Anatomy of Journal Article Suminar Setiati Achmadi [email protected].

Anatomy of Journal ArticleAnatomy of Journal Article

Suminar Setiati AchmadiSuminar Setiati Achmadi

[email protected]

Researchers do not pick up a journal and Researchers do not pick up a journal and read it from start to finish …read it from start to finish …

The title is likely to be printed in bibliographies and subject indexes, The title is likely to be printed in bibliographies and subject indexes, stored in bibliographic databases, and cited in other articlesstored in bibliographic databases, and cited in other articles

These may be a periodical that publishes the tables of contents of These may be a periodical that publishes the tables of contents of other journals, or a carefully annotated and indexed printed other journals, or a carefully annotated and indexed printed bibliography, or a bibliographic database that can be searched bibliography, or a bibliographic database that can be searched electronicallyelectronically

Secondary sources usually contain only titles, names of authors, Secondary sources usually contain only titles, names of authors, publication data, and perhaps abstracts; very few to date contain the publication data, and perhaps abstracts; very few to date contain the full textfull text

The more researchers depend on searches through secondary sources The more researchers depend on searches through secondary sources the more important it is to us to make sure the contents of those the more important it is to us to make sure the contents of those sources are sources are accurate and effectiveaccurate and effective

TITLETITLE

The title is likely to be printed in bibliographies and The title is likely to be printed in bibliographies and subject indexes, stored in bibliographic databases, and subject indexes, stored in bibliographic databases, and cited in other articlescited in other articles

On the basis of the title alone, future researchers On the basis of the title alone, future researchers maymay seek or ignore the full textseek or ignore the full text

A poor title may prevent future researchers from finding A poor title may prevent future researchers from finding important informationimportant information

Latin name: Latin name: maymay not not be necessary in the titlebe necessary in the title

contains a few words as possible (many journals limit contains a few words as possible (many journals limit titles to 25 words; some want fewer, 12)titles to 25 words; some want fewer, 12)

describes the contents of the paper accuratelydescribes the contents of the paper accurately describes the subject as specifically as possible within describes the subject as specifically as possible within

the limits of spacethe limits of space avoids abbreviations, formulas, and jargonavoids abbreviations, formulas, and jargon usually omits the verbusually omits the verb is as easy as possible to understandis as easy as possible to understand contains key words, for the benefit of information retrieval contains key words, for the benefit of information retrieval

systemssystems

Qualities of good title for a research reportQualities of good title for a research report

cut unnecessary words: “ Some notes on …”, “Observation cut unnecessary words: “ Some notes on …”, “Observation on …”, “A consideration of …”, “Influence of …”on …”, “A consideration of …”, “Influence of …”

revise metaphors: “Man does not live by bread alone: the revise metaphors: “Man does not live by bread alone: the nutrient of IR64 rice”nutrient of IR64 rice”

revise titles that are too general in wordingrevise titles that are too general in wording normally titles report the subject of the research rather than normally titles report the subject of the research rather than

the results or conclusionsthe results or conclusions make sure that as many as possible of the key words from make sure that as many as possible of the key words from

the article appear in the title the article appear in the title will be used to index the will be used to index the article or to find it through computer searchingarticle or to find it through computer searching

the important words in the title stand out – usually by being the important words in the title stand out – usually by being the first wordsthe first words

follows the preference of the journal (e.g. single statement follows the preference of the journal (e.g. single statement vs. subtitlevs. subtitle))

Things to watch

Unsatisfactory vs. satisfactory Unsatisfactory vs. satisfactory titlestitles

UnsatisfactoryUnsatisfactoryProtein in riceProtein in riceNotes on Indonesian rice as a source of proteinNotes on Indonesian rice as a source of proteinSome observation on the PER and other qualities of six Some observation on the PER and other qualities of six Indonesian ricesIndonesian ricesRice: truly the stuff of lifeRice: truly the stuff of lifeProtein quality and properties evaluated using solubility Protein quality and properties evaluated using solubility fractionation, electrophoreses, and gel filtration in Rojolele, fractionation, electrophoreses, and gel filtration in Rojolele, Rendah Padang, Serayu, Semeru, and Cisadane High and Rendah Padang, Serayu, Semeru, and Cisadane High and Normal protein ricesNormal protein rices

Suggested by the editorSuggested by the editorEvaluation of protein quality and properties in six varieties of Evaluation of protein quality and properties in six varieties of Indonesian rice Indonesian rice

be consistent: Suminar S Achmadi, SS Achmadi, be consistent: Suminar S Achmadi, SS Achmadi, notnot Suminar SA Suminar SAnono academic degree academic degreethe names can appear in order of the importance of each author to the work the names can appear in order of the importance of each author to the work being reportedbeing reportedinclude only people who are include only people who are truly authorstruly authors::

have made an important contribution to planning and carrying out the research have made an important contribution to planning and carrying out the research (designing the research, analyzing & interpreting the data), help the draft the (designing the research, analyzing & interpreting the data), help the draft the article, or have revised important parts of it)article, or have revised important parts of it)stated in the acknowledgement: simply gave advice, helped collect data, stated in the acknowledgement: simply gave advice, helped collect data, technicians, sponsors/funding sourcetechnicians, sponsors/funding sourcesenior author: listed first; usually the person who had the original idea for the senior author: listed first; usually the person who had the original idea for the experiment and led the investigation, or did most of the research and the writingexperiment and led the investigation, or did most of the research and the writingco-author: should give final approval to the version to be published (The editor co-author: should give final approval to the version to be published (The editor may wish to have this confirmed)may wish to have this confirmed)

AUTHOR

name of the institution for each authorname of the institution for each authorsome journals like to include a full postal address and some journals like to include a full postal address and email address, at least the senior author email address, at least the senior author so that so that readers can write for more informationreaders can write for more informationthe information may appear immediately after the the information may appear immediately after the names, or as a footnote on the title page, or as note names, or as a footnote on the title page, or as note at the end of the articleat the end of the articleif the author move to another institution:if the author move to another institution:the main entry should give the name of the institution the main entry should give the name of the institution where the work was done, followed by the author’s where the work was done, followed by the author’s current address, possibly in footnotecurrent address, possibly in footnote

Address

ABSTRACTABSTRACT

also called “summaries” most journals limit abstracts to 200 words, or fewer; some

say it should be no more than 5% of the length of the paper, 400 words—Soils and Tillage Research Journal

is written in normal language (not as they are in cables) stands on its own. It will be read separately from the paper,

in publications like Biological Abstract, Chemical Abstracts The Abstract must be complete in itself

report the objective of the research; its scope; the methods used (by reference if they are standard, or described briefly if they are not; the main results, including any newly observed facts; the principal conclusions and their significance

contain all the key words by which the paper should be indexed

make sure it is no longer than the publication permits make sure it is no longer than the publication permits cut cut all unnecessary wordsall unnecessary words

make sure it contains all the necessary informationmake sure it contains all the necessary information if space allows, it should include all new items and if space allows, it should include all new items and

observationsobservations make sure the abstract can stand alone. Delete:make sure the abstract can stand alone. Delete: references to tables or figures that appear in the paperreferences to tables or figures that appear in the paper abbreviations or acronyms unless they are standard or abbreviations or acronyms unless they are standard or

explainedexplained references to literature cited. If a publication must be references to literature cited. If a publication must be

mentioned, references must be in full (author, title, journal, mentioned, references must be in full (author, title, journal, date, etc.)date, etc.)

any information or conclusions not in the paper itselfany information or conclusions not in the paper itself general or fuzzy statements or adjectives. Make sure general or fuzzy statements or adjectives. Make sure

findings are given as hard facts findings are given as hard facts

Things to watch in Abstract

also called the genesis of the manuscriptalso called the genesis of the manuscript many journals report the date the manuscript was many journals report the date the manuscript was

received in the editorial office and sometimes the date it received in the editorial office and sometimes the date it was accepted for publicationwas accepted for publication

can help establish exactly who was the first to discover can help establish exactly who was the first to discover something newsomething new

indicates when the research was done, which may be indicates when the research was done, which may be important if there has been a long delay in getting important if there has been a long delay in getting published published

DATES

KEY WORDS (or KEY WORDS (or KEYWORDS)KEYWORDS)

= indexing term= indexing term normally 3-6 itemsnormally 3-6 items consider keyword contained in the titleconsider keyword contained in the title ““A new method for the analysis of solutions A new method for the analysis of solutions

containing fluoride”containing fluoride” vs. vs. ““Automatic photometric fluoride titration: selective Automatic photometric fluoride titration: selective

indication by thorium nitrate and alizarin S”indication by thorium nitrate and alizarin S”

Examples

International Journal of Crop Science, 2007, Vol. x, No y, pp. 93-98ISSN xxxx-yyy

Maize response to phosphorus application at different levels of residual phosphorus in a Paleudult and a Eutrustox

IPG Widjaja1*, M Sudjadi1, JA Silva2

1Soil Department, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus Darmaga, Bogor, Indonesia 166802Soil Department, University of Lampung, Kampus xxx, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia nnnnn

Corresponding author: Phone: +62-251-xxxxxx, Fax: =62-251-yyyyyy, E-mail: [email protected]

Example: AbstractExample: AbstractBlend membranes of chitosan and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) Blend membranes of chitosan and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with different molecular weights of 100.000 and 600,000 were with different molecular weights of 100.000 and 600,000 were prepared by the solution cast technique. The chitosan-PEO blends prepared by the solution cast technique. The chitosan-PEO blends membranes were produced to study their water adsorptions membranes were produced to study their water adsorptions capacity and characteristics for haemodialysis membrane capacity and characteristics for haemodialysis membrane applications. An increase in the water adsorption capacity of applications. An increase in the water adsorption capacity of chitosan-PEO blend compared to the pure chitosan was due to chitosan-PEO blend compared to the pure chitosan was due to the porous structure as evident from the scanning electron the porous structure as evident from the scanning electron micrograph. Addition of PEO with higher molecular weight had micrograph. Addition of PEO with higher molecular weight had reduced the percentage of water adsorption of the chitosan-PEO reduced the percentage of water adsorption of the chitosan-PEO blend membranes. X-ray diffraction results revealed that chitosan-blend membranes. X-ray diffraction results revealed that chitosan-PEO blend membrane with higher water adsorption ability shows PEO blend membrane with higher water adsorption ability shows lesser degree of amorphosity. Intermolecular interactions between lesser degree of amorphosity. Intermolecular interactions between chitosan and higher molecular PEO chains in the blend chitosan and higher molecular PEO chains in the blend contributed to important alteration in chitosan structure as contributed to important alteration in chitosan structure as observed in the infrared spectroscopy, limiting the permeability of observed in the infrared spectroscopy, limiting the permeability of the membrane.the membrane.

Don’t and DoDon’t and Do

… … are describedare described

… … is presentedis presented

effect of chemical A on effect of chemical A on plant B was studiedplant B was studied

… … two rates of N were two rates of N were applied, orapplied, or

… … rates of 50 and 100 kg rates of 50 and 100 kg N haN ha-1 -1 were appliedwere applied

RUNNING HEAD or COLUMN TITLERUNNING HEAD or COLUMN TITLE

abridged titleabridged title

appears at the top or bottom of each page of the printed appears at the top or bottom of each page of the printed texttext

help orient the readerhelp orient the reader

IntroductionIntroduction

5-10% 5-10% of the total pagesof the total pagesWhole idea on Whole idea on why we dowhy we do a research (Back ground) a research (Back ground) work already done? work already done? How our work adds importantly How our work adds importantly to to what has gone before.. what has gone before..

Don’t writeDon’t write: several studies have shown that ..... (1-7) : several studies have shown that ..... (1-7) and several others have shown that it does not. (8-14) and several others have shown that it does not. (8-14) we report further, some of them support 1-7 & some of we report further, some of them support 1-7 & some of them are in accordance with 8-14.. them are in accordance with 8-14..

Introduction: ideally ...Introduction: ideally ...

Do writeDo write::Two previous studies have reported that ........................ These Two previous studies have reported that ........................ These studies were small and uncontrolled, used only crude studies were small and uncontrolled, used only crude measurements of ....., and did not follow up the patients. We measurements of ....., and did not follow up the patients. We report a larger, controlled study, with detailed measurements of report a larger, controlled study, with detailed measurements of ..... and with (x) year follow up...... and with (x) year follow up.

““To write an effective introduction you must To write an effective introduction you must know your know your audienceaudience, keep it short, tell readers why you have done , keep it short, tell readers why you have done the study and explain the study and explain why it is importantwhy it is important, convince , convince them that them that it is betterit is better than what has gone before, and try than what has gone before, and try as hard as you can to hook them in the first line”as hard as you can to hook them in the first line”

Introduction (cont’d)Introduction (cont’d)

Hypothesis &/objective of study should be summarized & Hypothesis &/objective of study should be summarized & written in concrete sentences, usually at the last written in concrete sentences, usually at the last paragraph..paragraph..Concise (keep it short), Clear, Logic & Systematic, yet Concise (keep it short), Clear, Logic & Systematic, yet InterestingInteresting arresting! arresting!Consisting of 2 paragraphs (usually 1 page):Consisting of 2 paragraphs (usually 1 page):Main reasonsMain reasons for doing the research (questions that for doing the research (questions that need to be answered), explain it in a logical sequence, need to be answered), explain it in a logical sequence, relevant with selected literature.relevant with selected literature.A summary on A summary on how we plan to do it how we plan to do it (research design) (research design) and research hypothesis, objectives, what we expect and research hypothesis, objectives, what we expect the outcome will be.the outcome will be.

Methods (Methodology)Methods (Methodology)How the study was designedHow the study was designed::

Keep the description briefKeep the description briefSay how randomisation was doneSay how randomisation was doneUse names to identify parts of a study sequenceUse names to identify parts of a study sequenceTime & placeTime & placePopulation & sample, sampling method Population & sample, sampling method

How the study was carried outHow the study was carried out::Describe recruitment (criteria of inclusion)Describe recruitment (criteria of inclusion)Give reasons for excluding subjects Give reasons for excluding subjects Consider mentioning ethical featuresConsider mentioning ethical featuresGive accurate details of materials Give accurate details of materials Give exact drug dosagesGive exact drug dosagesGive exact form of treatment & accesible details of Give exact form of treatment & accesible details of unusual apparatusunusual apparatus

Methods (cont’d)Methods (cont’d)How the data was analysedHow the data was analysed::

Use a Use a pp value to disprove the null hypothesis value to disprove the null hypothesis

Give an estimation of the power of the study (the likelihood Give an estimation of the power of the study (the likelihood of a false negative– the of a false negative– the error) error)

Give the exact tests used for statistical analysisGive the exact tests used for statistical analysis

Several designsSeveral designs::

Survey: cross sectional/retrospective/prospective, sample Survey: cross sectional/retrospective/prospective, sample sizesize

Case-control studies: inclusion method, matched or non-Case-control studies: inclusion method, matched or non-matched, sample sizematched, sample size

Cohort study: prospective, retrospective, sample sizeCohort study: prospective, retrospective, sample size

Clinical investigations: randomised?, blinded? Interim Clinical investigations: randomised?, blinded? Interim analysis? Sample sizeanalysis? Sample size

Diagnostic tests: outcome measured, sample sizeDiagnostic tests: outcome measured, sample size

Things to watchThings to watch

Does text describe questions asked?Does text describe questions asked?

What was being tested? What was being tested?

How trustworthy the measurements of the variables How trustworthy the measurements of the variables would be?would be?

Were these trustworthy measurements recorded, Were these trustworthy measurements recorded, analysed, & interpreted correctly?analysed, & interpreted correctly?

Would a suitably qualified reader be able to Would a suitably qualified reader be able to repeat the experiment in the same way?repeat the experiment in the same way?

Modifications of standard methodsModifications of standard methods

Whenever “modifications” of published methods are Whenever “modifications” of published methods are used, authors should used, authors should Give complete details of any new methods usedGive complete details of any new methods used Give the precision of the measurements undertakenGive the precision of the measurements undertaken Use statistical analysis sensiblyUse statistical analysis sensibly

Help of a statistician needed at the planning stage of Help of a statistician needed at the planning stage of studystudy

RRESULTS ESULTS and Dand DISCUSSIONISCUSSIONCombinedCombined

AdvantageAdvantagesimplesimpleonly when problems only when problems are simple are simple appropriate for ‘note’ appropriate for ‘note’ or ‘short or ‘short communication’communication’

DisadvantageDisadvantagesometimes difficult to sometimes difficult to differentiate clearly differentiate clearly between one’s own between one’s own findings and those findings and those reported in the reported in the literatureliteratureauthor’s author’s argumentation cannot argumentation cannot be developed wellbe developed well

Results and Discussion as Results and Discussion as Separate SectionsSeparate Sections

neat format neat format some readers prefer to draw their own conclusions, some readers prefer to draw their own conclusions, without being prejudiced by the author, and compare without being prejudiced by the author, and compare them with the author’s when they come to the them with the author’s when they come to the Discussion section Discussion section

When there is no separate Conclusion (and When there is no separate Conclusion (and Suggestion) section Suggestion) section Conclusion can be integrated in Discussion sectionConclusion can be integrated in Discussion sectionPut the conclusion at the end of the corresponding Put the conclusion at the end of the corresponding paragraphparagraph

ResultsResults

the results are the core of the paperthe results are the core of the paperpresents the data the researcher has foundpresents the data the researcher has foundwhenever practical, sets of whenever practical, sets of relatedrelated results should be results should be organized in tables, or interpreted through figures or diagramsorganized in tables, or interpreted through figures or diagramsif extensive data have been collected, it is often best simply to if extensive data have been collected, it is often best simply to summarizesummarize the results, perhaps augmenting the summary with the results, perhaps augmenting the summary with representative examplesrepresentative examplesthe commonest fault: repetitive prose that is already clear to the commonest fault: repetitive prose that is already clear to the reader from an examination of the tables and figuresthe reader from an examination of the tables and figuresremember that the busy reader will be grateful for a guiding remember that the busy reader will be grateful for a guiding hand but should not be led as though blindfolded hand but should not be led as though blindfolded

Well-presented results Well-presented results

are simply and clearly statedare simply and clearly statedreport representative data rather than endlessly repetitive datareport representative data rather than endlessly repetitive datareduce large masses of data to means, along with the standard reduce large masses of data to means, along with the standard error or standard deviationerror or standard deviationreport repetitive data in tables and graphs, not in the textreport repetitive data in tables and graphs, not in the textrepeat the text only the most important findings shown in tables repeat the text only the most important findings shown in tables and graphsand graphsinclude negative data—what was include negative data—what was notnot found—if they affect the found—if they affect the interpretation of results. Otherwise, negative data are omittedinterpretation of results. Otherwise, negative data are omittedgive only data that relate to the subject of the paper as defined give only data that relate to the subject of the paper as defined in the introductionin the introductionrefer in the text to every table and figure by numberrefer in the text to every table and figure by numberinclude only tables, figures, and graphs that are necessary, include only tables, figures, and graphs that are necessary, clear, and worth reproducing clear, and worth reproducing

Things to watch … Things to watch …

unnecessary words. Watch especially for sentences unnecessary words. Watch especially for sentences that begin: “Table 5 shows that …” Tables don’t show that begin: “Table 5 shows that …” Tables don’t show anything. Put the reference to the table in parentheses anything. Put the reference to the table in parentheses at the end.at the end.

The reader will usually follow the results more easily if The reader will usually follow the results more easily if they appear in the same order as the objectives were they appear in the same order as the objectives were given in the Introductiongiven in the Introduction

Example: IntroductionExample: Introduction Lipid peroxides as artifacts in human aorta Lipid peroxides as artifacts in human aorta

lipidslipids It has been suggested [1] that lipid peroxides formed in the It has been suggested [1] that lipid peroxides formed in the arterial wall are active in atherogenesis. The suggestion has been arterial wall are active in atherogenesis. The suggestion has been widely accepted as reasonable, since these compounds break widely accepted as reasonable, since these compounds break down readily, initiating chain reactions as they do so and forming down readily, initiating chain reactions as they do so and forming various products that are potentially toxic. For example, lipid various products that are potentially toxic. For example, lipid peroxides denature serum peroxides denature serum -lipoprotein [2] and attack the –SH -lipoprotein [2] and attack the –SH group of proteins [3]. When vitamin E-deficient rats are fed …group of proteins [3]. When vitamin E-deficient rats are fed … Lufton and Sowerby [1] provided some evidence for the Lufton and Sowerby [1] provided some evidence for the atherogenic role of lipid peroxides. hey showed that the content of atherogenic role of lipid peroxides. hey showed that the content of peroxides in lipid extracted from the human aortic wall increased peroxides in lipid extracted from the human aortic wall increased with the degree of atherosclerosis. They extracted the lipid, with the degree of atherosclerosis. They extracted the lipid, however, by mixing the tissue, exposed to the air, with anhydrous however, by mixing the tissue, exposed to the air, with anhydrous sodium sulfate…. These treatments may have caused the sodium sulfate…. These treatments may have caused the artifactual formation, by oxidation, of peroxides from unsaturated artifactual formation, by oxidation, of peroxides from unsaturated lipids during the extraction. We have, therefore, reopened the lipids during the extraction. We have, therefore, reopened the question of whether lipid peroxides occur in aorta lipids, using question of whether lipid peroxides occur in aorta lipids, using anaerobic extraction at much lower temperatures in order to anaerobic extraction at much lower temperatures in order to minimize oxidation. minimize oxidation.

Example of Results Example of Results Lipid peroxides as artifacts in human aorta Lipid peroxides as artifacts in human aorta

lipidslipidsThe results are shown in Tables 1 and 2. The number of values The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2. The number of values

obtained for less diseased aortas is small, for the reasons given below. obtained for less diseased aortas is small, for the reasons given below. The peroxide values in Table 1 are all much lower than those of Lufton The peroxide values in Table 1 are all much lower than those of Lufton and Sowerby [1], which ranged from 3 (stage I) to 17 (stage V) and Sowerby [1], which ranged from 3 (stage I) to 17 (stage V) eq/g. eq/g. There was no obvious correlation between peroxide content and stage of There was no obvious correlation between peroxide content and stage of atherosclerosis.atherosclerosis.

Exposure of the tissue to air at room temperature increased the Exposure of the tissue to air at room temperature increased the peroxide value 2-3 times (Table 2), which strongly suggests that lipid peroxide value 2-3 times (Table 2), which strongly suggests that lipid peroxides are easily formed artifactually before the lipids can be extracted peroxides are easily formed artifactually before the lipids can be extracted Since some exposure is inevitable during autopsy and removal of Since some exposure is inevitable during autopsy and removal of adventitia, all values in Table I are likely to be too high. For this reason, adventitia, all values in Table I are likely to be too high. For this reason, and because even these sensitive methods are incapable of giving an and because even these sensitive methods are incapable of giving an accurate result on the small amounts of lipid that can be extracted from accurate result on the small amounts of lipid that can be extracted from stage 0 or I aortas, the project of comparing peroxide contents of aortas stage 0 or I aortas, the project of comparing peroxide contents of aortas with differing degrees of atherosclerosis has been abandoned.with differing degrees of atherosclerosis has been abandoned.

Stage of Stage of AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis

No. of AortasNo. of Aortas Peroxide ContentPeroxide Contenteq/geq/g

00IIIIIIIIIIII

112244

1616

0.410.410.61, 1.750.61, 1.75

0.84 ± 0.30*0.84 ± 0.30*1.26 ± 0.91*1.26 ± 0.91*

Aorta No.Aorta No. Stage of Stage of AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis

Peroxide Content (Peroxide Content (eq/g)eq/g)

Extracted Extracted ImmediatelyImmediately

Exposed*Exposed*

112233

IIIIIIIIIIII

0.610.610.810.810.800.80

1.811.811.641.642.622.62

Table 1 Peroxide values of lipids from aortas at different stages of atherosclerosis

Table 2 Effect of lipid peroxide levels of exposing tissue to air before extraction of the lipids

* For 30 min at 25˚C

* Standard deviation

At the editor’s desk …At the editor’s desk …

the editor usually judge whether readers at this point the editor usually judge whether readers at this point will say “So what?”will say “So what?”

if they might, the author has not done an adequate jobif they might, the author has not done an adequate job

the Discussion is the most difficult part of any paper, the Discussion is the most difficult part of any paper, and the one that editors most frequently ask to have and the one that editors most frequently ask to have revisedrevised

Discussion and Conclusion Discussion and Conclusion Combined…Combined…

After presenting one’s findings and elaborating on After presenting one’s findings and elaborating on their significance, a scientist is usually anxious to their significance, a scientist is usually anxious to conclude by engaging in a certain amount of conclude by engaging in a certain amount of extrapolation, including suggestions for future extrapolation, including suggestions for future studies studies

DDISCUSSIONISCUSSION (1) (1)

the author explains what the results mean and their implications the author explains what the results mean and their implications for future studyfor future studydoes not repeat what has already been said in the review of does not repeat what has already been said in the review of literature or in the Resultsliterature or in the Resultsrelates the results to the questions that were set out in the relates the results to the questions that were set out in the IntroductionIntroductionin organization, follow the order of the original objectivesin organization, follow the order of the original objectivesshows relationships between the facts observed during this shows relationships between the facts observed during this investigationinvestigationshow how the results and interpretations agree, or don’t agree, show how the results and interpretations agree, or don’t agree, with previously published workwith previously published workdiscusses theoretical implications of the workdiscusses theoretical implications of the workstates conclusions, with evidence of eachstates conclusions, with evidence of eachindicates the significance of the resultsindicates the significance of the results

Discussion (2)Discussion (2)

suggest future research that is planned or is needed to follow suggest future research that is planned or is needed to follow up the resultsup the results controversial issues should be discussed lucidly and fairlycontroversial issues should be discussed lucidly and fairlywhere results differ from previous ones, an explanation rather where results differ from previous ones, an explanation rather than refutation should be soughtthan refutation should be soughtanomalous results for which no explanation is readily anomalous results for which no explanation is readily available should be stressed rather than concealed, and the available should be stressed rather than concealed, and the anomalies frankly admittedanomalies frankly admittedmost interesting and valuable to science will open new most interesting and valuable to science will open new possibilities of exploration, and these should be brought to the possibilities of exploration, and these should be brought to the foreforespeculation, if any, must be reasonablespeculation, if any, must be reasonablea single hypothesis to explain results is almost mandatory, but a single hypothesis to explain results is almost mandatory, but piling hypothesis upon hypothesis is badpiling hypothesis upon hypothesis is bad

Example of DiscussionExample of Discussion

If the peroxides measured in lipid extracts from the If the peroxides measured in lipid extracts from the arterial wall are artifacts, how can we explain Lufton and arterial wall are artifacts, how can we explain Lufton and Swerby’s findings [1] that the peroxide content is correlated Swerby’s findings [1] that the peroxide content is correlated with degree of atherosclerosis? It has recently discovered with degree of atherosclerosis? It has recently discovered [6] that arterial lipids become progressively more [6] that arterial lipids become progressively more unsaturated with increasing degree of atherosclerosis. unsaturated with increasing degree of atherosclerosis. Among the lipid classes, cholesteryl esters show the most Among the lipid classes, cholesteryl esters show the most striking increase in unsaturation, and the proportion of striking increase in unsaturation, and the proportion of cholesteryl esters relative to the other lipids also rises [9, cholesteryl esters relative to the other lipids also rises [9, 10]. The more atherosclerotic the aorta, therefore, the more 10]. The more atherosclerotic the aorta, therefore, the more susceptible will its lipids be to oxidation during dissection; susceptible will its lipids be to oxidation during dissection; this effectively explains the observed correlation.this effectively explains the observed correlation.

Example (continued)Example (continued)

Our results do not exclude the possibility that lipid Our results do not exclude the possibility that lipid peroxides play a role in atherogenesis or in the peroxides play a role in atherogenesis or in the development of atherosclerosis. The small amounts development of atherosclerosis. The small amounts found may not be entirely artifactual. Furthermore, lipid found may not be entirely artifactual. Furthermore, lipid peroxides present peroxides present in vivoin vivo may decompose between may decompose between death and autopsy. More importantly, they may have death and autopsy. More importantly, they may have formed earlier in the patients life and subsequently formed earlier in the patients life and subsequently decomposed, with the undesirable consequences decomposed, with the undesirable consequences mentioned in the Introduction. mentioned in the Introduction. We do not believe, We do not believe, however, that their possible role in atherosclerosis however, that their possible role in atherosclerosis has been or can be established by examination of has been or can be established by examination of the lipids after death.the lipids after death.

ConclusionConclusion

collect and summarize the most important results and collect and summarize the most important results and their implicationstheir implications

the status of the problem should be briefly reviewed the status of the problem should be briefly reviewed before the new findings are presentedbefore the new findings are presented

no numberingno numbering

AcknowledgmentAcknowledgment

A chance to thank any institution or individual A chance to thank any institution or individual who helped significantly in the workwho helped significantly in the work

A granting agency that supplied fundsA granting agency that supplied funds

A laboratory that supplied space or materialsA laboratory that supplied space or materials

A person who give adviceA person who give advice

Also a suitable place to recognize that a paper Also a suitable place to recognize that a paper arises from a thesisarises from a thesis

If no separate place is provided If no separate place is provided include in the include in the introduction, endnote, or footnoteintroduction, endnote, or footnote

ExampleExample

Financial support from Indonesian Government by the Financial support from Indonesian Government by the Directorate General of Higher Education through Hibah Directorate General of Higher Education through Hibah Pekerti project (contract number xxx) is greatly Pekerti project (contract number xxx) is greatly acknowledgedacknowledgedSSA thanks the xxx for funding, Prof. xxx for advice in SSA thanks the xxx for funding, Prof. xxx for advice in the initiation of this work, and xxx for comments on the the initiation of this work, and xxx for comments on the final manuscript.final manuscript.We thank xxx, PhD for identifying the plant material, and We thank xxx, PhD for identifying the plant material, and we also like to acknowledge funding support from the ... we also like to acknowledge funding support from the ... (contract number)(contract number)This work was supported in its initial stage within the This work was supported in its initial stage within the scheme of cooperation project between xxx and the scheme of cooperation project between xxx and the Department of Physics, University of xxx, ... Department of Physics, University of xxx, ...