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Anatomy of Maxilla
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Maxilla
It is the second largest bone of the face
It forms the upper jaw with the fellow of theopposite side
It also contributes to the formation of
1. Floor of the orbit
2. Roof of the mouth
. !ateral wall of the nose
". #terigopalatine and infratemporal fossae
$. #terigomaxillary and infraorbital %ssures
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Anatomy of the maxilla
&he anatomy of the maxilla has two main parts'
1. (ody)pyramidal shape*
Anterior surface
#osterior surface
+rbital surface
,asal surface
2. #rocesses
-ygomatic
Frontal
Aleolar
#alatine
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Anterior /urface'
Incisie Fossa' 0epressor septi nasi
+rbicularis oris
anine fossa'
!eator anguli oris
Infraorbital foramen
)aboe canine fossa*
Infraorbital neres and essels
Aboe sharp border between
anterior and orbital surface'
!eator labi superioris
,asal notch' 0ilator ,aris
Ant ,asal /pine
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#osterior /urface
It is directed bacwards and laterally
It forms anterior wall of the infratemporal fossa
Anterior and posterior surfaces are seperated by ridge which leadsto the socet of 1stmolar tooth
,ear the centre of posterior surface 2 to openings of dentalcanal for posterior superior aleolar essels and neres
At the lower end there is a raised maxillary tubrosity which isrough in the upper part of its medial end for tubercle of thepalatine bone which has the attachment of super%cial %bres of the
medial pterigoid muscles Aboe this smooth surface which forms the boundry of the
pterigopalatine fossa is grooed for the maxillary nere3 thisgrooe is continuous with the infra orbital grooe
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+rbital surface
/mooth and triangular
Medial border
,otch' lacrimal notch
(ehind this it articulates with the
!acrimal
+rbital plate of ethmoid
+rbital process of palatine
#osterior border' /mooth3 rounded and it forms greater part of
infraorbital %ssure in middle infraorbital grooe Anterior border' forms orbital margin 3infraorbital grooe and canal4
a little lateral to this is lacrimal canalis which passes in the anteriorwall of the maxillary sinus and reaches in the nasal caity andopens in the side of the nasal septum in front of incisie canal
A little lateral to the lacrimal grooe there is attachment of inferiorobli5ue muscle of eeball
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,asal /urface
In its upper posterior part there is a large maxillary hiatus whichleads into the maxillary sinus
In articulated sull this hiatus is completed by ethmoid and lacrimalbones
(ehind this there is a rough impression for the perpendicular plateof palatine bone
More anteriorly concal crest for articulation with inferior nasalconcha&he upper jaw inside view
1 6 frontal process42 6 lacrimal grooe4 6 cleft maxillary sinus4" 6 infratemporal surface4
$ 6 palatine process46
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Maxillary /inus
!arge pyramidal caity with its apex directed laterally towards the8ygomatic process
(ase is towards the lateral wall of the nose
In articulated sull it is reduced by
Aboe
#rocess of ethmoid
0esending part of lacrimal bone
(elow' inferior nasal concha
(ehind' perpendicular plate of palatine
It opens into the middle meatus of the nose.
+ccasionally there are projections in the maxillary sinus from roofto anterior wall
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#rocesses
-ygomatic' it is rough and pyramidal
Front'it is contineous with the anterior surface of body
(ehind)concae*'in continuity of the posterior surface
Aboe' articulates with 8ygomatic bone
(elow)arched border* which anterior and posteriorsurface of the body
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Frontal #rocess'
!ateral /urface'
9ertical ridge )!acrimal crest*
:rooe for the lacrimal sac
Medial surface' It is rough and uneen and articulates with the ethmoidand also closes the anterior ethmoidal sinus below ethmoidal crest
;pper end' Articulates with the frontal bone
Anterior border with the nasal bone
#osterior border with the lacrimal bone
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Aleolar processes' It has thic arched borderbehind and contains socets to receie roots ofteeth which ary in si8e and depth
anine deepest
Molar widest and subdiided into minor socets byseptae
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#alatine #rocess' &hic strong hori8ontal
Inferior surface is concae and presents numerous foramina forpassage of nutrient essels and contains depressions for lodgement ofglands
:rooe for grater palatine 9essels and neres
Incisie fossa leads into the incisie canal
/ometimes anterior and posterior incisie foramen for longsphenopalatine nere which communicates with the greater palatinenere
;pper surface' forms the
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Maxillary Artery
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9einous drainage
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,ere /upply
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!ymphatics
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Mandible
!argest and strongest bone of the face
ured hori8ontal body4 conex forwards
It has two rami which project upward from posteriorend of the body
&he body is horse shoe shaped
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=xternal /urface
Faint ridge' symphisis menti
Mental protuberance in the triangular area belowsympisis menti
Mental tubercle on each side of mentalprotruberance
Mental foramen between premolar teeth
+bli5ue line
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Internal /urface
Myelohyoid line
/ub mandibular fossa
/ub lingual fossa :enial tubercle
Myelohyoid grooe
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(orders ;pper boder'
/ocets for the mandibular teeth are present
!ower border)(ase* presents a digastric fossa
Ramus
!ateral /urface
Medial /urface
Mandibular foramencanal
!ingula6 mylohyoid grooe
Inferior border is continuous with the angle of mandible
;pper (order' Mandibular ,otch
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Arterial /upply of Maxilla
and Mandible
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,ere supply of Mandible
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9einous drainage of
Mandible
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#rocesses'
ondylar
oronoid
Mandibular canal
Age changes in mandible
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Age changes in mandible
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Applied AnatomyMuscle injuries' Its cause and e>ects
Incisivus labii Superioris:
0uring the exposure of the bone ofpremaxilla between the canines 3amucoperiosteal
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Mylohyoid muscle
/urgical manupulation of the
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Genoiglossus muscle
0uring the eleationof thelingual mucosa before maingan impression for asubperiosteal implant a portionof the muscle may be re
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Medial pterigoid
&he medial pterigoid muscle
binds the pterigomandibularspace medially 3during surgicalprocedures inoling the area ofpterigomandibular spaceinfection may occour and may bedangerous due to its closedproximity to the pharyngealspace
/urgical exposure of the tissueposterior to the maxillarytubrosity may also inole themedial pterigoid muscle as a partof the muscle originates fromthe maxillary tubrosity
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Lateral pterigoid muscle
&he lateral pterigoid muscle %bres are placed in an angulated manner
and because of this there may be pain in patients with a full archedsubperiosteal implant or prosthetic splint
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Mentalis muscle'
omplete re
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(uccinator muscle'
Myositis of the detached buccinator muscle in patients withsubperiosteal implants may cause swelling and pain at the site of originof the muscle
, i j i
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,ere injuries
Inferior alveolar nerve:
&he nere may bedamaged easily whenmaing an incision orre
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Lingual nerve
&he position of the nere islateral to the retromolar padthe incision should remainlateral to the pad and the
mucosal re
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Nerve to mylohyoid:
&he nere lies in closed relation to the ramus of mandible hence it isprone to get damaged during surgical interention
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Long buccal nerve:
@hen the ramus is accessedfor the purpose of a blocgraft excision great caremust be tae to protect thisnere from injury
I j t l
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Injury to essels
Maxillary essels' 0uring the surgical orthognathic
procedures the major nutrientartery of the maxilla aresometimes damaged3 but theblood supply is maintained by
anastamosis present in the softpalate
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&han ou