Voter Turnout: Voter Turnout: 1820 - 18601820 - 1860

Campaigning Campaigning ““on on the Stumpthe Stump””

Campaigning Campaigning ““on on the Stumpthe Stump””

Why Increased DemocratizationWhy Increased Democratization??Why Increased DemocratizationWhy Increased Democratization??3 White male suffrage increasedWhite male suffrage increased

3 Party nominating committees.Party nominating committees.

3 Voters chose their stateVoters chose their state’’s slate of s slate of Presidential electors.Presidential electors.

3 Spoils system.Spoils system.

3 Rise of Third Parties.Rise of Third Parties.

3 Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.)floats, etc.)

3 Two-party system returned in the 1832 Two-party system returned in the 1832 election:election:

Dem-Reps Dem-Reps Natl. Reps.(1828) Natl. Reps.(1828) WhigsWhigs (1832) (1832) Republicans (1854) Republicans (1854)

Democrats (1828)Democrats (1828)

JacksonJackson’’s First s First Hermitage Hermitage ResidenceResidence

JacksonJackson’’s First s First Hermitage Hermitage ResidenceResidence

First Known First Known Painting Painting

of Jackson, 1815of Jackson, 1815

First Known First Known Painting Painting

of Jackson, 1815of Jackson, 1815

General Jackson General Jackson During the During the

Seminole WarsSeminole Wars

General Jackson General Jackson During the During the

Seminole WarsSeminole Wars

The The ““Common MaCommon Mann ’’ss””

Presidential Presidential CandidateCandidate

The The ““Common MaCommon Mann ’’ss””

Presidential Presidential CandidateCandidate

JacksonJackson’’s s Opponents in 1824Opponents in 1824

JacksonJackson’’s s Opponents in 1824Opponents in 1824

Henry ClayHenry Clay[KY][KY]

John Quincy John Quincy AdamsAdams[MA][MA]

John C. John C. CalhounCalhoun

[SC][SC]

William H. CrawfordWilliam H. Crawford[GA][GA]

Results of the 1824 ElectionResults of the 1824 ElectionResults of the 1824 ElectionResults of the 1824 Election

AA ““Corrupt Corrupt BargainBargain??

””

AA ““Corrupt Corrupt BargainBargain??

””

Opposition to John Quincy Opposition to John Quincy AdamsAdams

Opposition to John Quincy Opposition to John Quincy AdamsAdams

3 Some believed he allowed too much Some believed he allowed too much political control to be held by elites.political control to be held by elites.

3 Some objected to his support of Some objected to his support of national economic development on national economic development on constitutional grounds.constitutional grounds.

Adams believed a strong, active Adams believed a strong, active central government was central government was necessary.necessary.

A national university.A national university.

An astronomical observatory.An astronomical observatory.

A naval academy.A naval academy.

3 Many Americans saw AdamsMany Americans saw Adams’’ vision vision of a mighty nation led by a strong of a mighty nation led by a strong president as a threat to individual president as a threat to individual liberties.liberties.

3 Some believed he allowed too much Some believed he allowed too much political control to be held by elites.political control to be held by elites.

3 Some objected to his support of Some objected to his support of national economic development on national economic development on constitutional grounds.constitutional grounds.

Adams believed a strong, active Adams believed a strong, active central government was central government was necessary.necessary.

A national university.A national university.

An astronomical observatory.An astronomical observatory.

A naval academy.A naval academy.

3 Many Americans saw AdamsMany Americans saw Adams’’ vision vision of a mighty nation led by a strong of a mighty nation led by a strong president as a threat to individual president as a threat to individual liberties.liberties.

Tariff BattlesTariff BattlesTariff BattlesTariff Battles3 Tariff of 1816 Tariff of 1816 on imports of cheap on imports of cheap

textiles.textiles.

3 Tariff of 1824 Tariff of 1824 on iron goods and on iron goods and more expensive woolen and cotton more expensive woolen and cotton imports.imports.

3 Tariff of 1828 Tariff of 1828 higher tariffs on higher tariffs on imported raw materials [like wool & imported raw materials [like wool & hemp].hemp].

Supported by Jacksonians to gain Supported by Jacksonians to gain votes from farmers in NY, OH, KY.votes from farmers in NY, OH, KY.

The South alone was adamantly The South alone was adamantly against it.against it.

As producers of the worldAs producers of the world’’s cheapest s cheapest cotton, it did not need a protective cotton, it did not need a protective tariff.tariff.

They were negatively impacted They were negatively impacted American textiles and iron goods [or American textiles and iron goods [or the taxed English goods] were more the taxed English goods] were more expensive!expensive!

3 Tariff of 1816 Tariff of 1816 on imports of cheap on imports of cheap textiles.textiles.

3 Tariff of 1824 Tariff of 1824 on iron goods and on iron goods and more expensive woolen and cotton more expensive woolen and cotton imports.imports.

3 Tariff of 1828 Tariff of 1828 higher tariffs on higher tariffs on imported raw materials [like wool & imported raw materials [like wool & hemp].hemp].

Supported by Jacksonians to gain Supported by Jacksonians to gain votes from farmers in NY, OH, KY.votes from farmers in NY, OH, KY.

The South alone was adamantly The South alone was adamantly against it.against it.

As producers of the worldAs producers of the world’’s cheapest s cheapest cotton, it did not need a protective cotton, it did not need a protective tariff.tariff.

They were negatively impacted They were negatively impacted American textiles and iron goods [or American textiles and iron goods [or the taxed English goods] were more the taxed English goods] were more expensive!expensive!

Votes in the House for the Votes in the House for the ““Tariff of AbominationTariff of Abomination””

Votes in the House for the Votes in the House for the ““Tariff of AbominationTariff of Abomination””

Land & Indian PoliciesLand & Indian PoliciesLand & Indian PoliciesLand & Indian Policies

3 John Quincy Adams:John Quincy Adams: His land policies gave westerners His land policies gave westerners

another reason to dislike him.another reason to dislike him.

He attempted to curb speculation for He attempted to curb speculation for public lands public lands his opponent accused his opponent accused him of denying their individual rights him of denying their individual rights and freedoms to expand westward!and freedoms to expand westward!

He supported the land rights of He supported the land rights of Native Americans against white Native Americans against white settlers.settlers.

1825 1825 govt. officials negotiated a govt. officials negotiated a treaty with a group of Creek Indians treaty with a group of Creek Indians to cede their land rights to GA.to cede their land rights to GA.

The Creek Indians appealed to Adams The Creek Indians appealed to Adams to renounce the treaty.to renounce the treaty.

Congress sided with the governor of Congress sided with the governor of GA.GA.

3 John Quincy Adams:John Quincy Adams: His land policies gave westerners His land policies gave westerners

another reason to dislike him.another reason to dislike him.

He attempted to curb speculation for He attempted to curb speculation for public lands public lands his opponent accused his opponent accused him of denying their individual rights him of denying their individual rights and freedoms to expand westward!and freedoms to expand westward!

He supported the land rights of He supported the land rights of Native Americans against white Native Americans against white settlers.settlers.

1825 1825 govt. officials negotiated a govt. officials negotiated a treaty with a group of Creek Indians treaty with a group of Creek Indians to cede their land rights to GA.to cede their land rights to GA.

The Creek Indians appealed to Adams The Creek Indians appealed to Adams to renounce the treaty.to renounce the treaty.

Congress sided with the governor of Congress sided with the governor of GA.GA.

The 1828 ElectionThe 1828 ElectionThe 1828 ElectionThe 1828 Election3 JacksonJackson’’s campaign was engineered s campaign was engineered

by Senator Martin Van Buren of NYby Senator Martin Van Buren of NY

He wanted to recreate the old He wanted to recreate the old Jeffersonian coalition of:Jeffersonian coalition of:

Northern farmers and artisans.Northern farmers and artisans.

Southern slave owners.Southern slave owners.

Farmers with small land holdings.Farmers with small land holdings.

He created the Democratic Party He created the Democratic Party from the remains of Jeffersonfrom the remains of Jefferson’’s old s old party:party:

Created a national committee that Created a national committee that oversaw local and state party oversaw local and state party units.units.

Mass meetings, parades, picnics.Mass meetings, parades, picnics.

A lot of political mudslinging on both A lot of political mudslinging on both sides.sides.

3 JacksonJackson’’s campaign was engineered s campaign was engineered by Senator Martin Van Buren of NYby Senator Martin Van Buren of NY

He wanted to recreate the old He wanted to recreate the old Jeffersonian coalition of:Jeffersonian coalition of:

Northern farmers and artisans.Northern farmers and artisans.

Southern slave owners.Southern slave owners.

Farmers with small land holdings.Farmers with small land holdings.

He created the Democratic Party He created the Democratic Party from the remains of Jeffersonfrom the remains of Jefferson’’s old s old party:party:

Created a national committee that Created a national committee that oversaw local and state party oversaw local and state party units.units.

Mass meetings, parades, picnics.Mass meetings, parades, picnics.

A lot of political mudslinging on both A lot of political mudslinging on both sides.sides.

Rachel JacksonRachel JacksonRachel JacksonRachel Jackson

Final Divorce DecreeFinal Divorce Decree

Jackson in Mourning for His Jackson in Mourning for His WifeWife

Jackson in Mourning for His Jackson in Mourning for His WifeWife

1828 Election 1828 Election ResultsResults

1828 Election 1828 Election ResultsResults

The Center of Population in The Center of Population in thethe

Country Moves WestCountry Moves West

The Center of Population in The Center of Population in thethe

Country Moves WestCountry Moves West

The New The New ““Jackson CoalitionJackson Coalition””The New The New ““Jackson CoalitionJackson Coalition””3 The Planter Elite in the SouthThe Planter Elite in the South

3 People on the FrontierPeople on the Frontier

3 Artisans [competition from Artisans [competition from factory labor].factory labor].

3 State Politicians State Politicians spoils systemspoils system To the victor belong the spoils

of the enemy! [William Marcy of NY]

3 Immigrants in the cities.Immigrants in the cities.

Jackson as Satan Dangles Jackson as Satan Dangles the Spoils of Victory over his the Spoils of Victory over his

SupportersSupporters

Jackson as Satan Dangles Jackson as Satan Dangles the Spoils of Victory over his the Spoils of Victory over his

SupportersSupporters

JacksonJackson’’s Faith s Faith in the in the ““Common Common

ManMan””

JacksonJackson’’s Faith s Faith in the in the ““Common Common

ManMan””3 Intense distrust of EasternIntense distrust of Eastern““establishment,establishment,”” monopolies, & special monopolies, & special privilege.privilege.

3 His heart & soul was with His heart & soul was with thethe““plain folk.plain folk.””

3 Belief that the common man Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon was capable of uncommon achievements.achievements.

The Reign of The Reign of ““King MobKing Mob””1)Inauguration 2)Thousands of Americans went to D.C. to witness his inauguration. Crowd followed him to White House.3) Others saw Jackson as bad e.g. Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story (friend of Marshall) called it “King Mob”

The Reign of The Reign of ““King MobKing Mob””1)Inauguration 2)Thousands of Americans went to D.C. to witness his inauguration. Crowd followed him to White House.3) Others saw Jackson as bad e.g. Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story (friend of Marshall) called it “King Mob”

Andrew Jackson as Andrew Jackson as PresidentPresident

Andrew Jackson as Andrew Jackson as PresidentPresident

The The ““Peggy Eaton AffairPeggy Eaton Affair””The The ““Peggy Eaton AffairPeggy Eaton Affair””

The The Webster-Webster-Hayne DebateHayne DebateThe The Webster-Webster-Hayne DebateHayne Debate

Sen. Daniel Sen. Daniel WebsterWebster

[MA][MA]

Sen. Robert Sen. Robert

HayneHayne[SC][SC]

1830183018301830 WebsterWebster::

Liberty and Union, now Liberty and Union, now andand forever, one and forever, one and inseparable.inseparable. JacksonJackson:: Our Federal Union—it must Our Federal Union—it must bebe preserved. preserved.

CalhounCalhoun:: The Union, next to our The Union, next to our liberty,liberty, most dear. most dear.

Calhoun Ascends the Calhoun Ascends the Platform that Leads Platform that Leads

to Despotismto Despotism

Calhoun Ascends the Calhoun Ascends the Platform that Leads Platform that Leads

to Despotismto Despotism

1832 Tariff 1832 Tariff ConflictConflict

1832 Tariff 1832 Tariff ConflictConflict

3 1832 --> new tariff1832 --> new tariff

3 South CarolinaSouth Carolina’’s s reactionreaction??

3 JacksonJackson’’s responses response??

3 ClayClay’’s s ““CompromiseCompromise”” TariffTariff??

Clays Sews Up Clays Sews Up JacksonJackson’’s Mouth s Mouth (1834)(1834)

Clays Sews Up Clays Sews Up JacksonJackson’’s Mouth s Mouth (1834)(1834)

Indian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian Removal3 JacksonJackson’’s Goals Goal??

3 1830 1830 Indian Removal ActIndian Removal Act

3 Cherokee Nation v. GACherokee Nation v. GA (1831)(1831) ** ““domestic dependent domestic dependent nationnation””

3 Worcester v. GAWorcester v. GA (1832)(1832)

3 Jackson:Jackson: John Marshall has made hisJohn Marshall has made his decision, now let him decision, now let him enforce enforce it! it!

The Cherokee The Cherokee Nation After 1820Nation After 1820

The Cherokee The Cherokee Nation After 1820Nation After 1820

Indian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian Removal

Trail of Tears Trail of Tears (1838-1839)(1838-1839)Trail of Tears Trail of Tears (1838-1839)(1838-1839)

The Grand National The Grand National Caravan Moving WestCaravan Moving WestThe Grand National The Grand National

Caravan Moving WestCaravan Moving West

JacksonJackson’’s s Professed Professed ““LoveLove””

forforNative AmericansNative Americans

JacksonJackson’’s s Professed Professed ““LoveLove””

forforNative AmericansNative Americans

JacksonJackson’’s Use of s Use of Federal PowerFederal Power

JacksonJackson’’s Use of s Use of Federal PowerFederal Power

VETOVETO

1830 1830 Maysville RoadMaysville Road projectproject in KY [state of his in KY [state of his political rival, Henry political rival, Henry Clay] Clay]

The National Bank The National Bank DebateDebate

The National Bank The National Bank DebateDebate

NicholasNicholasBiddleBiddle

[an arrogant aristocrat from Philadelphia]

PresidentPresidentJacksonJackson

Opposition to the Opposition to the 22ndnd B.U.S. B.U.S.

Opposition to the Opposition to the 22ndnd B.U.S. B.U.S.

“Soft”(paper) $

“Soft”(paper) $

“Hard”(specie) $

“Hard”(specie) $

3 state bankers state bankers feltfeltit restrained it restrained theirtheirbanks from banks from issuingissuingbank notes bank notes freely.freely.

3 supported rapid supported rapid

economic economic growth growth & speculation.& speculation.

3 felt that coin was felt that coin was

the only safethe only safecurrency.currency.

3 didndidn’’t like any t like any bankbankthat issued bankthat issued banknotes.notes.

3 suspicious of suspicious of expansion &expansion &speculation.speculation.

The The ““MonsterMonster”” Is Destroyed! Is Destroyed!The The ““MonsterMonster”” Is Destroyed! Is Destroyed!

3 ““Pet BanksPet Banks””

3 1832 1832 Jackson Jackson vetoed the vetoed the extension of the 2extension of the 2ndnd National Bank of the National Bank of the United States.United States.

3 1836 1836 the charter the charter expired.expired.

3 1841 1841 the bank went the bank went bankrupt!bankrupt!

The Downfall of The Downfall of ““Mother BankMother Bank””

The Downfall of The Downfall of ““Mother BankMother Bank””

The Bank & the 1832 The Bank & the 1832 ElectionElection

The Bank & the 1832 The Bank & the 1832 ElectionElection

3 Jackson saw BiddleJackson saw Biddle’’s pushing forward s pushing forward a bill to renew the Banka bill to renew the Bank’’s charter s charter earlier as an attempt to block his re-earlier as an attempt to block his re-election!election!

Biddle & his associates preferred Biddle & his associates preferred Clay.Clay.

Jackson refused to sign the bill to Jackson refused to sign the bill to re-charter.re-charter.

The Bank is trying to destroy me, The Bank is trying to destroy me, but I will destroy it!but I will destroy it!

Jackson drops Calhoun and runs Jackson drops Calhoun and runs with Martin Van Buren.with Martin Van Buren.

BUT, both parties [Democrats & BUT, both parties [Democrats & Whigs] had contradictory positions Whigs] had contradictory positions regarding their party principles, to regarding their party principles, to many of the issues of the day!many of the issues of the day!

3 Jackson saw BiddleJackson saw Biddle’’s pushing forward s pushing forward a bill to renew the Banka bill to renew the Bank’’s charter s charter earlier as an attempt to block his re-earlier as an attempt to block his re-election!election!

Biddle & his associates preferred Biddle & his associates preferred Clay.Clay.

Jackson refused to sign the bill to Jackson refused to sign the bill to re-charter.re-charter.

The Bank is trying to destroy me, The Bank is trying to destroy me, but I will destroy it!but I will destroy it!

Jackson drops Calhoun and runs Jackson drops Calhoun and runs with Martin Van Buren.with Martin Van Buren.

BUT, both parties [Democrats & BUT, both parties [Democrats & Whigs] had contradictory positions Whigs] had contradictory positions regarding their party principles, to regarding their party principles, to many of the issues of the day!many of the issues of the day!

An 1832 An 1832 Cartoon:Cartoon:

““KingKingAndrewAndrew””??

An 1832 An 1832 Cartoon:Cartoon:

““KingKingAndrewAndrew””??

Positions on the Key Issues Positions on the Key Issues of 1832of 1832

Positions on the Key Issues Positions on the Key Issues of 1832of 1832

WHIGSWHIGS DEMOCRATSDEMOCRATS

• Less concerned about the Less concerned about the widening gap between rich widening gap between rich and poor.and poor.

• Opposed Opposed ““liberal capitalismliberal capitalism”” because they believed it because they believed it would lead to economic would lead to economic chaos.chaos.

• Strong national govt. to Strong national govt. to coordinate the expanding coordinate the expanding economy was critical.economy was critical.

• Opposes Indian removal.Opposes Indian removal.• Favored tariffs.Favored tariffs.• Supported a National Bank.Supported a National Bank.

• Felt the widening gap Felt the widening gap between rich and poor was between rich and poor was alarming.alarming.

• Believed that bankers, Believed that bankers, merchants, and speculators merchants, and speculators were were ““non-producersnon-producers”” who who used their govt. connections used their govt. connections to line their own pockets.to line their own pockets.

• Govt. should have a hands-Govt. should have a hands-off approach to the economy off approach to the economy to allow the little guy a to allow the little guy a chance to prosper.chance to prosper.

• For Indian removal.For Indian removal.• Oppose tariffs.Oppose tariffs.• StatesStates’’ rights. rights.• Oppose federal support for Oppose federal support for

internal improvements.internal improvements.• Opposed the National Bank.Opposed the National Bank.

1832 Election Results1832 Election Results1832 Election Results1832 Election Results

The 1836 Election The 1836 Election ResultsResults

The 1836 Election The 1836 Election ResultsResults

Martin Van Martin Van BurenBuren

““Old KinderhooOld Kinderhookk ””

[O. K.][O. K.]

The Specie Circular (1836The Specie Circular (1836))The Specie Circular (1836The Specie Circular (1836))3 Speculators created Speculators created

““wildcat bankswildcat banks”” that that fueled the runaway fueled the runaway inflation.inflation.

3 So, buy future federal So, buy future federal land only with gold or land only with gold or silver.silver. This move shocked the This move shocked the

system.system.

3 JacksonJackson’’s goal s goal to curb to curb the land speculation.the land speculation.

Results of the Specie Results of the Specie CircularCircular

Results of the Specie Results of the Specie CircularCircular

$ Banknotes loose their Banknotes loose their value.value.

$ Land sales plummeted.Land sales plummeted.

$ Credit not available.Credit not available.

$ Businesses began to fail.Businesses began to fail.

$ Unemployment rose.Unemployment rose.

The Panic of 1837!The Panic of 1837!

The Panic of 1837 The Panic of 1837 Hits Everyone!Hits Everyone!

The Panic of 1837 The Panic of 1837 Hits Everyone!Hits Everyone!

The Panic of 1837 Spreads The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!Quickly!

The Panic of 1837 Spreads The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!Quickly!

Andrew Jackson in Andrew Jackson in RetirementRetirement

Andrew Jackson in Andrew Jackson in RetirementRetirement

Photo of Andrew Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844Jackson in 1844

(one year before his (one year before his death)death)

Photo of Andrew Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844Jackson in 1844

(one year before his (one year before his death)death)

1767 - 18451767 - 1845