Anatomy Physiology Introduction Notes

Normal?

Abnormal?

Why is A&P important? Often things go wrong (abnormal) within systems, and in order to fix them you need to understand their “normal” state. Structure determines function. If function is off = structure is off and vice versa. (Pathology)

Example: Sickle Cell Anemia

What is Anatomy? Anatomy – “to cut

apart” the study of the internal and external structures of plants and animals. How things are put together!

Division's of Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy – study

structures that can only be seen with magnification aids.

Example:

Histology Cytology

Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic Anatomy) – study of structures visible to would be visible to the naked eye.

Example:

Bones

Would the following items would fall under Microscopic or Macroscopic

Anatomy?

Femur

Lungs

Stomach Bacteria

Red Blood Cell

Ear

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

What is Physiology? Physiology – focuses on the function

of body parts. How things work!

Example:

Muscle Contraction Smelling

Why is abnormal bad in terms of Anatomy & Physiology?

How does the body stay in a normal state?

Homeostasis - physiological mechanism that creates a constant internal environment.Example: temperature, oxygen levels, nutrient levels, heart rate, blood pressure, glucose levels, and pH levels.

Why does homeostasis occur?

National Geographic Fight Science Hypothermia &

Hyperthermia

Hypothermia

How does the body maintain homeostasis?

Negative Feedback Loops opposes a stimulus. (Opposite Directions)

Positive Feedback Loops increases magnitude of change. (Same Direction)

Receptor(Start)

Control Center

Effector

Afferent Pathway

Efferent Pathway

How do homeostatic mechanisms work?

The chemical reactions in your body are collectively called…

Metabolism

What are the 2 metabolic

processes? Anabolism – the process by which simpler compounds are build up and used for growth, repair and reproduction.

Examples – making proteins or glycogen

Catabolism – the process by which complex substances are broken down into simpler substances.

Examples – breaking down food.

What is necessary for living things to function successfully?

1.Boundaries

2.Movement

3.Responsiveness

4.Digestion

5.Metabolism

6.Excretion

7.Reproduction

8.Growth

9.Homeostasis

When we begin to become

dehydrated, we usually get thirsty, which causes us to drink liquids. Is the

thirst sensation part of a negative

or a positive feedback control system? Defend

your choice.

Which organ system is the least important? Why?

How to speak A&P? Understanding the Language.

Medical Terminology

PrefixRoot Suffix

+ +

Peri –Around

Cardi/o

Heart

-itisinflammation

Peri –Around

Cardi/o

Heart

-itisinflammation

PericarditisInflammation around the heart

+ + =

Erythr/oRed

-cytecell

ErythrocyteRed cell

+ =

Abdomin/o -

Abdomen

Angi/o -

Vessel

Arthr/o -Joint

Cardi/o -Heart

Cyan/o -

Blue

Cyt/o -

Cell

Derm/o -

Skin

Erythr/o -

Red

Gastr/o -

Stomach

Glyc/o -

Sugar

Hepat/o -

Liver

Hist/o -

Tissue

Leuk/o -Leuk/o -WhiteWhite

Mamm/o -

Breast

Nephr/o -

Kidney

Neur/o -

Neuron

Oste/o -

Bone

Phag/o -

Swallow

Path/o -

Disease

Rhin/o -

Nose

Acro -Extremities

Brady -

Slow

Dys -

Difficult

Electro -

Electric

Macro -

LARGE

Micro -

small

Tachy -

Fast

-algia

Pain

-ectomy

Surgical Removal

-itisInflammation

Homework Questions 1-11 on page 10.

1. Acrocyanosis –

2. Gastritis –

3. Rhinoplasty –

Condition of blue extremities.

Inflammation of the stomach

Surgical repair of the nose

4. Bradycardia -

5. Mammogram

–

6. Cytomegaly -

Slow heart rate

Recording or image of the breast

Enlarged cell

7. Inflammation of the kidneys -

8. Removal of the stomach -

9. Enlarged heart -

10. Disease of the bones -

11. One who studies neurons -

Nephritis

Gastrectomy

Cardiomegaly

Osteopathy

Neurologist

What is disease and how do we find it?

Disease – a condition in which the body fails to function normally.Signs or Vitals – measurable indicators. Heart rate, temp, height, blood pressure, etc.Symptoms – subjective indicators. Fatigue, Anxiety, Nausea, Pain etc..

Steps to Determining Disease

1.Assess patient externally

2.Ask for symptoms

3.Measure vital signs

4.Explore signs & symptoms to determine etiology (cause of disease)

5.Make diagnosis (identify the disease)

6.Provide prognosis (prediction of the outcome of the disease)

Case Studies: A 66-year old Asian male involved in a vehicular accident is taken to the ICU with SOB and abdominal pain. He has acrocyanosis, tachycardia, and a past medical history of cardiopathy. He weighs 150 pounds and is 5 feet 6 inches tall. His chest X-ray shows an enlarged heart. His facial injuries will require future rhinoplastic surgery. An electrocardiogram and a lower GI series is ordered.

1. Where exactly in the hospital was the patient taken? - Intensive Care Unit

2. Describe the patient’s color, heart rate, and breathing? -Blue, fast heart rate, shortness of breath

3. What is the medical term for what the X-ray showed? - Cardiomegaly

4. What future facial surgery will be needed? -Surgical repair of the nose

5. Identify the what are signs and what are symptoms.

Signs = Tachycardia, Weight, Height, ECG, GI, Cardiomegaly ,

Acrocyanosis, SOB, Symptom = Abdominal Pain

Do medical practitioners make mistakes?

Mathematical Language of AnatomyYour sibling is in the hospital and is being administered

12mcg/kg/min of morphine. Hanging is a 100cc piggyback containing .6g of morphine. The doctor had

told you earlier that the safe dosage for this medication is between 20-30 ml/hr. Is the nurse administering the right

dosage if your sibling weighs 105lbs?

Meditation

Peri -

Around

A or An -Without

?

Dia -

Through

-graphy

The process of recording

-logistOne who studies

-otomy

Cutting into

-ostomySurgically forming an

opening

-phobia

Fear

Can maggots be used to help cure disease?

Video shows graphic

images!

Review Questions – Language of Disease

1. Microcytes –

2. Osteostomy –

3. Slow heart rate –

4. Disease of below normal sugar levels -

Cells that are small.

Surgically forming and opening in bone

Bradycardia

Hypoglycopathy or Hypoglycosis

Mathematical Language of AnatomyYou are to administer 5L of medication to a patient over

48 hours. The machine used to administer the medication can only be set in mL/hour. At what rate

(mL/hr) will you set the pump to deliver the medication?