Ancillary Load Reduction Task Overview Ancillary Load Reduction Task Overview John Rugh, Task Leader John Rugh, Task Leader Desikan Bharathan Desikan Bharathan Jason Jason Lustbader Lustbader Matthew Keyser Matthew Keyser Center for Transportation Technologies & Systems Center for Transportation Technologies & Systems National Renewable Energy Laboratory National Renewable Energy Laboratory August 2004 August 2004
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Ancillary Load Reduction Task Overview - NREL · PDF file– Ford Lincoln Navigator Project • Solar Load Reduction ... Technology Compressor Power Fuel Economy Improvement ... solar
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Center for Transportation Technologies & SystemsCenter for Transportation Technologies & SystemsNational Renewable Energy LaboratoryNational Renewable Energy Laboratory
August 2004August 2004
Outline• Introduction• Why A/C Systems?• Industry Collaborative Vehicle Projects
– Ford Lincoln Navigator Project• Solar Load Reduction• Parked Car Ventilation
– DaimlerChrysler• Integrated Modeling Validation• Parked Car Ventilation• Test Cell Comparison with Outdoor Testing
– Johnson Controls Distributed Cooling• Future Opportunities
– A.D.A.M.– Climate Control Lab– Waste Heat Utilization
• Conclusions
Millions of Gallons Used
for AC per Year
0120241361481601722842962
6
34
67
33
8
21249
883
219
18
144
16254
39
123
203
304
79
64
191
20
43
11
238
18
104
166
86154
13
136
82
218
9686155257
26
73
98
275
962
20
63
87498
291102
205
0
Demand for Fuels Outstrips SupplyDemand for Fuels Outstrips SupplyDomestic Production with Transportation Use (1970Domestic Production with Transportation Use (1970--2020)2020)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
GAP
Source: Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 19, DOE/ORNL-6958, September 1999, and EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2000, DOE/EIA-0383(2000), December 1999
Mill
ions
of B
arre
ls p
er D
ay
Domestic Oil ProductionHeavy Trucks
Automobiles
Light Trucks
Pas
seng
er V
ehic
les
Vehicle Ancillary Load ReductionGoal
To work with industry to reduce energy use for vehicle climate control by 50% in the short-term and 75% in the long-term while maintaining passenger thermal comfort and safety.
Cool Car - ApproachTo develop integrated analysis tools and testing to analyze advanced climate control systems for a diverse supplier base from a systems perspective (thermal comfort, fuel economy, tailpipe emissions)
Outline• Introduction• Why A/C Systems?• Industry Collaborative Vehicle Projects
– Ford Lincoln Navigator Project• Solar Load Reduction• Parked Car Ventilation
– DaimlerChrysler• Integrated Modeling Validation• Parked Car Ventilation• Test Cell Comparison with Outdoor Testing
– Johnson Controls Distributed Cooling• Future Opportunities
– A.D.A.M.– Climate Control Lab– Waste Heat Utilization
• Conclusions
Millions of Gallons Used
for AC per Year
0120241361481601722842962
6
34
67
33
8
21249
883
219
18
144
16254
39
123
203
304
79
64
191
20
43
11
238
18
104
166
86154
13
136
82
218
9686155257
26
73
98
275
962
20
63
87498
291102
205
0
Energy Used in Conventional Vehicle
Input100% (48.8)
Rolling5.0% (2.4)
Acc.2.8% (1.4)
Engine79.3% (38.6)
Aero.5.3% (2.6)
Driveline3.4% (1.7)
Braking2.5% (1.2)
21.3 city, 39 highway: 26.7 mpgge
w/AC10% (5.6)
Reduce Size of Existing AC SystemsWithout
AC
Energy Usage for Composite FTP & Highway Numbers in ( ) are MJ
Measured Insight and PriusFuel Economy Impacts from A/C
Measured Insight and PriusFuel Economy Impacts from A/C
53% increase in fuel use
43% increase in fuel use
Percent of Time AC UsedCooling + Demisting, 32.6%
1014
19
15
27
17
25
18
31
26
49
40
23
50
17
26
42
40
25
21
41
32
23
19
26
19
38
18
52
33
2024
37
28
50
3033
3225
23
26
69
41
57
2129
58 43
43
6
15
27
17
25
18
31
26
49
40
23
50
17
26
42
40
25
21
41
32
23
19
26
19
38
18
52
33
2024
37
28
16
50
3033
3225
23
26
69
41
57
28
21
2129
58 43
43
6
Percent of TimeAC for Cooling
+ Dehumidification
6.3 to 17.917.9 to 19.619.6 to 22.922.9 to 25.125.1 to 25.925.9 to 28.428.4 to 32.132.1 to 37.837.8 to 41.441.4 to 49.249.2 to 57.357.3 to 69.3
Modeled U.S. Mobile AC Fuel Use7.0 billion gallons used for air conditioning annually
Equivalent to 5.5% of the national fuel use, or ~9.5% of the imported crude oil!
1014
19
7
37
78
64
9
187
43
735
179
17
127
15
238
66
109
229
273
61
52
167
22
40
12
219
17
85
144
86186
21
118
176
9575
142242
26
68
68
251
753
76730
216 86
167
1
7
37
78
64
9
187
43
735
179
17
127
15
238
66
109
229
273
61
52
167
22
40
12
219
17
85
144
86186
21
118
86
176
9575
142242
26
68
68
251
753
19
61
76730
216 86
167
1
Million GallonsCooling &
Dehumidification
1 to 1717 to 2626 to 5252 to 6868 to 7878 to 8686 to 142142 to 176176 to 216216 to 242242 to 730730 to 753
European Union and Japan:Fuel Used for Cooling and Demisting
EU: 6.9 billion liters (1.8 billion gallons, 16 billion kg CO2) used for air conditioning annually, Equivalent to 3.2% of the total fuel use
Japan: 1.7 billion liters (0.5 billion gallons, 4 billion kg CO2) used for air conditioning annually, Equivalent to 3.5% of the total fuel use
United Kingdom
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Romania
Portugal
Poland
Norway
Netherlands
Japan
Italy
Ireland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic
Bulgaria
Belgium
Austria
Million GallonsCooling &Dehumidification
8 to 12
12 to 14
14 to 16
16 to 23
23 to 25
25 to 41
41 to 53
53 to 75
75 to 258
258 to 303
303 to 450
450 to 450
Why So Much Fuel for A/C?
150 Watts
Metabolic Heat Generation
A/C Cooling 6000 Watts!
Systems Approach
Traditional Approach - Equipment Emphasis
EFFICIENT EQUIPMENT
EFFICIENT DELIVERY
VERSUS
REDUCE LOAD
Decreases in load have a larger impact on fuel use due to equipment and delivery losses.
Outline• Introduction• Why A/C Systems?• Industry Collaborative Vehicle Projects
– Ford Lincoln Navigator Project• Solar Load Reduction• Parked Car Ventilation
– DaimlerChrysler• Integrated Modeling Validation• Parked Car Ventilation• Test Cell Comparison with Outdoor Testing
– Johnson Controls Distributed Cooling• Future Opportunities
– A.D.A.M.– Climate Control Lab– Waste Heat Utilization
• Conclusions
Millions of Gallons Used
for AC per Year
0120241361481601722842962
6
34
67
33
8
21249
883
219
18
144
16254
39
123
203
304
79
64
191
20
43
11
238
18
104
166
86154
13
136
82
218
9686155257
26
73
98
275
962
20
63
87498
291102
205
0
Collaborative Projects with Ford
Lincoln Navigator Project
• Examine technologies to reduce solar heat gain– Improve thermal comfort– Improve fuel economy– Reduce emissions
Ford L/N Industry Partners• Shades, reflective and absorptive
– BOS Automotive• Window glazings, Solar Reflective
Manikin continuously adjusts heater power to meet Ts setpoints
Manikin Controlled by Model
Human & Manikin Comparison*>35.9°C
*<29.4°C
29.5
30.0
30.5
31.0
31.5
32.0
32.5
33.0
33.5
34.0
34.5
35.0
35.5
*>35.9°C
*<29.4°C
29.5
30.0
30.5
31.0
31.5
32.0
32.5
33.0
33.5
34.0
34.5
35.0
35.5
Outline• Introduction• Why A/C Systems?• Industry Collaborative Vehicle Projects
– Ford Lincoln Navigator Project• Solar Load Reduction• Parked Car Ventilation
– DaimlerChrysler• Integrated Modeling Validation• Parked Car Ventilation• Test Cell Comparison with Outdoor Testing
– Johnson Controls Distributed Cooling• Future Opportunities
– A.D.A.M.– Climate Control Lab– Waste Heat Utilization
• Conclusions
Millions of Gallons Used
for AC per Year
0120241361481601722842962
6
34
67
33
8
21249
883
219
18
144
16254
39
123
203
304
79
64
191
20
43
11
238
18
104
166
86154
13
136
82
218
9686155257
26
73
98
275
962
20
63
87498
291102
205
0
VCCL Objective
Evaluate occupant thermal comfort response to advanced cabin climate control systems in a controlled asymmetric, thermal environment and predict impact on:
• Fuel use• Thermal comfort
Cabin Thermal Test CellSolar Simulator
Air Conditioning System Passenger Compartment
Room Temp. Control(hidden)
Solar Simulator Uniformity Test
Air Conditioning• Actual Neon A/C
System• Electrically Driven
– 5.6 kW motor (7.5 hp)
Motor Starter& Power Switching
Condenser & FanMotor
Expansion Valve
DesiccantFilter
Compressor
Thermal Comfort Test ProcessHeat Soaked Vehicle
Cool-Down Test
TC & VehicleModeling
Improved ComfortEnergy &
Fuel Saving
Outline• Introduction• Why A/C Systems?• Industry Collaborative Vehicle Projects
– Ford Lincoln Navigator Project• Solar Load Reduction• Parked Car Ventilation
– DaimlerChrysler• Integrated Modeling Validation• Parked Car Ventilation• Test Cell Comparison with Outdoor Testing
– Johnson Controls Distributed Cooling• Future Opportunities
– A.D.A.M.– Climate Control Lab– Waste Heat Utilization
• Conclusions
Millions of Gallons Used
for AC per Year
0120241361481601722842962
6
34
67
33
8
21249
883
219
18
144
16254
39
123
203
304
79
64
191
20
43
11
238
18
104
166
86154
13
136
82
218
9686155257
26
73
98
275
962
20
63
87498
291102
205
0
Objectives and Goals
• Our primary objective would be to utilize high-grade heat from engines in light-duty vehicles to produce cooling and/or electrical power generation.
• Our primary goal would be to reduce the fuel used by light-duty vehicles’ ancillary systems by 75% by 2010.
Availability of Waste Heat in a Light-Duty Vehicle
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 45000
50
100
150
200
2030 40
50
60
70
80
90
100
125
15
175
200
300
400500
Engine S peed (rpm)
Eng
ine
Torq
ue (N
m)
Engine Waste P ower (kW), Max P ower 115 kW Based on 1991 Dodge Caravan 3.0-L (102 kW) S I Engine - trans ient da ta
• Average waste heat available would be 23 kW.
• Exhaust temperature varied from 200oC to 600oC.
• Generally, the waste heat available is twice as much as the mechanical output of the engine
Heat Generated Cooling Opportunities
Thermoacoustic EngineAbsorption Heat Pump Cycle
Zeolite/Desiccant Cooling Metal Hydride Heat Pump
Heat Generated Electric Generation
Evaporator
Preheater
Thermoelectrics, Thermionics, and Quantum Well Technologies Organic Rankine Cycle
Thermoacoutic Resonator
Waste Heat Utilization Laboratory
Long Term: Waste Heat Utilization
• Too long-term for industry
• Potentially eliminate all fuel used for air-conditioning
• Opportunities exist but require R&D
No More Fuel Used for AC!
Outline• Introduction• Why A/C Systems?• Industry Collaborative Vehicle Projects
– Ford Lincoln Navigator Project• Solar Load Reduction• Parked Car Ventilation
– DaimlerChrysler• Integrated Modeling Validation• Parked Car Ventilation• Test Cell Comparison with Outdoor Testing
– Johnson Controls Distributed Cooling• Future Opportunities
– A.D.A.M.– Climate Control Lab– Waste Heat Utilization
• Conclusions
Millions of Gallons Used
for AC per Year
0120241361481601722842962
6
34
67
33
8
21249
883
219
18
144
16254
39
123
203
304
79
64
191
20
43
11
238
18
104
166
86154
13
136
82
218
9686155257
26
73
98
275
962
20
63
87498
291102
205
0
Solutions to Reduce AC Fuel UseVehicle Design
• Reduce the load (e.g. cabin soak temperature)
• Improve distribution of cooling• Improve equipment efficiency• Effective tools (modeling and testing)
Future Opportunities• Implement integrated model with industry-
partnered vehicle testing to evaluate benefit of advanced climate control systems
• Evaluate advanced concepts with thermal manikin and modeling