anatomyphysiology2russoonline.files.wordpress.com…  · Web viewA&P II Online 2017 Exam 3. 1) A glomerulus is . A) the expanded end of a nephron. B) a knot of capillaries within

A&P II Online 2017 Exam 3

1) A glomerulus is A) the expanded end of a nephron. B) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle. C) the source of erythropoietin. D) attached to the collecting duct. E) the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron.

2) Urine is eliminated through the A) liver. B) urinary bladder. C) kidney. D) ureter. E) urethra.

3) The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx. A) nephron loop (loop of Henle)B) distal convoluted tubule C) papillary duct D) renal corpuscle E) ureter

4) In the renal corpuscle, the glomerular epithelium is a layer of specialized cells calledA) glomerulocytes.B) juxtaglomerular cells. C) tubular cells. D) macula densa cells. E) podocytes.

5) You have been diagnosed with lupus erythematosus, a very severe autoimmune disorder with a wide variety of associated organ-related problems. Your doctor is particularly worried about how this will affect your kidney function. He says that you are susceptible to ________ because of the lupus.A) polycystic kidneyB) glomerulonephritisC) cystitisD) diabetesE) renal calculi

6) The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by A) adjusting the volume of water lost in urine. B) releasing erythropoietin. C) releasing renin.

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D) regulating NaCl levels in the blood.E) All of the answers are correct.

7) How is the kidney involved with normal bone ossification and development?A) Growth hormone is produced by the kidneys.B) Osteoblasts migrate from the kidney into the bone.C) Growth factors from the kidney direct the growth the epiphyseal cartilage plate in the bone.D) Injury to bone triggers a response in the kidney, which makes more rennin hormone.E) The kidney produces calcitriol.

8) The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is stabilized by A) the overlying peritoneum. B) contact with adjacent visceral organs. C) supporting connective tissues. D) the renal fascia. E) All of the answers are correct.

9) The condition called ________ is especially dangerous because the ureters or renal blood vessels can become twisted or kinked during movement. A) polycystic kidney disease B) floating kidney C) pyelonephritis D) renal calculi E) renal failure

10) The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx. A) nephron loop (loop of Henle)B) distal convoluted tubule C) papillary duct D) renal corpuscle E) ureter

11) The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. In what order does blood pass through these vessels?1. afferent arteriole

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2. arcuate artery3. interlobar artery4. renal artery5. glomerulus6. cortical radiate artery7. efferent arteriole8. peritubular capillaryA) 4, 6, 2, 3, 1, 5, 7, 8 B) 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8 C) 4, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 1, 8 D) 4, 6, 2, 3, 7, 5, 1, 8 E) 4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 7, 8

Figure 26-1 The Structure of the Kidney

Use Figure 26-1 to answer the following questions:

12) Identify the structure labeled "4." A) renal pelvis B) minor calyx

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C) ureter D) major calyx E) renal column

13) Identify the structure labeled "8." A) renal pelvis B) minor calyx C) ureter D) major calyx E) renal column

14) Identify the structure labeled "11." A) renal pelvis B) minor calyx C) ureter D) major calyx E) renal column

15) Identify the structure labeled "9." A) renal sinus B) fibrous capsule C) renal pyramid D) renal papilla E) renal column

16) Identify the structure labeled "3." A) renal sinus B) fibrous capsule C) renal pyramid D) renal papilla E) renal column

17) Which of the following components of the nephron is largely confined to the renal medulla? A) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule B) distal convoluted tubule C) collecting ducts D) proximal convoluted tubule E) glomerulus

18) The renal threshold for glucose is approximately ________ mg/dl. A) 75

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B) 90 C) 100 D) 140 E) 180

19) Substances larger than ________ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane. A) sodium ions B) glucose C) albumin D) amino acids E) urea

20) Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following except A) produce powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles. B) increase the glomerular filtration rate. C) trigger renin release. D) produce renal ischemia. E) reduce blood flow to kidneys.

21) Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.A) 480B) 180C) 125D) 18E) 1.8

22) Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. From the list below, what are these three main pressures?1. blood hydrostatic pressure 2. capsular hydrostatic pressure 3. capsular colloid osmotic pressure 4. blood colloid osmotic pressure 5. urinary bladder hydrostatic pressureA) 1, 2, and 3 are correct.B) 2, 3, and 4 are correct.C) 3, 4, and 5 are correct.D) 1, 2, and 4 are correct.E) 2, 4, and 5 are correct.

23) The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is

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A) blood colloid osmotic pressure.B) glomerular hydrostatic pressure.C) osmotic pressure of the urine.D) capsular hydrostatic pressure. E) reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule pulls filtrate from blood.

24) A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due toA) excessive ADH secretion.B) absence of ADH.C) hematuric oliguria.D) overproduction of aldosterone.E) dilation of the afferent arterioles.

25) Which of the following substances undergo tubular secretion? A) water B) glucose C) ammonium ions D) sodium ions E) All of the answers are correct.

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Figure 26-2 The Nephron

Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:

26) What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "1"? A) reabsorption B) excretion C) secretion D) filtration E) micturition

27) Where does countercurrent multiplication occur? A) 6 B) 5 C) 4 D) 3 E) 2

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28) Where does most nutrient reabsorption occur? A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5 E) 6

29) Which area is sensitive to the hormone ADH? A) 1 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5 and 6 E) 4, 5, and 6

30) Where would penicillin be secreted? A) 6 B) 5 C) 4 D) 3 E) 3 and 4

31) Where does secretion mostly occur? A) 5 B) 1 C) 3 D) 4 E) 2

32) Which area is sensitive to aldosterone? A) 2 B) 1 C) 4 D) 3 E) 5

33) Where does osmosis of water in the countercurrent multiplier process occur? A) 5 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 1

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34) The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium. A) stratified squamous B) pseudostratified columnar C) simple cuboidal D) transitional E) simple columnar

35) The detrusor muscle A) moves urine along the ureters by peristalsis. B) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra. C) functions as the internal urinary sphincter. D) functions as the external urinary sphincter. E) surrounds the renal pelvis.

36) The inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is A) glomerulonephritis. B) polycystic kidney disease. C) calculi. D) renal failure. E) hematuria.

37) Changes that occur in the urinary system with aging include all of the following except A) a decline in the number of functional nephrons. B) a reduction in the GFR (glomerular filtration rate). C) increased sensitivity to ADH. D) problems with the micturition reflex. E) loss of sphincter muscle tone.

38) Each of the following organ systems excretes wastes to some degree except the ________ system. A) urinary B) integumentary C) digestive D) endocrine E) respiratory

39) Put the following layers of the digestive tract wall in order from the lumen to the deepest layer.1. lamina propria 4. digestive (mucous) epithelium2. muscularis externa 5. serosa3. submucosa 6. muscularis mucosaeA) 5, 2, 3, 6, 1, 4 B) 4, 1, 6, 3, 2, 5 C) 4, 6, 3, 1, 2, 5 D) 5, 4, 2, 6, 1, 3

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E) 1, 4, 3, 6, 2, 5

40) Digestion refers to the A) progressive dehydration of indigestible residue.B) mechanical breakdown of food. C) chemical breakdown of food. D) mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.E) All of the answers are correct.

41) The activities of the digestive system are regulated by A) hormones. B) parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons. C) the contents of the digestive tract. D) intrinsic nerve plexuses.E) All of the answers are correct.

42) Contraction of the ________ alters the shape of the intestinal lumen and moves epithelial pleats and folds. A) mucosa B) submucosa C) submucosal plexus D) muscularis mucosa E) adventitia

43) Large blood vessels and lymphatics are found in the A) mucosa. B) submucosa. C) muscularis. D) adventitia. E) serosa.

44) A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following except in the A) anal canal. B) esophagus. C) stomach. D) oropharynx. E) oral cavity.

45) What provides access for blood vessels entering and leaving the liver? A) falciform ligament B) greater omentum

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C) mesentery proper D) lesser omentum E) diaphragm

46) A disease that attacks and disables the myenteric plexus would A) increase intestinal motility. B) decrease intestinal motility. C) increase gastric secretion. D) decrease gastric secretion. E) interfere with both intestinal motility and gastric secretion.

47) ________ pair(s) of salivary glands secrete into the oral cavity. A) One B) Two C) Three D) Four E) Six to Ten

48) A structure that helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely is theA) uvula. B) pharyngeal arch. C) palatoglossal arch. D) palatopharyngeal arch. E) epiglottis.

49) The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called A) enamel. B) cementum. C) dentin. D) pulp. E) periodontium.

50) A blockage of the ducts from the parotid glands wouldA) occur when too much protein is ingested. B) cause mumps. C) interfere with carbohydrate digestion in the mouth. D) prevent emulsification of lipids. E) inhibit the secretion of saliva from other glands.

51) In most cases, the mumps is a viral infection of the ________ glands.A) mandibular B) sublingual

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C) parotid D) submandibular E) lingual

52) Which of the following is not a function of the tongue? A) manipulation to assist with chewing B) mechanical processing C) passing food across occlusal surfaces D) secretion of mucins E) All of these are functions of the tongue.

53) Functions of teeth include A) tearing. B) crushing. C) cutting. D) clipping. E) All of the answers are correct.

54) ________ are blade-shaped teeth that function in cutting or clipping. A) Canines B) Bicuspids C) Cuspids D) Incisors E) Molars

55) ________ are teeth with flattened crowns and prominent ridges that are adapted for crushing and grinding. A) Molars B) Cuspids C) Eye teeth D) Canines E) Dentins

56) The epithelium lining the oropharynx isA) simple squamous.B) simple cuboidal.C) simple columnar.D) stratified squamous.E) pseudostratified squamous.

57) Muscles known as the pharyngeal constrictors function in A) mastication.

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B) moving the tongue. C) swallowing. D) esophageal peristalsis. E) opening the cardiac sphincter.

58) Parietal cells secrete A) pepsinogen. B) gastrin. C) mucus. D) hydrochloric acid. E) enteropeptidase.

59) The portion of the stomach that is superior to the junction between the stomach and the esophagus is the A) cardia. B) pylorus. C) fundus. D) antrum. E) body.

60) The pylorus empties into theA) ileum. B) colon. C) cecum. D) jejunum. E) duodenum.

61) During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion, A) the stomach responds to distention. B) secretin inhibits parietal and chief cells. C) increased production of gastric juice occurs. D) the intestinal reflex inhibits gastric emptying. E) production of gastric juice slows down.

62) All of the following are true of the intestinal phase of gastric digestion except that it A) precedes the gastric phase. B) functions to control the rate of gastric emptying. C) involves both neural and endocrine reflexes. D) helps ensure that the functions of the small intestine proceed with relative efficiency. E) begins when chyme enters the small intestine.

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63) All of the following are true of the lining of the stomach except that it A) has a simple columnar epithelium. B) is covered by a thick, viscous mucus. C) is constantly being replaced. D) contains gastric pits. E) recycles bile.

64) Match the gastric phase on the left (1-3) with the correct description on the right (4-6): 1. intestinal phase 4. prepares stomach for arrival of food2. gastric phase 5. stomach empties and decreases secretions3. cephalic phase 6. stomach secretes juice and mixes food into chyme A) 1 and 4; 2 and 5; 3 and 6 B) 1 and 6; 2 and 4; 3 and 5 C) 1 and 5; 2 and 4; 3 and 6 D) 1 and 6; 2 and 5; 3 and 4 E) 1 and 5; 2 and 6; 3 and 4

65) A drug that blocks the action of carbonic anhydrase in parietal cells would result in A) a lower pH during gastric digestion. B) a higher pH during gastric digestion. C) decreased production of pepsinogen by chief cells. D) increased protein digestion in the stomach. E) decreased gastrin production.

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Figure 24-1 The Stomach (dissected)

Use Figure 24-1 to answer the following questions:

66) What is the function of the structure labeled "6"? A) strains materials entering the stomach B) regulates gastric emptying C) mixes stomach juice into food D) controls contraction of stomach muscles E) prevents food from entering the esophagus

67) Identify the structure labeled "4." A) longitudinal muscle layer B) circular muscle layer C) oblique muscle layer D) submucosa E) rugae

68) The villi are most developed in the A) stomach. B) duodenum. C) jejunum. D) gallbladder.

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E) cecum.

69) Which of the following enhance the absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine? A) the circular folds B) the villiC) the microvilli D) intestinal movements E) All of the answers are correct.

70) The middle segment of the small intestine is the A) ileum. B) duodenum. C) jejunum. D) pylorus. E) cecum.

71) The intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release a watery, bicarbonate-rich fluid is A) enterocrinin. B) secretin. C) cholecystokinin. D) GIP. E) gastrin.

72) The gastroileal reflex A) empties the duodenum. B) promotes gastric secretion. C) decreases peristaltic activity. D) moves some chyme to the colon. E) is relayed through the CNS.

73) Enterogastric reflexes A) inhibit gastric motility. B) inhibit gastric secretion. C) are triggered by chyme entering the duodenum. D) involve the enteric nervous system. E) All of the answers are correct.

74) In response to the arrival of acidic chyme in the duodenum, the A) blood levels of secretin rise. B) blood levels of cholecystokinin fall. C) blood levels of gastrin rise. D) blood levels of enterocrinin fall. E) liver releases enzymes for chemical digestion.

75) A drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin would affect

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A) acid production by the stomach. B) the composition of pancreatic secretions. C) the delivery of bile. D) digestion of lipids and proteins. E) All of the answers are correct.

76) If the pancreatic duct was obstructed, you would expect to see elevated blood levels of A) bilirubin. B) amylase. C) cholecystokinin. D) secretin. E) gastrin.

77) In response to the hormone secretin, the pancreas secretes a fluid A) rich in enzymes. B) rich in bicarbonate ion. C) rich in bile. D) rich in mucus. E) that contains only amylase.

78) Tony is a chronic alcoholic with cirrhosis of the liver, a condition in which liver cells die and are replaced by connective tissue. Which of the following signs would you expect to observe in Tony? A) increased clotting time B) jaundice C) portal hypertension and ascites D) decrease in plasma protein productionE) All of the answers are correct.

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Figure 24-2 The Wall of the Small Intestine

Use Figure 24-2 to answer the following questions:

79) What is the function of the structure labeled "7"? A) production of sodium bicarbonate B) production of lipase C) protection from bacteria D) production of hydrochloric acid E) production of pepsinogen

80) Which structure controls the contraction of the muscularis externa? A) 2 B) 8 C) 9 D) 10 E) 11

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81) Contraction of the muscle layer labeled "9" causes the digestive tract to A) constrict. B) shorten. C) dilate. D) fold for increased surface area. E) secrete enzymes.

82) Approximately the last 15 cm of the digestive tract is the A) anus. B) anal canal. C) rectum. D) sigmoid colon. E) rectal column.

83) Carbohydrate digestion begins in the A) mouth. B) esophagus. C) stomach. D) duodenum. E) ileum.

84) Which of the following is false concerning the process known as cotransport? A) Only neutral compounds such as sugars are transported. B) More than one molecule or ion is moved through the cell membrane at one time. C) ATP is not required by the transport protein. D) Molecules can be moved against a concentration gradient.

85) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term cholecystokinin (CCK)?A) where pancreatic juice and bile enter duodenumB) carries absorbed sugars and amino acidsC) stimulates pancreas to secrete bicarbonate-rich fluidD) causes gallbladder to contractE) stimulates gastric secretion

86) A viral infection that often involves the parotid glands, which swell noticeably, is A) parotiditis.B) mumps.C) dysphagia.D) polyps.E) gingivitis.

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87) Your patient with liver failure has a firm, rounded abdomen due to accumulation of fluid. This is known clinically as A) hepatitis C.B) ascites.C) hepatitis B.D) cirrhosis.E) gastritis.

88) Complexes of fatty acids, monoglycerides, and bile salts are called A) chylomicrons.B) countertransporters.C) vesicles.D) micelles.E) varicosities.

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