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The African American Culture
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  1. 1. The African American Culture
  2. 2. History First Africans to arrive in America were explorers and settlers Accompanied European explorers on their journeys to the new world Revolutionary War around 5,000 fought for the Continental Army; around 20,000 fought for the British Colonel Tye African American soldier who fought with the British Raided settlements and freed slaves in New York and New Jersey The Book of Negroes List of African American Loyalists who fled the United States with the British after the Revolutionary War
  3. 3. History Slave Trade Jamestown, VA birthplace of American slavery Invention of the cotton gin helped expand the slave trade Cotton required a large number of workers Foreign slave trade was ended by Congress in 1807, but allowed to continue in the South
  4. 4. History Nat Turners Rebellion Took place in Virginia on August 21, 1831 Attacked plantations, freeing slaves and killing 56 whites before being defeated Turner was executed November 11, 1831 along with 56 other slaves Led to laws prohibiting education of blacks, prohibiting assembly, loss of civil rights of free blacks
  5. 5. History Dred Scot v. Sandford Scott sued for his freedom since he and his wife lived in an area of the U.S. that slavery was illegal Court proceedings began in 1847, where Scot lost but was allowed a second trial and was declared free Case was appealed to the Missouri State Supreme Court in 1852, which reversed the ruling and made Scot a slave again. In 1854, Scot filed suit again and appealed to the Supreme Court after once again losing the case for his and his wifes freedom Supreme Court ultimately ruled that Scot and his wife were property and were slaves Ultimately, this decision accelerated the beginning of the Civil War
  6. 6. History Abolitionists Person who wanted to end slavery; included both whites and blacks Worked to end slavery and helped free slaves from their owners Underground railroad helped escaped slaves flee to the North and into Canada Famous African American abolitionist: David Walker published his Appeal denouncing slavery Frederick Douglass Escaped slave who spoke out against slavery; published the North Star Sojourner Truth also spoke out for womens rights and equality Harriet Tubman one of the leaders of the Underground Railroad
  7. 7. History The Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863) Abraham Lincoln granted freedom to all slaves living in the Confederate States of America Allowed the use of African American regiments in the Union Army and Navy African Americans had to prove their bravery 1st Kansas Colored Volunteers Battle of Port Hudson, Louisiana Battle of Fort Wagner, South Carolina Thirteenth Amendment (1865) banned slavery in the United States Fourteenth Amendment (1868) recognized African Americans as citizens of the United States Fifteenth Amendment (1870) gave African American men the right to vote
  8. 8. History Jim Crow Laws Anti-African American laws Separated African Americans and whites in education, public facilities, and transportation Prevented African Americans from voting by requiring property ownership or payment of a poll tax, which many African Americans could not afford Plessy v. Ferguson separate but equal The Great Migration Around 2 million African Americans moved from the South to other parts of the United States to escape racism Racism still led to separate communities of African Americans forming within cities, such as Harlem
  9. 9. History The Civil Rights Movement Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man Led to a boycott of the bus system by African Americans Civil Rights Act of 1964 made segregation of public facilities illegal National Voting Rights Act of 1965 made illegal any discrimination against African Americans right to vote African Americans continued to fight for equality for many more years
  10. 10. Cultural Background Music Began with work songs and spirituals During the Harlem Renaissance, other music such as Jazz and the Blues became popular and began to spread around the world Rock and Roll was influenced by African American culture and the blues, allowing famous artists like James Brown to become famous Soul music would become popular, leading to the success of such musicians as Ray Charles, the Jackson 5 and the Supremes More recently, rap and rhythm and blues has become a popular form of music for African Americans, with such artists as LL Cool J, Prince, Michael Jackson, and many others gaining fame
  11. 11. Cultural Background Art Early African American artists created art in the classical or romantic style The Harmon Foundation promoted the work of African American artists The Harlem Renaissance Opened the door for African American artists, musicians, and writers to freely express themselves Allowed African Americans to freely express how they felt about being an African American in that time period Literature Grew out of folktales and stories told by early African Americans Slaves did not know how to read or write during their early time in America
  12. 12. Athletics Many African American athletes broke racial barriers in athletics while other African Americans were fighting for civil rights In 1920, Fritz Pollard and Bobby Marshall were the first African American players in the National Football League In 1947, Jackie Robinson became the first African American to play Major League Baseball Before, African Americans had to play in the Negro Leagues, which were formed in 1920 In 1948, Don Barksdale won a gold medal as a member of the U.S. Olympic basketball team, and in 1950, Chuck Cooper and Sweetwater Clifton joined the National Basketball Association Muhammad Ali famously opposed the Vietnam War, making him famous amongst all races within the United States Today, such athletes as LeBron James, Serena Williams, Andrew McCutchen, and Russell Wilson proudly represent African Americans in athletic endeavors, while players such as Michael Jordan, Ray Lewis, and many others are considered greats in the sports they played
  13. 13. The Arts Harlem Renaissance African Americans wanted to change what it meant to be black Perceived as being an uneducated, inferior group of people Began during the first Great Migration, or the urbanization of African Americans from the largely rural South due to Jim Crow laws 1925 - The New Negro Included poetry, short stories and essays that evaluated the state of African American art, music, and the economy Noticeably lacked topics concerning religion; more scientific in nature Included literature, art, music, drama, painting, sculpture, movies, and protests Creation of Jazz and famous African American musicians such as Fats Waller, Duke Ellington, Billie Holiday, and Miles Davis
  14. 14. The Arts Harlem Renaissance African American writers: Zora Neale Hurston Richard Wright Alain Locke Ralph Ellison Langston Hughes
  15. 15. Religion African religions have had some influences on African American religion, such as the call and response pattern used by many African American preachers Its believed that some of the first all African American churches were formed in part to protest slavery and discrimination Early on many of these churches were Baptist or Methodist Church communities played a large part in the movement to other parts of the United States from the South during the first Great Migration Throughout the Civil Rights Era, churches played a part in allowing African Americans a place to cope with the discriminations they were facing Many churches also organized protests, be it peaceful or otherwise Churches function as the center of social life in the African American community, along with providing an ethnic identity and cultural expression
  16. 16. African American Civil Rights Leaders Booker T. Washington Civil rights leader, founded the Tuskegee Institute to educate African Americans; famous for his Atlanta Compromise speech calling for whites and African Americans to live and work together Al Sharpton Baptist minister and civil rights activist Martin Luther King Civil rights leader, led non-violent protests of civil rights offences against African Americans; Famous of his I Have A Dream speech in Washington, D.C.; Was assassinated April 4, 1968 W.E.B. Dubois helped form the NAACP, which helps to promote civil rights for African Americans Malcom X Muslim minister and human rights activist Jesse Jackson Civil rights and political leader
  17. 17. African American Politicians 1870 Hiram Revels becomes first African American to be seated in the U.S. Senate 1870 Joseph Hayne Rainey become first African American elected to the U.S. House of Representatives 1872 Victoria Woodhull becomes first African American presidential candidate 1874 Blanche Kelso Bruce becomes first African American elected to a full U.S. Senate term 1968 Shirley Chisholm becomes first African American woman elected to the House of Representatives; would become first African American from a major political party to be a presidential candidate 1989 - L. Douglas Wilder becomes first African American governor in the United States
  18. 18. African American Politicians 1992 Carol Moseley Braun becomes first African American female elected to the U.S. Senate 2008 Barak Obama become the first African American elected president of the United States
  19. 19. Interview Discussion
  20. 20. References African-American abolitionists. (n.d.). Retrieved March 1, 2015, from http://www.ushistory.org/us/28b.asp Black history in america: Learn all about the rich history of black america. (n.d.). Retrieved March 1, 2015, from http://www.myblackhistory.net/history.htm Harriss, M. (2013). From harlem renaissance to harlem apocalypse: Just representations and the epistemology of race in the negro novel. The Journal of Religion, 93(3), 259-290. Howe, W.A., & Lisi, P.L. (2014). Becoming a multicultural educator: Developing awareness, gaining skills, and taking action. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. Swatos, W. (1998). African american religious experience. In Encyclopedia of religion and society. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Top ten abolitionists. (n.d.). Retrieved March 1, 2015, from http://www.slideshare.net/MissWilber/top-ten- abolitionists