1 Ancient DNA suggests modern wolves trace their origin to a late Pleistocene expansion 1 from Beringia 2 Liisa Loog 1,2,3 *, Olaf Thalmann 4† , Mikkel-Holger S. Sinding 5,6,7† , Verena J. 3 Schuenemann 8,9,10† , Angela Perri 11 , Mietje Germonpré 12 , Herve Bocherens 9,13 , Kelsey E. 4 Witt 14 , Jose A. Samaniego Castruita 5 , Marcela S. Velasco 5 , Inge K. C. Lundstrøm 5 , Nathan 5 Wales 5 , Gontran Sonet 15 , Laurent Frantz 2 , Hannes Schroeder 5,16 , Jane Budd 17 , Elodie-Laure 6 Jimenez 12 , Sergey Fedorov 18 , Boris Gasparyan 19 , Andrew W. Kandel 20 , Martina Lázničková- 7 Galetová 21,22,23 , Hannes Napierala 24 , Hans-Peter Uerpmann 8 , Pavel A. Nikolskiy 25,26 , Elena Y. 8 Pavlova 27,26 , Vladimir V. Pitulko 26 , Karl-Heinz Herzig 4,28 , Ripan S. Malhi 29 , Eske 9 Willerslev 2,5,30 , Anders J. Hansen 5,7 , Keith Dobney 31,32,33 , M. Thomas P. Gilbert 5,34 , Johannes 10 Krause 8,35 , Greger Larson 1 *, Anders Eriksson 36,2 *, Andrea Manica 2 * 11 12 *Corresponding Authors: L.L. ([email protected]), G.L. ([email protected]), 13 A.E. ([email protected]), A.M. ([email protected]) 14 15 † These authors contributed equally to this work 16 17 1 Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network Research Laboratory for 18 Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks 19 Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK 20 2 Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, 21 UK 22 3 Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 23 University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK 24 4 Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of 25 Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland 26 5 Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 27 Øster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark 28 6 Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, 29 Norway 30 7 The Qimmeq project, University of Greenland, Manutooq 1, PO Box 1061, 3905 Nuussuaq, 31 Greenland 32 8 Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstr. 23, 72070 33 Tübingen, Germany 34 9 Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 35 72070 Tübingen, Germany 36
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Ancient DNA suggests modern wolves trace their origin to a late Pleistocene expansion 1
from Beringia 2
Liisa Loog1,2,3*, Olaf Thalmann4†, Mikkel-Holger S. Sinding5,6,7†, Verena J. 3
Schuenemann8,9,10†, Angela Perri11, Mietje Germonpré12, Herve Bocherens9,13, Kelsey E. 4
Witt14, Jose A. Samaniego Castruita5, Marcela S. Velasco5, Inge K. C. Lundstrøm5, Nathan 5
Wales5, Gontran Sonet15, Laurent Frantz2, Hannes Schroeder5,16, Jane Budd17, Elodie-Laure 6
Jimenez 12, Sergey Fedorov18, Boris Gasparyan19, Andrew W. Kandel20, Martina Lázničková-7
Galetová21,22,23, Hannes Napierala24, Hans-Peter Uerpmann8, Pavel A. Nikolskiy25,26, Elena Y. 8
Pavlova27,26, Vladimir V. Pitulko26, Karl-Heinz Herzig4,28, Ripan S. Malhi29, Eske 9
Willerslev2,5,30, Anders J. Hansen5,7, Keith Dobney31,32,33, M. Thomas P. Gilbert5,34, Johannes 10
Krause8,35, Greger Larson1*, Anders Eriksson36,2*, Andrea Manica2* 11
R.S.M., H.S., G.S., V.V.P., E.Y.P., P.A.N. and J.E-L. provided comments to the manuscript 25
and/or to the supplementary information. 26
DATA ACCESSIBILITY STATEMENT 27 28
The newly assembled mitochondrial genomes are available from GenBank (accession 29
numbers MK936995-MK937053 (ancient) and MN071185-MN071206 (modern)). The raw 30
sequencing reads used for generating novel ancient mitochondrial genomes can be retrieved 31
from the European Nucleotide Archive under the study number: PRJEB32023.” The code for 32
population genetic simulations of all tested scenarios and scripts for preliminary and output 33
analyses are available on GitHub repository https://github.com/LiisaLoog/pleistocene-wolves. 34
35
26
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