Andrea Brown, AICP Executive Director Michigan Chapter of the American Planning Association 219 South Main Street, Suite 300 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 Phone: 734.913.2000 Fax: 734.913.2061 Web Page: www.planningmi.org SEMCOG University March 17, 2010 Community Planners and the Safe Routes to School Program
Andrea Brown, AICP Executive Director Michigan Chapter of the American Planning Association 219 South Main Street, Suite 300 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104.
Mar 28, 2015
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Andrea Brown, AICPExecutive Director
Michigan Chapter of the American Planning Association219 South Main Street, Suite 300
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104Phone: 734.913.2000 Fax: 734.913.2061 Web Page: www.planningmi.org
SEMCOG UniversityMarch 17, 2010
Community Planners and the
Safe Routes to School Program
History and Background
How we got where we are today
National Planning Movements
City Beautiful Movement
• Chicago Exposition• 1890’s – early 1900’s• Exemplified by social
order and beauty
The Garden City Movement
• Ebenezer Howard inspired in 1898
• First Suburbs• Beginning of auto
dominated culture in US
Federal Policy
• Post World War II• GI Bill allowed vets to purchase homes in the
suburbs• Federal transportation policy created
interstate highway system to move military and food quickly and safely
Emerging Suburbanization
• Post World War II Federal housing and transportation policy encouraged outward migration
• As the more affluent moved outward, many central cities experienced decline, including the quality of school systems
• Population decreases result in abandonment of city schools
Emerging Suburbanization (con’t)
• Many families make decisions about housing location based on school quality, exacerbating the flight from cities to suburbs
• Typical suburban development patterns include large lots, curvilinear streets, cul-de-sacs
Schools as the Center of Community
• Schools historically anchored neighborhoods
• Civic landmark; represented community investment and pride
• Everyday part of public life• Children walked and biked
to their neighborhood school
• Bussing was limited to rural areas
Schools in Michigan Today• Michigan experiencing a
school construction boom• Michigan school districts
built at least 500 new schools and closed 278 older schools since 1996 even though the school age population grew by only 4.5%
• Most new schools built in greenfield settings
• Majority of children do not walk or bike to school
Why the School Construction Boom?
• Funding formulas favor new schools vs. renovation
• Building codes are written for new construction yet rigidly applied to existing schools
• Lack of local regulatory authority in school planning and zoning
Construction Boom
• Desire for large athletic facilities a major factor leading to mega-schools on large sites
• Competition among school districts for students drives school district investment decisions
An Extraordinary Shift
1969: 48% of all children walked or biked to school
2002: 14% of kids walk or bike to school
Schools, Planning, and Zoning in Michigan
Schools and Zoning in Michigan
• Since at least the 1940’s the State Superintendent of Instruction, through the DOE, responsible for review and approval of building construction plans
• PA 159 of 1990 amended the Public School Code to exempt schools from site plan review
• 2003 State Supreme Court decision ruled schools not subject to zoning
Lack of local regulatory authority…creates public health, safety, and general welfare problems
• Poor site locations• Poor site ingress and egress• Inadequate, or “over-adequate,” site size• Inadequate setbacks and buffers• Costly and burdensome infrastructure (water,
sewer, roads)• Issues with bus storage, outdoor athletic
facilities (noise, lighting)
Implications of School Siting Decisions
• Schools located far from students
• Epidemic of overweight/obese youth
• Loss of prime agricultural and open space
• Increased air pollution
Implications of School Siting Decisions (con’t)
• Expensive infrastructure improvements to reach new schools (water and sewer lines, streets and road capacity)
• Decreased quality of life as parents drive children to school
Overarching Challenges
• Governance Structure
• State Policy
There are 1,863 local governmental entities in Michigan
1,242 Townships
258 Villages
275 Cities
83 Counties
500+ school districts
State of Michigan
St. Joseph
Incorporated Village
County GRATIOT
City
Township Richland
SHEPHERD
Disclaimer: The information presented on this map has not been field checked or verified. This map is for general reference purposes only.
Data Source: This map produced using data from the Center for Geographic Information, Michigan Geographic Framework, Version 4B. Township, City, and Village classifications and boundaries last updated 5/1/04, except for City of Chelsea and City of Douglas (formerly villages) updated 7/1/05.
Map Prepared by: Land Information Access Association, July 2005.
McMillan
Burt
Ely
Lanse
Seney
Laird
Marenisco
Hiawatha
Spurr
WellsFelch
Doyle
Baraga
Whitefish
Powell
SagolaRaber
Forsyth
Nahma
Bates
Harris
Duncan
Iron River
Munising
Watersmeet
Garden
Carp Lake
Grant
Arvon
Moran
Grayling
Newton
Mentor
Drummond
Covington
Soo
Spalding
Crystal Falls
Ironwood
Mitchell
Wakefield
Oscoda
Ontonagon
Garfield
Inwood
Stambaugh
Kinross
HematiteAu Train
Rust
Turin
Alpena
Allis
Stanton
Masonville
Haight
Tilden Bruce
Lake
Breen
Meyer
Case
Lovells
Portage
Foster
Columbus
Onota
Grim
Pickford
Big Creek
Manistique
Mastodon
Corwith
Republic
Stannard
Green
Garfield
BrevortClark
Trout Lake
Bessemer
Superior
Sands
Champion
Ossineke
Briley
Hayes
Pentland
Elmer
Curtis
Millen
Norway
Mueller
Bergland
Charlton
Interior
Wilson
Elk
Rose
Ida
Albert
Forest
Thompson
Mansfield
Plainfield
Hawes
Elk
Michigamme
Nestor
Greenland
Nunda
WilberHill
Rudyard
Lee
Lee
Nadeau
Lee
Baldwin
Bohemia
Vienna
Montmorency
Ray
Bliss
Rockland
Clinton
Grant
Coe
Ash
St Ignace
Higgins
Comins
Alcona
Chippewa
Eagle Harbor
Holmes
Ada
Mikado
Matchwood
Humboldt
Leoni
Marquette
Soo
Hulbert
Detour
Riga
Mathias
Chester
Hudson
Portage
Elm River
Skandia
Dickson
Norman Roscommon
Frederic
Hillman
Akron
Ishpeming
Norwich
Ensign
Ellis
Newkirk
Scio
Star
Porter
Troy
Waucedah
Benton
Maple Ridge
Buel
Cornell
Bismark
Grant
Richfield
Bay MillsErwin
Rich
Clay
Houghton
West Branch
Torch Lake
Ross
McMillan
Pine
Krakow
Mills
Peaine
Riley
Mills
Ewing
Otto
Hendricks
Cato
Kalkaska
Cedarville
Lodi
Lakefield
Hart
Elba
York
Fork
Ovid
Dorr
Ovid
Breitung
Rose
Burt
Sage
Lyon
Sigel
Lake
Metz
Lake
Elba
Park
Dafter
Allouez
Lynn
Banks
Lake
South Branch
Blair
Germfask
Wells
Riley
Lake
Wise
Sherman
Lima
Bath
Atlas
Caledonia
Allen
Rush
Limestone
Eden
Echo
Rock River
Paris
Loud
Ingallston
Olive
Penn
Adams
Eden
Frost
Olive
Holly
Rives
Reno
Yates
Hope
Casco
Ferry
Boon
Berlin
Iosco
Lilley
Bear Lake
Texas
Chocolay
Clyde
Solon
Lyon
Mancelona
Wells
Ionia
Albee
Leroy
CascoLenox
Essex
Clyde
Brant
Medina
Cleon
Chassell
Milton
Lyons
Imlay
Leslie
Flynn
Waverly
Ferris
Ogden
Colon
Barry
Bearinger
Perry
Milan
Marlette
Bruce
Eagle
Menominee
Leroy
Orion
Escanaba
Rome Dundee
Faithorn
Dover
Stronach
Wales
Rollin
Valley
Locke
Green
Delta
Avery
Grant
Grant
Hayes
Greenwood
Aetna
Aetna
Evart
Attica
Leroy
Grant
Brady
Home
Erie
Chase
Slagle
Victor
Grant
Grant
Elmer
Berlin
Wright
Paradise
Burns
Ocqueoc
Posen
Union
China
Home
Brady
Salem
Selma
Platte
Niles
Cedar
Byron
Raisin
Burnside
OliverUnion
Irving
Union
Worth
Dover
Koehler
Dallas
HayGrout
Dover
Heath
Ford River
VeniceKeene
Ira
Hayes
Logan
Sugar Island
Forest
Oliver
Logan
Otisco
Grant
Saline
Almer
Calvin
Seneca
Colfax
Colfax
Moore
Colfax
Sanilac
Meade
Argyle
Grant
Salem
Jasper
Alpine
Butler
Forest
Austin
Alamo
Colfax
Vevay
Convis
Richmond
Seville
Sylvan
Ensley
Huron
Austin
Aloha
Exeter
Tawas
Genoa
Danby
Bay
Surrey
Porter
Inland
Shelby
Bethel
Keeler
Brown
Custer
Custer
Weare
Girard
Custer
Vassar
Porter
Delhi
Orient
Sparta
Fulton
Gustin
Parma
Meade
Arenac
Merrill
Sylvan
Fabius
Shelby
Munro
Arthur
Tyrone
Elmira
Solon
Almira
Sidney
Eaton
Benona
Bay De Noc
Adams
Oceola
Mundy
Colfax
Covert
Martin
Bowne
Dalton
Tyrone
Center
Sharon
SaubleAdams
Huron
Hersey
Vienna
Croton
Nelson
Homer
Handy
Athens
Climax
Marquette
Fraser
Gaines
Pinora
Bengal
Empire
Lowell
Antrim
Marion
Waterloo
Berlin
Kasson
Holton
Hadley
Camden
Sanborn
Otsego
Volinia
Jordan
Leavitt
Gaines
Beaver
Hinton
Quincy
Beaver Creek
Manistee
Crystal
Ronald
Marion
Hatton
Cooper
Arbela
Crystal
Assyria
St Clair
Albion
Grant
Boston
Marilla
Victory
Beaver
Marion
Denver
Burdell
Dewitt
Polkton
Adrian
Vernon
Gibson
Wayne
Mussey
Oxford
Odessa
Almont
Mullett
Barton
Fairfield
Wright
Hume
Canton
Gerrish
Freesoil
Denver
Backus
Moltke
Liberty
Macon
Eveline
Mason
Mentor
Branch
Dwight
Dayton
Gilford
Pulaski
Markey
Rogers
Reeder
Walton
Scipio
Sherman
Verona
Horton
Lincoln
JeromeLarkin
Wilson
Milford
Wilcox
Delaware
Dexter
Lincoln
Liberty
Allegan
Oakland
Bellevue
Mayfield
Oakfield
Owosso
Redding
Webster
Tuscarora
HanoverWexford
Clayton
Caldwell
Gladwin
Elbridge
Amber
Fruitland
Norwich
Hanover
Franklin
Cambria
Ravenna
Fremont
Long Rapids
Ingham
Robinson
Richland
Arcadia
Garfield WheelerWinfield
FremontLamotte
Nottawa
Sherman
Waverly
Lincoln
Bedford
Conway
Minden
Kimball
Golden
Orange
Denton
Lincoln
Everett
Dryden
Haynes
Turner
Pulawski
Lincoln
Kalamo
Cannon
Berrien
Roxand
Wellington
Morton
Juniata
Brooks
Geneva
Mellen
Carmel
Goodar
Walker
Chester
Sebewa
Carlton
Haring
Hudson
Wilmot
Pierson
OregonChester
Raisinville
Hamlin
Howell
Lyndon
Warren
Weldon
Batavia
Bentley
Geneva
Monroe
Dayton
Leelanau
London
Arcadia
Hamlin
Watson
Koylton
Orange
Bangor
Sumner
Franklin
Grattan
Rolland
Isabella
Orleans
Manlius
Monitor
Hudson
Bagley
Hebron
Warner
Spencer
Elkland
Acme
Algoma
Almena
Benton
Armada
Pioneer
East Bay
Lapeer
Antioch
Moscow
Holland
Houghton
Flint
Eckford
Rutland
Addison
Martiny
Tuscola
OneidaSunfield
Augusta
Clayton
Melrose
Newton
Mendon
Benton
Merritt
Gourley
Howard
Park
Novesta
Pavilion
Webber
Davison
Daggett
Aurelius
Springvale
Duplain
Gilmore
Putnam
Decatur
Ganges
Hope
Ashland
Newark
Butman Moffatt
Osceola
Mecosta
Garfield
Overisel
Sciota
Garfield
Palmyra
Norvell Sumpter
Nottawa
ReadingWeesaw
Emmett
Hopkins
Negaunee
Lake
Blendon
Concord
Tobacco
Peacock
Fenton
Speaker
Belknap
Macomb
Kearney
Fremont
Cascade
Bourret
Ingersoll
Grass Lake
Bethany
Maple Ridge
Klacking
Buckeye
Ogemaw
Cheshire
RichfieldHazelton
Antwerp
Superior
Columbia
Mayfield
Easton
Leland
Bushnell
Bronson
Egelston
Richland
Burleigh
Richland
Windsor
Edwards
Unadilla
Brandon
Hartland
Fremont
Alaiedon
Sheridan
Deerfield
Bloomer
Highland
Richland
Windsor
Sherman
Marengo
Freeman
Au Gres
Jefferson
Kingston
Thomas
Sheridan
Lebanon
Jefferson
Cohoctah
Riverton
Algansee
Richland Sherman
Casnovia
Sheridan
White Water
Pittsford
Sherman
Leonidas
Reynolds
Freedom
Sheridan
Emmett
Calumet
Sherman
Churchill
Thetford
Hartford
Fairplain
Leighton
Oshtemo
McKinley
Newberg
Excelsior
Sherman
Deerfield
Day
Bingham
Highland
Clarence
LakeMatteson
Sherman
Chandler
Williams
Emerson
Pokagon
Chandler
Florence
Deerfield
Edenville
Deerfield
Clinton
Inverness
Ellington
Lasalle
Fredonia
Whiteford
Au Sable
Brighton
Hamilton
Lafayette
Paw Paw
Riverside
Tekonsha
Henrietta
Hartwick
Lexington
Somerset
Plainfield
Monterey
Summit
Hamburg
Campbell
Goodwell
Bertrand
Elmwood
Castleton
Montrose
Portland
Belvidere
Eagle Harbor
Moorland
Litchfield
Hamilton
Wayland
Tompkins
Denmark
Columbia
Ransom
Oronoko
Kenockee
Lawrence
Fife Lake
Marion
Fairgrove
Sheridan
Millbrook
Columbus
Pennfield
CrockeryFlushing
Ellsworth
Madison
Gunplain
Marshall
Columbia
Hamilton
Argentine
Zeeland
Greenleaf
Richmond
Arlington
Chippewa
Marcellus
Cumming
Blumfield
Sherwood
Lagrange
Montcalm
Stephenson
Goodland
Ypsilanti
Schoolcraft
Noble
Mt Forest
Benzonia
Genesee
Filer
Whitney
Meridian
Frenchtown
Comstock
Chippewa
Pipestone
Baltimore
Chestonia
Taymouth
Brockway
Bridgeton
Caledonia
Bedford
Courtland
Northfield
Millington
Buchanan
St Charles
Presque Isle
Coldwater
Hastings
Marathon
Chapin
Onondaga
Caledonia
Holland
Vergennes
Marion
Sandstone
Secord
Bear Creek
Groveland
Greendale Evergreen
Woodland
Blue Lake
Clarendon
Garfield
Evergreen
Allendale
Richmond
Johnstown Brookfield
Cleveland
Fillmore
Metamora
Sheridan
Lockport
New Field
Sodus
Blue Lake
Galien
Boardman
Van Buren
Beaverton
Birch Run
Waterford
Springfield
Bear Lake
Brookfield
Manchester
Summerfield
Chesaning
Springville
Milton
Springport
Bois Blanc
Leland
Henderson
Enterprise
Springdale
Burlington
Butterfield
Blaine
Prairieville
Carp Lake
Helena
Pinconning
Gilead
Bloomfield
Shiawassee
Charleston
Springfield
Rose Lake
Resort
Fruitport
Bloomfield
Burlington
Long Lake
Burr Oak
Green Oak
Wakeshma
Wheatland
Greenbush
Napoleon
FlowerfieldCambridge
Jamestown
Standish
Tallmadge
Schoolcraft
Lincoln
Mason
Wheatland
Wheatland
Ontwa
Livingston
Broomfield
White Oak
Winterfield
Blackman
Big Prairie
Woodstock
Bainbridge
Trowbridge
Homer
Pleasanton
Watertown
Westphalia
Bridgeport
Billings
Fayette
Mt Morris
Bennington
Greenwood
Greenwood
Watertown
Thornapple
Sweetwater
Kawkawlin
Clearwater
Orangeville
Greenwood
North Allis
North Star
Deep River
Greenwood
Sullivan
Sebewaing
White Lake
Hagar
Washington
Green Lake
New HavenFairfield
Pine Grove
New Haven
Pittsfield
Saginaw
Stockbridge
Ridgeway
Washington
Sand Beach
Friendship
Constantine
Harrisville
Bridgewater
Hampton
Clam Union
Washington
Watertown
Rubicon
Rapid River
Vermontville
Bingham
Maple River
Maple Valley
Readmond
Cedar Creek
Summerfield
Woodhull
Commerce
Maple Grove
Georgetown
Centerville
Cold Springs
Clam Lake
Boyne Valley
Bunker Hill
Otsego Lake
Silver Creek
Spaulding
Maple Grove
Deerfield
Maple Valley
Maple Grove
Pine River
North Plains
Spring Arbor
Wisner
North Shade
Cedar Creek
Homestead
Maple Forest
Cherry Valley
West Branch
Joyfield
West Branch
Coloma
Lakefield
Wheatfield
Cherry Grove
Indian Fields
Frankenmuth
West Branch
Mt Haley
Clement
South Branch
Littlefield
Clinton
Pleasant View
Prairie Ronde
Bloomingdale
Saugatuck
Tittabawassee
Lincoln
Arcadia
Franklin
Eaton Rapids
Woodbridge
Central Lake
Blissfield
Alabaster
Brampton
Chesterfield
McKinley
Laketon
Mottville Sturgis
Beaugrand
California
Royalton
Chikaming
Three Oaks
Frankenlust
White PigeonKinderhookFawn River
Vernon
Eureka
Amboy
Fairbanks
Bark River
Bingham
Baldwin
Coldwater
Osceola
South Arm
James
Big Rapids
Forester
Buena Vista
Lincoln
Peninsula
Grand Blanc
Independence
Jonesfield
North Branch
Forest Home
Sims
Baroda
Greenbush
Glen Arbor
Muskegon
Monroe
Bloomfield
Middle Branch
Au Sable
Yankee Springs
Bridgehampton
Onekama
Laketown
Elmwood
Pleasant Plains
MiddleburyGrand Haven
Clay Banks Kochville
Williamstown
Bangor
Suttons Bay
Norwood
Montague
Swan Creek
Cottrellville
Plymouth
Hancock
Summit
Torch Lake
Niles
West Bloomfield
Grosse Ile
Harrison
Portsmouth
Fair Haven
Port Sheldon
Northville
Wawatam
New Buffalo
Ann Arbor
Caseville
Grand Island
Spring Lake
Watervliet
Burtchville
Redford
Gore
Port Austin
Pentwater
Evangeline
South Haven
Tecumseh
Crystal Lake
Clark
Fort Gratiot
White River
Little Traverse
Brownstown
Mackinaw
Hillsdale
Port Huron
Clay
Grand Rapids
Brownstown
Elk Rapids
Pere Marquette
Whitehall
Gilmore
West Traverse
Cross Village
Southfield
St James
Midland
Glen Arbor
Charlevoix
St Joseph
East China
St James
Zilwaukee
Leelanau
Quincy
St James
St James
Fairbanks
Carrollton
Lansing
Fairbanks
Pte Aux Barq
Grosse Pointe
St James
KalamazooBloomingdale
Douglass
IRON
DELTA
LUCE
CHIPPEWA
KENT
MARQUETTEALGER
GOGEBIC
BAY
HURON
SANILAC
LAKE
BARAGA
IONIA
ONTONAGON
MACKINAC
OAKLAND
CASS
ALLEGAN
WAYNE
HOUGHTON
IOSCO
SAGINAW
EATON
CLARE
TUSCOLA
MENOMINEE
ALCONA
NEWAYGO
BARRY
LAPEER
SCHOOLCRAFT
LENAWEE
ST. CLAIR
JACKSON
ALPENA
CALHOUN
INGHAM
DICKINSON
OTTAWA
MASON
ANTRIM
GENESEE
EMMET
OSCODA
CLINTON
GRATIOT
BERRIEN
OCEANA
MONTCALM
CHEBOYGAN
OGEMAW
MONROE
BRANCH
OTSEGO
ISABELLA
OSCEOLA
MIDLANDMECOSTA
HILLSDALE
WEXFORD
GLADWIN
WASHTENAW
KALKASKA
MANISTEE
VAN BUREN
MACOMB
MISSAUKEE
LIVINGSTON
CRAWFORD
BENZIE
PRESQUE ISLE
KALAMAZOO
ST. JOSEPH
MUSKEGON
ARENAC
ROSCOMMON
SHIAWASSEE
MONTMORENCY
LEELANAU
CHARLEVOIX
KEWEENAW
GRAND TRAVERSE
KEWEENAW
CHARLEVOIX
LEELANAU
Detroit
Troy
Flint
Novi
Livonia
Warren
Portage
Midland
Lansing
Romulus TaylorBattle Creek
Burton
Pontiac
Dearborn
Kalamazoo
Walker
Grand Rapids
Southfield
Ann Arbor
Wyoming
Sterling Heights
Saginaw
Westland
Rochester Hills
Kentwood
Sturgis
Farmington Hills
Muskegon
Norton Shores
Negaunee
Jackson
Monroe
Escanaba
Bay City
Wixom
Alpena
Auburn Hills
Sault Ste Marie
Alma
Norway
Cadillac
Adrian
Marquette
RosevilleRoyal Oak
Niles
Holland
Fenton
Ionia
Zeeland
Trenton
Lapeer
Ishpeming
WayneInkster
Wakefield
Albion
Marysville
Mason
Port Huron
East Lansing
St Clair Shores
Grandville
Coldwater Hillsdale
Marshall
Saline
Ironwood
Charlotte
Southgate
Fraser
Howell
Flat Rock
Owosso
Ithaca
Gaylord
Belding
Allen Park
Dearborn Heights
Mt Pleasant
Cheboygan
Wyandotte
Petoskey
Iron River
Hastings
Traverse City
Allegan
Greenville
Munising
Bessemer
Tecumseh
Ecorse
Perry
Fremont
Woodhaven
Clare
Iron Mountain
Ypsilanti
Gladstone
Lowell
Manistee
Kingsford
Gibraltar
Boyne City
Menominee
Garden City
Harrison
Grand Haven
Riverview
St Johns
Bad Axe
Dewitt
St Clair
Ferndale
Lincoln Park
Dowagiac
Flushing
Houghton
Madison HeightsBrighton
St Louis
Evart
Big RapidsHart
Coopersville
Rochester
Rogers City
Newaygo
St Joseph
Whitehall
Ludington
Corunna
Wayland
Linden
Rockford
Mt Clemens
Gladwin
Utica
Springfield
Vassar
Three Rivers
Hudsonville
Yale
Ferrysburg
SouthLyon
Manistique
East Jordan
Bloomfield Hills
Otsego
Hancock
Clio
Swartz Creek
New Baltimore
Bridgman
Hudson
Orchard Lake
Grand Blanc
Croswell
Crystal Falls
Benton Harbor
Portland
Au Gres
Litchfield
Stanton
St Ignace
Morenci
Richmond
Williamston
River RougeChelsea
Buchanan
South Haven
Davison
Marine City
Bangor
Grand Ledge
East Tawas
Hazel ParkEaton Rapids
Grayling
Durand
Standish
Imlay City
Plainwell
Farmington
Mackinac Island
Douglas
Algonac
Omer
Sandusky
Milan
Frankenmuth
Lansing
Gaastra
Manton
Onaway
Leslie Highland Park
Marlette
Reed City
Potterville
Hartford
Hamtramck
East Grand Rapids
Olivet
McBain
New Buffalo
Muskegon Heights
Frankfort
Bronson
Scottville
Tawas City
Laingsburg
Gobles
White Cloud
Essexville
Center Line
Luna Pier
Auburn
Coleman
Saugatuck
Belleville
Fennville
Beaverton
Charlevoix
Grosse Pointe Farms
Reading
Harbor Beach
Lake Angelus
Coloma
Cedar Springs
Mt Morris
Rose City
Grant
West Branch
Grosse Pointe Park
Lake City
Montrose
Northville
Brown City
Stephenson
Parchment
Harbor Springs
Whittemore
Pinconning
Carson City
Memphis
Sylvan Lake
Harrisville
Clarkston
Rockwood
Melvindale
Coldwater
Petersburg
Fenton
Plymouth
Walled LakeBirmingham
Oak Park
Watervliet
BerkleyEastpointe
Montague
North Muskegon
ZilwaukeeCARO
HOLLY
LANSE
DETOUR
DUNDEE
MATTAWAN
SPARTA
LAKE ISABELLA
ONTONAGON
BARAGA
UBLY
MILFORD
VICKSBURGLAWTON
ROMEO
CAPAC
PAW PAW
CHESANING
KALKASKA
CHATHAM
COLON
JONESVILLE
DEXTER
SHELBY
LYONS
REESE
GOODRICH
BLISSFIELD
BUCKLEY
ELSIE
PECK
NASHVILLE
BELLAIRE
CLINTON
HOMER
NEW HAVEN
PELLSTON
CASSOPOLIS
KINDE
OVIDEMMETT
HILLMAN
ST CHARLES
OXFORD
LAKEVIEW
CASS CITY
MACKINAW CITY
MIDDLEVILLE
HOWARD CITY
SANFORD
FOWLERVILLE
ALMONT
PINCKNEY
EDMORE
BIRCH RUN
LAWRENCE
CONCORD
MARION
MANCHESTER
LEROY
DECATUR
CLIFFORD
FOWLER
NORTHPORT
ALPHA
FARWELL
EMPIRE
CLIMAX
HERSEY
KALEVA
SPRING LAKE
PENTWATER
MESICK
AKRON
DRYDEN
SARANAC
OAKLEY
EAST LAKE
BALDWIN
ATHENS
CONSTANTINE
RAVENNA
MELVIN
SEBEWAING
CARNEY
MUIR
KINGSLEY
TURNER
LUTHER
MAYBEE
ROSCOMMON
CALEDONIA
MECOSTA
MORLEY
VERNON
LINCOLN
DAGGETT
ONSTED
KENT CITY
BRITTON
SHERIDAN
LAKEWOOD CLUB
ELKTON
MORRICE
BEULAH
UNION CITY
ELBERTA
PRESCOTT
ASHLEY
FIFE LAKE
ADDISON
STOCKBRIDGE
CASEVILLE
BYRON
MENDON
POWERS
FREESOIL
MAYVILLE
CENTREVILLE
PEWAMO
BELLEVUE
AUGUSTA
LAKE ORION
TWINING
LEONARD
BENZONIA
MULLIKEN
STERLING
VANDALIA
MARTIN
PIGEON
KINGSTON
FAIRGROVE
OTISVILLE
FOUNTAIN
BARRYTON
COPEMISH
GARDEN
DECKERVILLE
CARLETON
WALDRON
MAPLE RAPIDS
BROOKLYN
BURR OAK
ROTHBURY
FRUITPORT
HARRIETTA
WALKERVILLE
SUTTONS BAY
CLAYTON
WESTPHALIA
ARMADA
APPLEGATE
CARSONVILLE
NEWBERRY
NORTH BRANCH
WEBBERVILLE
SHERWOOD
ROSEBUSH
GAGETOWN
CENTRAL LAKE
BARODA
NEW ERA
PORT HOPE
WOLVERINE
TEKONSHA
VANDERBILT
MANCELONA
VERMONTVILLE
ORTONVILLE
LENNON
SHEPHERD
DEERFIELD
DIMONDALE
UNIONVILLE
THREE OAKS
FREEPORT
PORT AUSTIN
COLUMBIAVILLE
MERRILL
MINDEN CITY
MILLERSBURG
MONTGOMERY
HONOR
LEXINGTON
FORESTVILLE
BRECKENRIDGE
METAMORA
LAKE LINDEN
EDWARDSBURG
SAND LAKE
OWENDALE
LAKE ODESSA
SCHOOLCRAFT
EAU CLAIRE
GRAND BEACH
BURLINGTON
THOMPSONVILLE
ONEKAMA
SUNFIELD
LAURIUM
NEW LOTHROP
PARMA
TUSTIN
GALIEN
CEMENT CITY
HOPKINS
BANCROFT
SHOREHAM
CASNOVIA
BARTON HILLS
GAINES
HUBBARDSTON
PORT SANILAC
BERRIEN SPRINGS
BREEDSVILLE
HESPERIA
HANOVER
LAKE ANN
CLARKSVILLE
OTTER LAKE
MICHIANA
NORTH ADAMS
ESTRAL BEACH
PIERSON
BEAR LAKE
ALLEN
SOUTH RANGE
CALUMET
STANWOOD
AHMEEK
ELLSWORTH BOYNE FALLS
POSEN
STEVENSVILLEMARCELLUS
WHITE PIGEON
CAMDEN
SO ROCKWOOD
SPRINGPORTRICHLAND
WOODLAND
WOLVERINE LAKE
MILLINGTON
MCBRIDE
PERRINTON
Ash
Huron
Exeter
Canton
Sumpter
Clinton
Van Buren
Commerce
Bloomfield
Plymouth
West Bloomfield
GrosseIle
Harrison
NorthvilleRedford
Brow
nstow
n
Brownstown
Grosse Pointe
Royal Oak
Brownstown
WAYNE
Detroit
Troy
Novi
Livonia
Warren
Romulus Taylor
Dearborn
Southfield
Sterling Heights
Westland
Farmington Hills
WixomRoseville
Royal Oak
Trenton
Wayne
Inkster
St ClairShores
Southgate
Fraser
Flat Rock
AllenPark
Dearborn Heights
Wyandotte
Ecorse
Woodhaven
Gibraltar
Garden City
Riverview
Ferndale
LincolnPark
MadisonHeights
Mt Clemens
BloomfieldHills
Orchard Lake
Birmingham
River Rouge
HazelParkFarmington
HighlandPark Hamtramck
CenterLine
Belleville
Northville
SylvanLake
Rockwood
Melvindale
Plymouth
WalledLake
Oak Park
LathrupVillage
Eastpointe
Grosse Pointe Park
Grosse Pointe
Grosse Pointe Farms
Grosse Pointe WoodsHarperWoods
HuntingtonWoods
Berkley
PleasantRidge
Clawson
Keego Harbor
CARLETONSOUTHROCKWOOD
WOLVERINELAKE
FRANKLINBINGHAMFARMS
BEVERLY HILLS
Greater Detroit Area
County
Township
City
Village
Great Lakes
0 25 50 7512.5Miles
0 3 6 9 121.5Miles
State Policies Drive Outward Migration and Sprawl Development Patterns
• No Statewide Land Use Policy
• Road expansions continue despite “Fix it First”
• State approvals of new sewage treatment facilities continue
• State Departments act autonomously
Schools and Local Government
• Schools exempt from local zoning• Limited – or non existent – local review of
school development plans• Schools and Government each have their own
elected boards• School siting determined at school district
level, no local government review• New school construction funded with bonds,
not local millage
Planners and the SR2S Program
• Planners know how to plan!
• Planning is key element of SR2S Program
• Planners can help schools with their planning
Communications
• Planners trained with community input techniques• Planners build relationships• Planners recognize importance of multidisciplinary
approach and review • Planners can articulate to school team the bigger
picture, how things “fit”• Planners know who needs to be at the table to make a
school project work (transportation agencies, environmental review, public safety)
Leadership
• Ability to coalesce community leaders and residents behind a local planning effort
• Experience leading planning efforts• Advocates for good design• Can transfer school site issues to the wider
community issues
Physical Design
• Familiar with community codes and regulations, and can write changes to support SR2S philosophies (walkability, connections, safety)
• Can tie school improvements to the bigger picture comprehensive plan recommendations (walkability, connections, safety)
• Can include physical infrastructure improvements in the vicinity of the school to the CIP.
• Can trouble shoot and solve design challenges
By providing expertise and knowledge to schools,
community planners can:
• Facilitate school improvements that are consistent with the community’s planning goals
• Emphasize the relationship between planners and the SR2S philosophy
… community planners can:
• Help school decision makers better understand consequences of decisions, like traffic congestion, disconnected neighborhoods, commute times, cost of bussing, the importance of sidewalks
• Bridge the planning disconnect between local government and school districts
Planners complete the puzzle!
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