ANCIENT GREEK VERB: A. ENDINGS 1 Greek Finite Verb Endings Person and Number distinguishing features 1 sg. 1 pl. 2 sg. 2 pl. 3 sg. 3 pl. PRIMARY ACTIVE ENDINGS I-A-pr Prehistoric 1 I-A-ath Athematic 2 I-A-them Them 3 I-A-Subj Subj 4 1 sg. 1 sg. 1 sg. 1 sg. 2 sg. 2 sg. 2 sg. 2 sg. 3 sg. 3 sg. 3 sg. 3 sg. 1 pl. 1 pl. 1 pl. 1 pl. 2 pl. 2 pl. 2 pl. 2 pl. 3 pl. 3 pl. 3 pl. 3 pl. Tenses : Pres. Indic. Act. of verbs Tenses : Pres. Indic. Act. of verbs; Future of all verbs. Tenses : Pres., Aor., Pf. Subj. Act. of all verbs; also Aor. Subj. Passive 1 I-A-pr Prehistoric: These endings correspond to those found in other ancient Indo-European languages and are the starting-points for explaining the historical forms. Note the characteristic -marker of the primary active added the the person/number signs in all forms except the 1st and 2nd persons plural. 2 I-A-ath Athematic: These endings are attached directly to present stems ending in vowels. 3 sg.: Prehistoric has become (Indo-European followed by or becomes ). 2 sg.: The secondary active ending has replaced to distinguish this from the 3 sg. ending. 3 pl.: Here too before has become , yielding ; then the which falls between the vowel of the verb-stem and changes to its vocalic equivalent , yielding . 3 I-A-them Thematic: These endings result from combination of the thematic vowel with the prehistoric endings, appearing before and , appearing elsewhere. 1 sg.: Here instead of we find the thematic vowel lengthens to . 3 sg.: The of the older becomes , yielding ; then the invervocalic evanesces, leaving as the ending. 2 sg.: Here too the of evanesced, yielding ; in order to distinguish this from the 3 sg. ending, the secondary active ending was added (compare athematic 2 sg. above), yielding . 3 pl.: As in the 3 sg., so here the of changed to , yielding ; then between and evanesced and the was compensatorily lengthened to , yielding . 4 I-A-Subj Subjunctive: Here the thematic vowel appears in lengthened form as . 3 sg.: loses intervocalic ; then and contract, yielding . 2 sg.: As in the indicative thematic endings, the secondary active ending is added to the form resulting form loss of intervocalic and contraction of and , yielding . 3 pl.: became , then lost between and , yielding .
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ANCIENT GREEK VERB: A. ENDINGS 1 Greek Finite … GREEK VERB: A. ENDINGS 1 Greek Finite Verb Endings Person and Number distinguishing features 1 sg. 1 pl. 2 sg. 2 …
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ANCIENT GREEK VERB: A. ENDINGS 1
Greek Finite Verb Endings
Person and Number distinguishing features1 sg. 1 pl.2 sg. 2 pl.3 sg. 3 pl.
1 sg. 1 sg. 1 sg. 1 sg.2 sg. 2 sg. 2 sg. 2 sg.3 sg. 3 sg. 3 sg. 3 sg.1 pl. 1 pl. 1 pl. 1 pl.2 pl. 2 pl. 2 pl. 2 pl.3 pl. 3 pl. 3 pl. 3 pl.
Tenses: Pres. Indic.Act. of verbs
Tenses: Pres. Indic.Act. of verbs; Futureofall verbs.
Tenses: Pres., Aor.,Pf. Subj. Act. of allverbs; also Aor. Subj.Passive
1 I-A-pr Prehistoric: These endings correspond to those found in other ancient Indo-European languages andare the starting-points for explaining the historical forms. Note the characteristic -marker of the primaryactive added the the person/number signs in all forms except the 1st and 2nd persons plural.
2 I-A-ath Athematic : These endings are attached directly to present stems ending in vowels.3 sg.: Prehistoric has become (Indo-European followed by or becomes ).2 sg.: The secondary active ending has replaced to distinguish this from the 3 sg. ending.3 pl.: Here too before has become , yielding ; then the which falls between the vowel of
the verb-stem and changes to its vocalic equivalent , yielding .3 I-A-them Thematic: These endings result from combination of the thematic vowel with the prehistoric
endings, appearing before and , appearing elsewhere.1 sg.: Here instead of we find the thematic vowel lengthens to .3 sg.: The of the older becomes , yielding ; then the invervocalic evanesces, leaving asthe ending.2 sg.: Here too the of evanesced, yielding ; in order to distinguish this from the 3 sg. ending, thesecondary active ending was added (compare athematic 2 sg. above), yielding .3 pl.:As in the 3 sg., so here the of changed to , yielding ; then between and evanesced and the was compensatorily lengthened to , yielding .
4 I-A-Subj Subjunctive : Here the thematic vowel appears in lengthened form as .3 sg.: loses intervocalic ; then and contract, yielding .2 sg.: As in the indicative thematic endings, the secondary active ending is added to the form resulting formloss of intervocalic and contraction of and , yielding .3 pl.: became , then lost between and , yielding .
ANCIENT GREEK VERB: A. ENDINGS 2
Greek Finite Verb Endings
Person and Number distinguishing features1 sg. 1 pl.2 sg. 2 pl.3 sg. 3 pl.
1 sg. 1 sg. 1 sg. 1 sg.2 sg. 2 sg. 2 sg. 2 sg.3 sg. 3 sg. 3 sg. 3 sg.1 pl. 1 pl. 1 pl. 1 pl.2 pl. 2 pl. 2 pl. 2 pl.3 pl. 3 pl. 3 pl. 3 pl.Tenses: Present andPerf. M-P Indic. of verbs; (Perf. of all verbs)
Tenses: Pres. Indic. M-P of verbs, Fut. M-PIndicative of all verbs
Tenses: FutureIndicative Passive of allverbs
Tenses: Present M-PSubj. of all verbs, Aor.Middle Subj. of all verbs
5 I-MP -Athematic: These are the prehistoric endings, preserved intact in conjugation of the verbs in thePresent Middle-Passive and Perfect Middle-Passive Indicative. Endings are attached directly to vowel-stems, butin the Perfect Middle-Passive, a consonant stem will assimilate to its ending.6I-MP-Them-Indicative : These endings result from combination of the thematic vowel with theoriginal endings ( appearing before or - ; appearing in all other instances.2 sg.: Intervocalic evanesces from , then and contract into a diphthong normally spelled ,although the earlier spelling is not infrequently seen.
7 I-MP-Them Future Passive: These endings are simply forms combining the or passive markerwith the I-MP-Them-Indicative endings.
8 I-MP-Them Subjunctive: Here the thematic vowel appears in the lengthened form as .2 sg.: Intervocalic evanesces from ; then the vowels are contracted, yielding .
1 sg. 1 sg. 1 sg. 1 sg.2 sg. 2 sg. 2 sg. 2 sg.3 sg. 3 sg. 3 sg. 3 sg.1 pl. 1 pl. 1 pl. 1 pl.2 pl. 2 pl. 2 pl. 2 pl.3 pl. 3 pl. 3 pl. 3 pl.Tenses: Imperfect Indic.Act. of verbs, AoristIndic. Active of Athem.Verbs, Aorist Indic. Pass.of all verbs
Tenses: I Aorist Indic.Active, Aorist Indic.Active of aoristverbs
Tense: PluperfectIndic. Active of allverbs
Tenses: ImperfectIndic. Active of verbs, Aorist Indic.Active of II Aoristthematic stems
9 II-A-Athematic : These endings are attached directly to stems ending in a vowel.1 sg.: Indo-European final always becomes Greek -n following a vowel.2 sg.: The more ancient ending is seen in the imperfect and pluperfect of some irregular verbs, as in
.3 sg.: Indo-European final is always lost, leaving the vowel stem only as the 3 sg. verb form.3 pl.: Indo-European final is lost here also in the ending found in some Homeric and older forms. In the
historical period, the taken from the I Aorist Active 3 pl. ending has become standard.10 II-A-Alpha Aorist : These endings have evolved from combinations of stems ending in a consonant and the
1 sg. ending and 3 pl. ending , the and vocalizing into an which then became standard in allforms except the 3 sg., where the is apparently carried over from the thematic 3 sg. ending.1 sg.: The primitive final has vocalized to following the consonant stem.3 pl.: The primitive final has vocalized into following the consonant stem; then the final was lostas elsewhere. The form in is actually a primary ending, as the perfect is, properly speaking, a primarytense: here the combines with the 3 pl. primary ending to yield .
11 II-A-Pluperfect : These forms derive from combinations of a perfect stem in with alpha-endings in thesingular, athematic endings in the plural. Hellenistic variants in the 1 sg. and 2 sg. developed from the 3 sg.ending to bring a superficial regularity to the entire set of endings; sometimes the element is found in theplural forms also in Hellenistic texts.1 sg.: The is a contraction of the perfect stem in and the 1 sg. alpha ending. The Hellenistic form isformed by analogy with the 3 sg. form, viewed as a stem to which the athematic 1 sg. is added.2 sg.: Here too the is a contraction of and the 2 sg. alpha ending. The Hellenistic form is
constructed in the same way as the 1 sg.: athematic 2 sg. is added to the stem.3 sg.: The is a contraction of perfect stem in and the 3 sg. alpha ending.1, 2, 3 pl.: These endings are simple combinations of perfect stem in with athematic endings.
12 II-A-Thematic : These endings result from combination of the thematic vowel with the primitiveendings.1 sg.: The primitive following became as in the athematic ending.3 sg.: The primitive fell away as a final consonant, leaving the thematic vowel as the ending.3 pl.: Here too the final of the primitive ending fell away, leaving as the historical 3 pl. thematicending.
1 sg. 1 sg. 1 sg. 1 sg.2 sg. 2 sg. 2 sg. 2 sg.3 sg. 3 sg. 3 sg. 3 sg.1 pl. 1 pl. 1 pl. 1 pl.2 pl. 2 pl. 2 pl. 2 pl.3 pl. 3 pl. 3 pl. 3 pl.Tenses: PresentOptative Active of verbs, Aor. OptativeActive of Athem. Aoriststems
Tense: I Aor. OptativeActive
Tense: Aorist OptativePassive of all verbs
Tenses: PresentOptative Active of verbs, Aor. Opt. Act. ofthem. aorist stems; Perf.Opt. Act. of all verbs
13 II-A-Athematic Opt. : These forms are combinations of the optative marker with the athematic endings.In the 3 pl. the optative sign is weakened from to before the original ending, from which the final was lost. A variant 3 pl. form is sometimes seen which combines with the 3 pl. athematic ending toyield .
14 II-A-Alpha Aorist Optative : These endings derive from combination of the alpha stem, the shorteroptative marker and the secondary active endings. In the 2 sg., 3 sg. and 3 pl. a second type is morecommonly found; it consists of an optative sign to which alpha aorist personal endings have been added.
15 II-A-Aor. Pass. Optative: These forms are clearly simple combinations of the passive marker andthe athematic optative endings.
16 II-A-Thematic Optative : These forms are combinations of the thematic vowel , the shorter optativesign and the same secondary active endings seen in the alpha aorist optative. The alternate forms in the 1sg., 2 sg.., 3 sg., and 3 pl. are commonly used with thematic contract verbs with stems in , and ,yielding , , and by contraction with and stems, and , , and by contractionwith stems.
1 sg. 1 sg. 1 sg.2 sg. 2 sg. 2 sg.3 sg. 3 sg. 3 sg.1 pl. 1 pl. 1 pl.2 pl. 2 pl. 2 pl.3 pl. 3 pl. 3 pl.
Tenses: Imperf. Indic.MP of verbs, AoristIndic. M of Athem. Aor.stems; Pluperf. Indic. MPof all verbs
Tenses: I AoristIndicative Middle
Tenses:Imperf.Indic.MP of verbs; Aor. Indic. M of2 Aor.them. stems
17 II-MP-Athematic : These endings are attached directly to stems ending in a vowel.18 II-MP-Alpha Aorist : These endings are all constructed on the alpha stem which had already become
standardized throughout the secondary active forms. The alpha stem is combined with the original athematicendings.
2 sg.: Intervocalic in the earlier form has evanesced, after which the adjacent vowels contracted into .
19 II-MP-Thematic : These endings result from combination of the thematic vowel with the originalathematic endings.2 sg.: As in the secondary alpha aorist forms, so here too intervocalic in the earlier form has evanesced,after which the adjacent vowels contracted into .
1 sg. 1 sg. 1 sg.2 sg. 2 sg. 2 sg.3 sg. 3 sg. 3 sg.1 pl. 1 pl. 1 pl.2 pl. 2 pl. 2 pl.3 pl. 3 pl. 3 pl.
Tenses: Imperf. Opt.MP of verbs, Aor.Opt. M of Athem. Aor.stems
Tenses: I Aor. Indic. M Tenses: Pres. Opt. MPof verbs; Fut. Opt. Mof 2 Aor. them. stems
20 II-MP-Athematic Opt. : These forms are combinations of the shorter optative marker with the athematicsecondary MP endings.2 sg.: Here again intervocalic has evanesced.
21 II-MP-Alpha Optative : These forms are combinations of the standardized alpha stem and the athematicoptative endings. Here too intervocalic has evanesced from an earlier form .
22 II-MP-Them. Opt. : These forms are combinations of the thematic vowel and the athematic optativeendings. Here too intervocalic has evanesced from an earlier form .
2 sg. 2 sg. 2 sg.3 sg. 3 sg. 3 sg.2 pl. 2 pl. 2 pl.3 pl. 3 pl. 3 pl.
Tenses: Present Imptv Act. of verbs; Aor. Imptv Act. of
athem. aor. stems; Aor. ImptvPass. of all verbs; Perf. ImptvAct. of a few verbs.
Tenses: I Aor. Imptv Act. of verbs; Aor. Imptv act. of them.aor. stems; Perf. Imptv Act ofmost verbs.
Tenses: Present Imperative Act.of verbs.
23 (A-ath-imp) Athematic : These endings are attached directly to athematic vowel stems.2 sg.: Stems in have no ending at all, as and . Stems in and add an ending to
form the 2 sg. Aorist Imperative Active, as and . Stems in and in consonants add , as and . Aorist passive stems add , but by the phonological principle of dissimilation of aspirates, the
of is muted to , yielding as the actual ending.3 pl.: The variant ending is clearly a combination of the 3 sg. ending and the secondary active 3 pl. ending.
24 (A-alph-imp) Alpha Aorist : These endings are combinations of the alpha stem and the athematicimperative endings.2 sg.: The ending is of obscure origin.
25 (A-them-imp) Thematic: These endings are combinations of the thematic vowel and the athematicimperative endings.
2 sg. 2 sg. 2 sg.3 sg. 3 sg. 3 sg.2 pl. 2 pl. 2 pl.3 pl. 3 pl. 3 pl.
Tenses: Pres. Imptv MP of verbs; Aor. Imptv M of athem.aor. stems; Perf. Imptv MP of allverbs.
Tenses: I Aor. Imptv M stems. Tenses: Pres. Imptv MP of verbs; Aor. Imptv M of them.aor. stems.
26 (MP-ath-imp) Athematic : These endings are attached directly to athematic vowel stems.27 (M-alph-imp) Alpha Aorist : These endings are combinations of the standardized alpha stem and athematic
MP endings.2 sg.: The ending is of obscure origin.
28 (MP-them-imp) Thematic: These endings are combinations of the thematic vowel and the athematicMP endings.2 sg.: Intervocalic in the earlier form evanesced; then the adjacent vowels contracted: to .
NOTE: Athematic stems have long-vowel and short-vowel forms. The long-vowel stemappears in the singular of the indicative active tenses, the short-vowel stem in mostother places. Note also that in the imperfect singular, some athematic verbs have partlyassimilated to the thematic forms of inflection: .
30Note that liquid verbs follow the pattern of typical e-stem contractions observed in the conjugation of verbs inthe present tense. So also do verbs (e.g. )
31Note that some verbs with -stems have a future following the pattern of verbs in the present tense, as forexample: from .
32Note: liquid verbs have lost medial sigma between liquid and alpha; loss of the sigma is usually indicated bycompensatory lengthening of the vowel preceding the liquid-sigma complex. So, e.g., the stem is to beunderstood as deriving from ; with loss of the , the lengthened into .
33Note: these athematic stems have long-vowel forms that tend to appear in the indicative and short-vowelforms that tend to appear elsewhere, contracted in the subjunctive and also in the active infinitive.
34Note that since this is a primary tense, the third plural ending is (not ).
35Note that in the perfect middle a consonant-stem assimilates to the consonant of the ending.36Note that in the perfect MP infinitive a consonant-stem assimilates to the of the - infinitive ending
while the is squeezed out phonetically.37Note that in the perfect MP participle the accent is always on the syllable.
38Note that the passive stem has a long-vowel form which appears in the indicative, imperative, and infinitive --and a short-vowel form which appears in the subjunctive, optative, and participle.
39Note that in the second singular imperative becomes after the passive marker (i.e. .