Andrea Love, AIA, LEED A.P. Libby Hsu, MEng Life Cycle Assessment of Life Cycle Assessment of Commercial Buildings Commercial Buildings Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Jan 02, 2016
Andrea Love, AIA, LEED A.P.Libby Hsu, MEng
Life Cycle Assessment of Life Cycle Assessment of Commercial BuildingsCommercial Buildings
Life Cycle Assessment of Life Cycle Assessment of Commercial BuildingsCommercial Buildings
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Presentation Outline
Motivation Approach & Methodology Results Going Forward
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Office Building in Amsterdam, Claus en Kaan Architecten
MOTIVATION
Why Commercial Buildings?
1/3 of current construction private, non-residential 10% are office buildings Over $500 billion annually spent on office building construction in 2009 & 2010
Buildings are #1 CO2 Emission Sector:
40% Primary Energy Usage
72% Electricity Consumption
39% CO2 Emissions
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Sources: U.S. Census Bureau News, June 2010 Construction at $836.0 Billion Annual Rate, 2010& Environmental Information Agency, EIA Annual Energy Outlook, 2008
Why Commercial Buildings?
Financial Benefits 9% decrease in operating costs 8% building value increase 7% improvement on ROI 4% increase in occupancy ratio 3% increase in rental rates
Source: McGraw-Hill Construction, Key Trends in the European and U.S. Construction Market Place SmartMarket Report, 2008 & 2007
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
http://blog.lessonpathways.com
Goals
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
What reductions can be made in the carbon emissions of a concrete structure commercial building office building over the life cycle of the building?
What role does thermal mass play for commercial buildings?
Yellow Building in London, Allford Hall Monaghan Morris
Goals
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
More specifically first looking at . . .
A concrete structure versus a steel structureIdentical exterior envelope and other building features
dfgs
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
APPROACH
& METHODOLOGY
Previous Studies
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Operational energy savings from: 5% energy increase to 30% energy savings1
Don’t look at embodied energy
LCA Studies Inaccurate or excluded operational energy Not U.S. data
1. “Modeling Energy Performance of Concrete Buildings for LEED-NC Version 2.2: Energy and Atmosphere Credit 1” by M. Marceau & M. VanGeem;
“Thermal Mass” by The Concrete Centre
“Concrete for energy-efficient buildings: The benefits of thermal mass” by European Concrete Platform
“Framing Systems and Thermal Mass” by M. Gorgolewski
2. “Comparison of Environmental Effects of Steel- and Concrete-Framed Buildings” by A. Guggemos and A. Horvath
“A comparative LCA of Steel and Concrete Framed Office Buildings” by K. Eaton and A. Amato
Life Cycle Assessment
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
LCA
http://www.isover.com
Life Cycle Assessment
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
We consider: Embodied energy of material Operational energy of building Material maintenance Building demolition
Phoenix, AZ & Chicago, IL
75 year life
Life Cycle Assessment
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Included: All operational energy All core and shell building materials
Excluded: HVAC & building equipment Tenant space materials & furniture
Software: GaBi
Models are created in terms of mass and energy units
Results are shown in terms of energy usage and Global Warming Potential (lb CO2e)
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Software: DesignBuilder
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Energy Modeling Scope
ENERGY USE
Hot Water Production
Plug Loads & Lighting
System Type System Sizing Fuel Type CoP or Efficiency Temperature Setpoints Schedule
Air InfiltrationAir Infiltration
HVACHVAC
Internal GainsInternal Gains
Solar GainsSolar Gains
HVAC
FuelSchedule
Glazing RatioGlazing PropertiesEnvelope Properties and Dimentipns
Fuel TypeEfficiencySchedule
Lights, People, Equipment Schedule
Software: DesignBuilder
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Approach & Methodology
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Large Commercial Office Building
500,000 ft2
12 Stories + Basement 40% Glazing 60% Aluminum Panel
Rain Screen VAV System
Approach & Methodology
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Department of Energy, Commercial Building Benchmark Models Based on quadrennial survey of approximately 5,500 buildings 16 building types 16 locations
ASHRAE 90.1-2007 R-values Lighting Power Density Equipment Efficiency
Approach & Methodology
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
5 Zones per Floor 65% Core Zone
Approach & Methodology
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Approach & Methodology
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Steel Exposed ConcreteSlab 2” decking w/5” slab 2-way, 12” thickColumns W14 shapes, 37’x40’ o.c. 12”x12” & 16”x16”, 27’ o.c.Beams W24x131 22”x10”Girders W27x217, W27x258 22”x10”Joists 24K10 NoneCeiling Acoustical tile ExposedFloor 90% carpet, 10% tile Exposed
Approach & Methodology
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Steel
Floors• 5” concrete
Concrete
Floors• 12” concrete
Approach & Methodology
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Steel
Roof• No Concrete
Concrete
Roof• 12” concrete
Approach & Methodology
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Concrete Structure Internal Mass
Approach & Methodology
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
MaterialSteel Structure Concrete Structure
lb/ft2 lb/ft2
Concrete* 68 191Structural Steel 26 14Insulation 0.3 0.3Glazing 0.6 0.6Other 12 7
TOTAL 107 psf 213 psf
*Concrete Mix: 564 pounds of cement per cubic yard of concrete
Thank YouThank YouThank YouThank You
Questions?Questions?Questions?Questions?
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
MAXXI in Rome, Zaha Hadid
RESULTS
Results
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Results
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Results
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
+11%
CO2e
Results
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Heating:
- 6% Chicago
- 27% Phoenix
CHICAGO PHOENIX
Results
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Cooling:
- 4% Chicago
- 4% Phoenix
CHICAGO PHOENIX
Results
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Pumps & Fans:
- 6% Chicago
- 3% Phoenix
CHICAGO PHOENIX
Results
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Total HVAC:
- 5% Chicago
- 6% Phoenix
CHICAGO PHOENIX
Results
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Chicago
- 2.5%
Phoenix
- 2.7%
Results
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Results
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Thermal mass does show energy savings
Difference in embodied CO2e of concrete structure materials can be over come in life time of building
Optimized designs are need to increase savings potential from thermal mass
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Embodied CO2e: 75.5 lbs/sf
Annual Operational CO2e: 1,610 lbs/sf
End of Life CO2e: 117 lbs/sf
Embodied CO2e: 76.0 lbs/sf
Annual Operational CO2e: 1,600 lbs/sf
End of Life CO2e: 21.3 lbs/sf
The Cor Tower in Miami, Chad Oppenhein architecture + dessign
YEAR TWO WORK
Year Two Work
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
1. LCA Sensitivity Study
Year Two Work
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
LCA Sensitivity Study: Strategies to reduction CO2e of concrete
More efficient material usage
xenophilius.wordpress.com
Year Two Work
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Year Two Work
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
1. LCA Sensitivity Study
2. Envelope Assemblies
Year Two Work
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Envelope Assemblies Thermal mass Percent glazing Albedo Thermal bridging
http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/ibp/irc/cbd/building-digest-97.html
Year Two Work
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
1. LCA Sensitivity Study
2. Envelope Assemblies
3. Advanced HVAC Strategies
Year Two Work
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Passive strategies Night cooling Passive solar heating
Active strategies Radiant systems Low-lift cooling
“Predictive Pre-Cooling Control for Low Lift Radiant Cooling using Building Thermal Mass” by N. Gayeski, 2010
Year Two Work
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Year Two Work
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Year Two Work
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Year Two Work
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Year Two Work
Industry Day – August 31, 2010
Next Generation
Concrete Buildings
Thank YouThank YouThank YouThank You
Industry Day – August 31, 2010