Ancient World History: Overview of Biblical History from Creation to the First Century Dr. Christopher Cone drcone.com calvary.edu tyndale.edu
AncientWorldHistory:OverviewofBiblicalHistoryfromCreationtothe
FirstCenturyDr.ChristopherCone
drcone.com calvary.edu tyndale.edu
LectureModuleTopics• Module1– Method,Content,SyntheticandTheologicalOverviews• Module2– ChronologicalOverview
• Module3– OTHistory:Creation– Conquest• Module4– OTHistory:TimesofJudges– Israel’sUnitedKingdom
• Module5 – OTHistory:Israel’sDividedKingdom – EndofOT• Module6 – IntertestamentalPeriod• Module7– Jesus’EarthlyMinistry• Module8– TheFirst-CenturyChurch• Module9– Implications
Module5OTHistory:Israel’sDividedKingdom –
EndofOTDr.ChristopherCone
7.Israel’sDividedKingdom 931-605/586
• Books• Chronological:1Kings11-22and2Kings• Complementary:2Chronicles• Prophetic:NorthernandSouthernProphets
• KeyPlayers• Assyria• Babylon
• KeyEvents• Division– 931(1Kin11[2Chron 15:9])• FalloftheNorth– 721(2Kin17)• AnnouncementofNewCovenant(Jer31)
• FalloftheSouth– 605,597,586(2Kin24-25)
*Simeon– 2Chron 15:9
TheDividedKingdom
TheLastKingsofJudah
Assyria• Nineveh– capitalcity• Origins
• Genesis2:14,10:11• WorldPowerin9th-7th centuries
• KeyEvents• Pul invades(2Kin15:19-20)• Tiglath Pilazer treatywithAhaz(16:7-18)• Shalmaneser,exile(17)• Sennacharib assaultsJudah(18-19/Is.37)
• KeyProphets• Jonah – opportunityforrepentance• Isaiah7-8,10:5-10 – instrumentofjudgment
• Isaiah10:12-19– judgmentonAssyria• DefeatedbyBabylonin609/605(BattleofCarchemish)
• Today– N.Iraq,NE.Syria,SE.Turkey,NWIran
Babylon• Becameprominentin19th-centuryBabylonunderHammurabi• UnderAssyriandominationfrom9th-7th centuries• Neo-BabylonianEmpireworldpowerfrom609-539,especiallyunderNebuchadnezzarII(634-562).• RisetoprominenceinIsraeliperspective– 2Kings17:24,20:14• Habakkuk’sprophecy• ExileofJudah– 2Kings24-25• FelltoMedo-Persiain539– Daniel5
8.SouthernIsrael’sExile 605/586-516
• Books• Chronological:2Kings24-25• Prophetic:Lamentations,Ezekiel,Daniel
• KeyIdeas• 3Exiles(605,597,586)• Danielin1st (605)• Ezekielin2nd (writing593)
• KeyPlayers• Babylon• Medo Persia
• KeyEvents• TheExile/FallofJerusalem(2Kin24-25,Lam1-5)
• TheFiveWorldPowers(Dan2)• TheFallofBabylon(Dan5)• ThePropheticTimeline(Dan9)• AnnouncementofIsrael’sRegeneration(Ezek 37)
• AnnouncementoftheMillennialTemple(Ezek 40-48)
*Simeon– 2Chron 15:9
Daniel2TheWorldPowers
Medo Persia
• ProphesiedinstrumentofjudgmentonBabylon(Is13:17-18,Jer 51:28)• InvadedBabylonin539• Cyrusdecreedrebuildingoftemple– Ezra5:13• XerxesdecreedrebuildingofJerusalem(445)– Nehemiah2:5-9• ConqueredbyAlexandertheGreatin331• ModernIran
Daniel9– TheFutureTimeline
• 707’s• Dealingwithsin
• tofinishthetransgression• tomakeanendofsin• tomakeatonementforiniquity(Christatthecross)
• Dealingwithrighteousness• tobringineverlastingrighteousness(Jer.23:5-6;31)• tosealupvisionandprophecy– tosealinthesenseofroyalauthentication,fulfillingGod’splan
• toanointthemostholy– eitherreferringtothetempleortheMessiah
Daniel9– TheMath
• 70x7=490units(years)• Propheticyearsare360day(lunar)ratherthan365(solar)• 445decreefromArtexerxes (Neh 2)
• 445BC+483years• Thefirst483:
• 483yearsfrom445BCwouldbe38AD,minus6yearsforlunaradjustment=32AD.
• Thefinal7:• Theprince’scovenant
9.Israel’sRestoration– IntertestamentalPeriod535-400
• Books:• Chronological:Ezra,Nehemiah• Complementary:Esther• Prophetic:Zechariah,Haggai,Malachi
• KeyPlayers• Medo-Persia
• KeyEvents• 1st Return/Zerubbabelin537(Ezra1-6)• CompletionofTemplein516(Ezra6)• Purimin473(Esther9:26)• 2nd Return/Ezrain458(Ezra7-10)• Artaxerxes’Decreein445(Neh 2)• CompletionofWallin445(Neh 6:15)
9.Israel’sRestoration– IntertestamentalPeriod535-400
• Books:• Chronological:Ezra,Nehemiah• Complementary:Esther• Prophetic:Zechariah,Haggai,Malachi
• KeyPlayers• Medo-Persia
• KeyEvents• 1st Return/Zerubbabelin537(Ezra1-6)• CompletionofTemplein516(Ezra6)• Purimin473(Esther9:26)• 2nd Return/Ezrain458(Ezra7-10)• Artaxerxes’Decreein445(Neh 2)• CompletionofWallin445(Neh 6:15)
Module6IntertestamentalPeriod
Dr.ChristopherCone
10.IntertestamentalHistory 400-4BC
• KeyPassages• Amos8:11• Malachi3:1-2,4:5-6• Extrabiblical:1and2Maccabees
• KeyPlayers• Greece• Rome• Samaritans• Pharisees• Sadducees• Essenes• Zealots
• KeyEvents• GreekRiseandFall
• Culture,philosophy,etc.• Maccabean/HasmoneanPeriod(166-63)
• Antiochus’Sacrifice(167)• RequiredpagansacrificesthroughoutIsrael• Mattathias,aLeviteinModein,andfivesonsrefusedandledarevolt,killingtroops.
• TheresultingMaccabeanRevolt.• IsraelgainedfreedomfromtheSeleucids,andwasrecognizedbyRomanSenateasindependent.(TheHasmoneanPeriod)
• ThePurificationoftheTemple(165)• Hanukkah
• RiseofKoine• TranslationofLXX
• RiseofOralTraditioninIsrael
Daniel2TheWorldPowers
Greece
• ProphesiedinDaniel2,8,and11• Greece=citystatesuntil336,whenAlexandertheGreatbecamekingofMacedonia.• Worldpoweruntil323,whenAlexanderwaskilled(asinDan8:1-8).• Kingdomdividedamongfourgenerals:Ptolemy,Seleucas,Lysimachus,andCassander.• AntiochusIV,Epiphanes(Seleucid)sacrificespigonaltartoZeusinthetemple
Rome• Aseriesoftownsfrom6th-1st centuries,ruleofimperiumbeganaround100BC
• Worldpowerfrom27BC-476AD• GeneralPompeyinvadedJerusalemin63BC• JuliusCaesardefeatedPompeyin45BC,andJudaismlegalized
• RomanSenatedeclaredHerodtheGreat“kingoftheJews”in40BC,beginningHerodiandynasty
• Judea,Samaria,Idumea becameRomanprovinceofIoudea in6BC
• ConflictcontinueduntilRomesackedJerusalemandthetemplein70AD,endingIsrael’spoliticalexistencefornearlytwomillennia
• AftertheSiegeofJerusalem,HadrianrenamedtheprovinceIoudea toSyriaPalaestina
• WesternRomanEmpirefellin476• Eastern(Byzantine)Empiresubsisteduntil1453
Samaritans
• FromNorthernExile,Samaria
ScribesandPharisees
• LoyaltoLaw• EspeciallyOral• Resurrection• Legalists• Developedsynagogue
Sadducees
• RejectedallbutTorah• Noresurrection• Pragmatic• Wealthy• PositivetoRome
Essenes Zealots
• Philo,Josephus,Eusebius• Separatists• Communal• Almostgnosticdualism,ascetic• AwaitedDavidicandAaronicmessiahs• Resurrection• 2nd centuryBC– 2nd centuryAD
• Nationalistextremists• Soughttheocracy• RejectedRome• Sicarii• Revoltedin66-70,suicideatMasadain73.• OnlyBiblicalMention
• SimontheZealot(Mt10:4,Mk3:18,Lk6:15,Ac1:13)
Module7Jesus’EarthlyMinistry
Dr.ChristopherCone
11.JesusEarthlyMinistry 4BC-33AD
• BooksandChronology• Matthew– focusedonHiskingship• Mark – focusedonhisservanthood• Luke– focusedonthedivineMan• John– focusedontheSonofGod(identitydemandsdeity)
• KeyPlayers• Samaria• Rome• Pharisees• Sadducees• Zealots
• KeyEvents• TheMessiahPresented(Mt4:17)• TheMessiahRejected(Mt12)• TheChurchProphesied(Mt16:13-20)
• TheTimelineExpounded(Mt.24)• TheNewCovenantInitiated(Mt.26:26-29)
• TheNewCovenantRatified(Mt.27-28)
11.JesusEarthlyMinistry 4BC-33AD
• BooksandChronology• Matthew– focusedonHiskingship• Mark – focusedonhisservanthood• Luke– focusedonthedivineMan• John– focusedontheSonofGod(identitydemandsdeity)
• KeyPlayers• Samaria• Rome• Pharisees• Sadducees• Zealots
• KeyEvents• TheMessiahPresented(Mt4:17)• TheMessiahRejected(Mt12)• TheChurchProphesied(Mt16:13-20)
• TheTimelineExpounded(Mt.24)• TheNewCovenantInitiated(Mt.26:26-29)
• TheNewCovenantRatified(Mt.27-28)
Module8Summary:TheFirst-CenturyChurch
Dr.ChristopherCone
12.TheFirst-CenturyChurch33-95
12.TheFirst-CenturyChurch33-95
Module9Implications
Dr.ChristopherCone
Implications
• GodkeepsHispromises.ArewelearningHispromises?• Godisincontrol.ArewetrustinginHim?• GodusespeopletoaccomplishHisplan.Areweservingwithurgency?
• And…???