Ancient Greece. Geography Greece is a peninsula about the size of Newfoundland in the Mediterranean Sea. It’s very close to Egypt, the Persian empire.

Ancient GreeceAncient Greece

GeographyGeography

Greece is a Greece is a peninsula about peninsula about the size of the size of Newfoundland in Newfoundland in the Mediterranean the Mediterranean Sea.Sea.

It’s very close to It’s very close to Egypt, the Persian Egypt, the Persian empire (includes empire (includes Turkey) and Rome.Turkey) and Rome.

Greek geographyGreek geography

Greece is mountainousGreece is mountainous

Greek communities Greek communities often times developed often times developed independently because independently because of the mountains, thus of the mountains, thus they were diversethey were diverse

As a result, they fought As a result, they fought each other a lot.each other a lot.

Helladic Greece 3000-1100 BCHelladic Greece 3000-1100 BCThis age of Greek history This age of Greek history was dominated by two was dominated by two cultures: The Minoans cultures: The Minoans (who dominated the (who dominated the eastern Mediterranean eastern Mediterranean and the Aegean from and the Aegean from 1900-1400 BC) and the 1900-1400 BC) and the Mycenaeans (who Mycenaeans (who dominated the Aegean dominated the Aegean from 1400-1100 BC). from 1400-1100 BC). 

Minoan bull statue

The MinoansThe Minoans

4000 BC4000 BC Neolithic Neolithic civilization on Cretecivilization on Crete

2800 BC2800 BC Bronze Age Bronze Age civilization on Cretecivilization on Crete

2200 BC2200 BC Palaces Palaces being constructed on being constructed on Crete Crete 

1900 BC Minoans in 1900 BC Minoans in full powerfull power

The throne room excavated by Arthur Evans at Knossos, Crete.

The MinoansThe Minoans

This civilization is called the Minoans, after the This civilization is called the Minoans, after the legendary king of Crete, Minos.legendary king of Crete, Minos. They were of slight, dark-haired Mediterranean stock from They were of slight, dark-haired Mediterranean stock from

North AfricaNorth Africa They were a sea power, based on the lack of fortifications in They were a sea power, based on the lack of fortifications in

their cities.their cities. They dominated the Aegean and the eastern end of the They dominated the Aegean and the eastern end of the

Mediterranean.Mediterranean. Their art and architecture is left, but not their ideas.Their art and architecture is left, but not their ideas. The bull was an important symbol in their art and architecture.The bull was an important symbol in their art and architecture. Their civilization was unknown until the excavations of Their civilization was unknown until the excavations of

Arthur Evans began in 1900.Arthur Evans began in 1900.

The MinoansThe Minoans

Current evidence suggests that the Minoans were Current evidence suggests that the Minoans were organized very much like the Bronze Age cultures organized very much like the Bronze Age cultures that dominated the Middle East (the Sumerians, the that dominated the Middle East (the Sumerians, the Babylonians, etc.)Babylonians, etc.)

All of their palaces were built following a common All of their palaces were built following a common plan, with a throne room and other administrative plan, with a throne room and other administrative rooms, private quarters, storage magazines with huge rooms, private quarters, storage magazines with huge storage jars, and religious rooms organized around a storage jars, and religious rooms organized around a central courtyard.central courtyard.

The MinoansThe Minoans

Because no one has yet Because no one has yet deciphered their writing, deciphered their writing, referred to as Linear A, referred to as Linear A, their ideas, religious and their ideas, religious and cultural, are unknown. cultural, are unknown. They are often referred They are often referred to as a “silent culture.”to as a “silent culture.”Their art does express a Their art does express a love of human and love of human and natural beauty.natural beauty.

The MycenaeansThe Mycenaeans

2100 The Mycenaeans 2100 The Mycenaeans appear in the area and appear in the area and quickly replace the quickly replace the indigenous people of the indigenous people of the Peloponesse.Peloponesse.

1700 Family histories from 1700 Family histories from Argos and Athens trace their Argos and Athens trace their lineage back to this time.lineage back to this time.

1600 Mycenaean citadels 1600 Mycenaean citadels begin to rival the Minoans begin to rival the Minoans in terms of power and in terms of power and influence.influence.

The MycenaeansThe Mycenaeans

Previously unknown Previously unknown before the excavations before the excavations of Heinrich Schliemann of Heinrich Schliemann at Troy and Mycenae at Troy and Mycenae (starting in the 1870s), (starting in the 1870s), the Mycenaeans were the Mycenaeans were the historical reality the historical reality behind Greek behind Greek mythology.mythology.

The MycenaeansThe Mycenaeans

This civilization was named after the legendary citadel, This civilization was named after the legendary citadel, where a Greek king named Agamemnon ruled.where a Greek king named Agamemnon ruled. Since the decipherment of Linear B, a later form of Minoan Since the decipherment of Linear B, a later form of Minoan

writing which proved to be a form of Greek, there is a direct writing which proved to be a form of Greek, there is a direct connection between Minoan and Mycenaean cultures.connection between Minoan and Mycenaean cultures.

Their society was a world dominated by a ruling class of Their society was a world dominated by a ruling class of warrior-princes.warrior-princes.

They also were a sea power, akin to later Celtic pirates in their They also were a sea power, akin to later Celtic pirates in their tactics.tactics.

Their massive fortifications as well as art that depicts warriors Their massive fortifications as well as art that depicts warriors in battle or hunting shows the importance of martial skills.in battle or hunting shows the importance of martial skills.

Thera and the MinoansThera and the Minoans

Many believe that the Many believe that the Minoan civilization was Minoan civilization was greatly weakened by a greatly weakened by a volcanic explosion on the volcanic explosion on the island of Thera, now known island of Thera, now known as Santorini, around 1640 as Santorini, around 1640 BC.BC.

This date does coincide with This date does coincide with the rise of Mycenaean the rise of Mycenaean influence in the Aegean as influence in the Aegean as well as the destruction of well as the destruction of many Minoan citadels.many Minoan citadels.

Aerial view of Santorini

Thera and the MinoansThera and the Minoans

Charles Pellegrino and Charles Pellegrino and others have made the others have made the case that this explosion case that this explosion and the decline of the and the decline of the Minoans was the basis Minoans was the basis for the myth of Atlantis.for the myth of Atlantis.

The cliffs at Santorini

The Fall of the MycenaeansThe Fall of the Mycenaeans

Sometime around 1200-1100 BC, the Minoan Sometime around 1200-1100 BC, the Minoan civilization fell, probably due to a combination of civilization fell, probably due to a combination of factors.factors. Natural disasters like those that helped hasten the end of Natural disasters like those that helped hasten the end of

the Minoansthe Minoans Internal warfare, as one Mycenaean city made war on Internal warfare, as one Mycenaean city made war on

another (as in Homer’s another (as in Homer’s IliadIliad)) Invasion by a group known as the Dorians, who entered Invasion by a group known as the Dorians, who entered

Mycenaean territory from the northwestMycenaean territory from the northwest Revolt by slaves. Some believe the Dorians were slaves in Revolt by slaves. Some believe the Dorians were slaves in

the Mycenaean world who rose up against their mastersthe Mycenaean world who rose up against their masters

The Sea PeoplesThe Sea Peoples

From the University of Oregon

The Greek Dark Ages 1100-800 The Greek Dark Ages 1100-800 BCBC

After the Mycenaean culture collapsed, the Aegean After the Mycenaean culture collapsed, the Aegean entered a period of decline.entered a period of decline.The population declined to perhaps as low as one-tenth The population declined to perhaps as low as one-tenth of its previous levels.of its previous levels.Most Mycenaean cities disappeared or were destroyed.Most Mycenaean cities disappeared or were destroyed.The Bronze Age social structure was replaced by The Bronze Age social structure was replaced by smaller, clan-like structures.smaller, clan-like structures.Literacy almost completely disappeared. Spoken Literacy almost completely disappeared. Spoken Greek can be traced from the Bronze Age through Dark Greek can be traced from the Bronze Age through Dark Ages to the Iron Age, but the writing systems of the Ages to the Iron Age, but the writing systems of the Bronze and Dark Ages were completely different.Bronze and Dark Ages were completely different.

Greek Dark AgesGreek Dark Ages

““Greeks had lost the distinguishing marks of civilization: cities, Greeks had lost the distinguishing marks of civilization: cities, great palaces and temples, a vibrant economy, and knowledge great palaces and temples, a vibrant economy, and knowledge of writing. The Mycenaean kings were replaced by petty of writing. The Mycenaean kings were replaced by petty chiefs, who had limited power and wealth. Artists stopped chiefs, who had limited power and wealth. Artists stopped drawing people and animals on pots, restricting their drawing people and animals on pots, restricting their decoration to geometric designs. Archaeology shows that decoration to geometric designs. Archaeology shows that during the early Dark Age, Greeks cultivated much less land, during the early Dark Age, Greeks cultivated much less land, had many fewer settlements, and did much less international had many fewer settlements, and did much less international trade than they had during the period of Aegean civilization. trade than they had during the period of Aegean civilization. Settlements shrank to as few as 20 people.”Settlements shrank to as few as 20 people.”

"Ancient Greece," Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000. "Ancient Greece," Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000. © 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved© 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved

Archaic Greece (800-500) RebirthArchaic Greece (800-500) Rebirth

The resurgence of Greek culture is marked by:The resurgence of Greek culture is marked by: The first recorded date in Greek history, 776, the The first recorded date in Greek history, 776, the

first Olympics.first Olympics. The epic poems of the oral tradition, such as the The epic poems of the oral tradition, such as the IliadIliad and the and the OdysseyOdyssey. These epics looked back . These epics looked back across the Dark Ages to Mycenaean times.across the Dark Ages to Mycenaean times.

The writing down of these epics (c. 725 BC).The writing down of these epics (c. 725 BC). The rise of the city-states (the polis).The rise of the city-states (the polis).

Rise of the PolisRise of the Polis

Archaic Greece also saw the development of the polis – the city state. This social institution would dominate Greek culture for centuries as the city states of Sparta, Athens, Corinth, and others developed.

HomerHomer

The traditional view is that Homer was a blind bard from Chios, in Asia Minor, who was responsible for creating both the Iliad and the Odyssey. If so, Homer lived in the transitional period between the Dark Ages and the return of Greek literacy.

Political: Athens was the first Political: Athens was the first democracy.democracy.

Democracy: type of government where Democracy: type of government where people vote.people vote.Well, actually, Athens was a Well, actually, Athens was a direct direct democracydemocracy where people vote on where people vote on everything.everything.Canadian today is an example of a Canadian today is an example of a representative democracy, where we vote representative democracy, where we vote for people to make decisions for us.for people to make decisions for us.

Direct participation was the key to Athenian democracy. In the Assembly, every male citizen was not only entitled to attend as often as he pleased but also had the right to debate, offer amendments, and vote on proposals. Every man had a say in whether to declare war or stay in peace. Basically any thing that required a government decision, all male citizens were allowed to participate in.

Political termsPolitical terms

All of Greece wasn’t All of Greece wasn’t a democracy.a democracy.

Most of Greece was Most of Greece was a a monarchy monarchy a type of a type of government ruled by government ruled by a king or queen.a king or queen.

At right is Pericles, a At right is Pericles, a good king of Athens.good king of Athens.

Polis = City-StatePolis = City-State

Greece was divided into Greece was divided into city-states, each known city-states, each known as a polis. The two main as a polis. The two main city-states were Sparta city-states were Sparta and Athens. The greatest and Athens. The greatest of these was Athens of these was Athens which was a center of which was a center of intellectual and cultural intellectual and cultural development - “the development - “the nursery of western nursery of western civilization.”civilization.”

Structure of the PolisStructure of the Polis

Each polis was built around an acropolis, a Each polis was built around an acropolis, a fortified hill with the temple of the local god at the fortified hill with the temple of the local god at the top.top.

Structure of the PolisStructure of the Polis

At the foot of the acropolis was the agora, an open area At the foot of the acropolis was the agora, an open area used as a marketplace. By 700 B.C. this inner part of used as a marketplace. By 700 B.C. this inner part of the polis had become a city. With the villages and the polis had become a city. With the villages and farmland around it, it made up a city-state.farmland around it, it made up a city-state.

AthensAthens

Athens was knows for its great navy and was a Athens was knows for its great navy and was a rival of Sparta. Its ships were known as triremes rival of Sparta. Its ships were known as triremes because they had three levels of rowers.because they had three levels of rowers.

AthensAthens

Athenians were Athenians were tough but were tough but were encouraged to encouraged to engage in activities engage in activities like art, philosophy, like art, philosophy, music.music.

Sparta: IntroductionSparta: Introduction

Sparta was above all a military state of Sparta was above all a military state of discipline and courage. Though known for discipline and courage. Though known for its rigid values and emphasis on physical its rigid values and emphasis on physical strength, it was also the most liberal state strength, it was also the most liberal state in regards to the rights and freedoms of its in regards to the rights and freedoms of its women.women. Sparta was known for its great army and Sparta was known for its great army and was a rival of Athens. Their army was was a rival of Athens. Their army was known for holding off the Persian army of known for holding off the Persian army of 250,000 at Thermopylae for three days 250,000 at Thermopylae for three days with only 7000 soldiers. This gave the with only 7000 soldiers. This gave the people of Athens time to escape before people of Athens time to escape before the Persians invaded there.the Persians invaded there.

SpartaSparta

Sparta was an isolated Sparta was an isolated city-state that was city-state that was culturally and politically culturally and politically different from Athens.different from Athens.Sparta was an Sparta was an oligarchy, oligarchy, government ruled by a government ruled by a few. They had 2 kings.few. They had 2 kings.During the Peloponnesian During the Peloponnesian Sparta sacked Athens.Sparta sacked Athens.

Spartan GoalSpartan Goal

Sparta tried to become the strongest Sparta tried to become the strongest people in Greece. They also disliked people in Greece. They also disliked change. This would later prove to be a change. This would later prove to be a weakness for them. Spartans preferred weakness for them. Spartans preferred actions to words. A “Spartan lifestyle” actions to words. A “Spartan lifestyle” both then and today is one that is simple both then and today is one that is simple and highly disciplined with few luxuries. and highly disciplined with few luxuries.

GovernmentGovernment

the Peloponnesian League was founded by the Spartans as the Peloponnesian League was founded by the Spartans as the first permanent alliance system in history, with the the first permanent alliance system in history, with the intention of ending the bitter wars of earlier years.intention of ending the bitter wars of earlier years.

Sparta was ruled by an oligarchy (a government controlled Sparta was ruled by an oligarchy (a government controlled by a small group of people).by a small group of people).

The government was mostly concerned with defending their The government was mostly concerned with defending their state and turning their army into a military machine.state and turning their army into a military machine.

The government did not allow many people into or out of The government did not allow many people into or out of their state, fearing newcomers would weaken the discipline their state, fearing newcomers would weaken the discipline of their people.of their people.

The Spartan government also consisted of an Assembly The Spartan government also consisted of an Assembly composed of men over 60.composed of men over 60.

Spartan ChildrenSpartan ChildrenIf infant boys were deemed as weak, they were left to die.If infant boys were deemed as weak, they were left to die.At the age of seven every Spartan boy was sent to a military and athletics At the age of seven every Spartan boy was sent to a military and athletics school that taught toughness, endurance, discipline and survival skills.school that taught toughness, endurance, discipline and survival skills.To make them strong, boys were forced to walk barefoot.To make them strong, boys were forced to walk barefoot.Arts and literature were not part of the boys education, many of them never Arts and literature were not part of the boys education, many of them never learned to read or write.learned to read or write.Between the ages of 18 and 20 males were required to pass a fitness, Between the ages of 18 and 20 males were required to pass a fitness, military ability, and leadership test. If they failed they became a periokoi military ability, and leadership test. If they failed they became a periokoi (middle class citizen), if they passed they became a soldier and a full (middle class citizen), if they passed they became a soldier and a full Spartan citizen.Spartan citizen.

Like boys, infant girls would also be left to die if they were judged to be Like boys, infant girls would also be left to die if they were judged to be weak.weak.Though girls were not sent into the military, they received a physical and Though girls were not sent into the military, they received a physical and gymnastic education and were taught to serve the state.gymnastic education and were taught to serve the state.Sparta was the only Greek state in which girls were allowed to engage in Sparta was the only Greek state in which girls were allowed to engage in sports.sports.Girls also had to pass a fitness test between the ages of 18 and 20. If they Girls also had to pass a fitness test between the ages of 18 and 20. If they passed they were assigned a husband and were allowed to return home. If passed they were assigned a husband and were allowed to return home. If they failed they became a periokoi.they failed they became a periokoi.Reading was not taught at state schools, but girls were often taught to read Reading was not taught at state schools, but girls were often taught to read at home.at home.

Spartan AdultsSpartan AdultsAfter thirteen years of schooling the Spartan man became a soldier at After thirteen years of schooling the Spartan man became a soldier at the age of twenty.the age of twenty.The men spent their twenties on the move in the military.The men spent their twenties on the move in the military. They had wives but seldom saw them. They had wives but seldom saw them. They were allotted farmland which was farmed by the helots.They were allotted farmland which was farmed by the helots.At the age of thirty a Spartan man became an equal and was allowed to At the age of thirty a Spartan man became an equal and was allowed to live in his own house, though he was still at the service at the military.live in his own house, though he was still at the service at the military.At the age of sixty the men’s military service came to an end.At the age of sixty the men’s military service came to an end.Spartan men were very disciplined and simple. They did not indulge in Spartan men were very disciplined and simple. They did not indulge in luxuries and greatly valued strength and courage.luxuries and greatly valued strength and courage.

Sparta was one of the most liberal states in regards to their views of Sparta was one of the most liberal states in regards to their views of women.women.The education of women was a state policy.The education of women was a state policy.Most other states did not allow women to leave the house, but the Most other states did not allow women to leave the house, but the woman of Sparta were free to move as they pleased and enjoyed woman of Sparta were free to move as they pleased and enjoyed domestic independence.domestic independence.Because their husbands were often away from home, Spartan wives Because their husbands were often away from home, Spartan wives were in charge of the wealth of the estate, and therefore the Spartan were in charge of the wealth of the estate, and therefore the Spartan agricultural economy.agricultural economy.Women of Sparta had strong political opinions, which was frowned upon Women of Sparta had strong political opinions, which was frowned upon by other Greek states such as Athens.by other Greek states such as Athens.

HelotsHelots

Helots were Messenian slaves.Helots were Messenian slaves.Helots made up the very bottom of the Spartan Helots made up the very bottom of the Spartan class system.class system.They worked on small plots of land on Spartan They worked on small plots of land on Spartan estates.estates.The majority of their produce went to the master The majority of their produce went to the master of the estate.of the estate.Labour was long and hard with little rewardLabour was long and hard with little reward. .

Helots were property of the state.Helots were property of the state.The helots continuously revolted until they won The helots continuously revolted until they won their freedom in the 4their freedom in the 4thth century b.c.e. century b.c.e.

The Delian LeagueThe Delian League

The Delian League, based on the island of Delos, was The Delian League, based on the island of Delos, was formed to unite the Greek city-states to defend against formed to unite the Greek city-states to defend against the Persians. Athens lead the league and gained more the Persians. Athens lead the league and gained more and more power over the other city states. Sparta and more power over the other city states. Sparta refused to join.refused to join.

The Delian LeagueThe Delian League

The other city-states became resentful of The other city-states became resentful of Athens’ power over them. A group of city-Athens’ power over them. A group of city-states led by Sparta waged the states led by Sparta waged the Peloponnesian War against Athens for 30 Peloponnesian War against Athens for 30 years until Athens surrendered to Sparta. years until Athens surrendered to Sparta. Later, under Spartan control, the Later, under Spartan control, the Athenians revolted and once more set up Athenians revolted and once more set up a democracy; but they never regained the a democracy; but they never regained the power they once had.power they once had.

EducationEducation

Athenian democracy Athenian democracy was for free, male was for free, male Athenians only. Athenians only. Education for men Education for men was highly valued. was highly valued. Only boys of wealthy Only boys of wealthy families attended families attended schools. The term schools. The term academy comes from academy comes from Athens.Athens.

Technology results from Technology results from necessitynecessity

Since Greek coastal Since Greek coastal cities were cities were sandwiched between sandwiched between the ocean and the the ocean and the sea, they developed sea, they developed an strong navy for an strong navy for trading and fighting.trading and fighting.

Technology results from Technology results from scarcityscarcity

All cities need fresh All cities need fresh water. This is a water. This is a Greek Greek aqueductaqueduct, , basically a brick water basically a brick water pipe.pipe.

The first aqueduct The first aqueduct was Assyrian, but was Assyrian, but most ancient societies most ancient societies had them.had them.

Terracing saves water and soil Terracing saves water and soil in mountainous environmentsin mountainous environments

Greek InventionsGreek Inventions

The Greeks invented The Greeks invented dice.dice.

The developed the The developed the olympicsolympics

The CraneThe Crane

Greek ArchitectureGreek Architecture

Greeks invented Greeks invented arches and columns.arches and columns.

This took advanced This took advanced mathematics and a mathematics and a developing developing knowledge of knowledge of engineeringengineering

Greek Architecture IIGreek Architecture II

The Roman Coliseum has a The Roman Coliseum has a strong Hellenistic influence.strong Hellenistic influence.

Greek MilitaryGreek Military

This is a catapult, a This is a catapult, a Greek invention.Greek invention.

It could throw 300 It could throw 300 pound stones at walls pound stones at walls and buildingsand buildings

Greek MilitaryGreek Military

This is a hoplite, a This is a hoplite, a Greek infantry soldier.Greek infantry soldier.

Hoplites were middle-Hoplites were middle-class freemen who class freemen who had to pay for their had to pay for their own weapon and own weapon and shield.shield.

Greek MilitaryGreek Military

This formation of This formation of soldiers is referred to soldiers is referred to as a phalanx.as a phalanx.

Soldiers get in a tight Soldiers get in a tight box. They each have box. They each have a large shield and a 9 a large shield and a 9 foot long spear.foot long spear.

During the Trojan War (1240 BCE) charioteers, armed During the Trojan War (1240 BCE) charioteers, armed with bows and lances riding chariots with spoked wheels, with bows and lances riding chariots with spoked wheels, attacked all at once at speed but generally much of the attacked all at once at speed but generally much of the warfare was completed by foot soldierswarfare was completed by foot soldiersWarfare characterized by the destruction of crops as well Warfare characterized by the destruction of crops as well as fighting between peopleas fighting between peopleAs soldiers were also farmers and two years of crop As soldiers were also farmers and two years of crop destruction could result in starvation, they were well destruction could result in starvation, they were well motivated to fight and to get it over with as quickly as motivated to fight and to get it over with as quickly as possiblepossibleAlong with defending crops from attack, revenge has Along with defending crops from attack, revenge has been identified as a major motivator for battlebeen identified as a major motivator for battleAs the geography of Greece made most areas easily As the geography of Greece made most areas easily defensible, decisive battles were the normdefensible, decisive battles were the normPhalanx: 8 rows of hoplites standing shoulder to Phalanx: 8 rows of hoplites standing shoulder to shoulder, armed with iron and wood shields, iron tipped shoulder, armed with iron and wood shields, iron tipped spears, and bronze armor (approximately 70 lbs)spears, and bronze armor (approximately 70 lbs)

Greek WarfareGreek Warfare

On the morning of battle the hoplites would have a mid-On the morning of battle the hoplites would have a mid-morning breakfast, listen to their commanders exhort them to morning breakfast, listen to their commanders exhort them to fight well, sacrifice some sheep and/or goats (sphagia) yell out fight well, sacrifice some sheep and/or goats (sphagia) yell out their battle cry (paean), find some flat ground and fight!their battle cry (paean), find some flat ground and fight!The two groups would run into each other at full speed The two groups would run into each other at full speed pointing their heavy spears at an enemy on the other sidepointing their heavy spears at an enemy on the other sideAfter the first rank hit (Spartan commanders were always in After the first rank hit (Spartan commanders were always in the first rank) the other 7 ranks would pile into them and one the first rank) the other 7 ranks would pile into them and one side or the other would begin to weaken Hoplites would take side or the other would begin to weaken Hoplites would take out short swords and begin hacking at their opponents legs out short swords and begin hacking at their opponents legs until one side began to retreatuntil one side began to retreatAs soon as one side began to retreat, lightly armed and As soon as one side began to retreat, lightly armed and armored troops would begin harassing themarmored troops would begin harassing themExhausted after this encounter (maybe 30 minutes), some Exhausted after this encounter (maybe 30 minutes), some hoplites would discard their arms in order to flee, some would hoplites would discard their arms in order to flee, some would even throw away their armor. even throw away their armor. Some retreating groups were able to put up an organized Some retreating groups were able to put up an organized resistance but many others would have been killedresistance but many others would have been killed

Greek Warfare IIGreek Warfare II

Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great

Alexander was not Alexander was not from Athens, but from Athens, but Macedonia.Macedonia.

Alexander was a Alexander was a brilliant military brilliant military strategist.strategist.

His favorite book was His favorite book was Homer’s Homer’s IliadIliad

Alexander conquered the Persian empire and Alexander conquered the Persian empire and controlled the largest empire the world has ever controlled the largest empire the world has ever

seen.seen.

Alexander spread Hellenistic Alexander spread Hellenistic culture throughout Asia.culture throughout Asia.

HellenisticHellenistic is a term is a term that means of Greecethat means of Greece

Alexander spread Alexander spread Greek technology and Greek technology and ideas throughout his ideas throughout his empireempire