Anatomy Lecture 1

7/28/2019 Anatomy Lecture 1

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Human Anatomy Levels of Organization of the Human Body

1. The Chemical Level

2. The Cell

3. The Tissue

4. The Organ

5. The System

6. The Organism



The Chemical Level

The chemical level is the basic structure of which allsubstances are composed.

Includes:

Atoms - The smallest unit of matter that participates in

reactions

Molecules - Two or more atoms joined together



The Cell The most basic structural and functional unit of anorganism is the CELL.

It is the smallest living unit of the human body.

There are many different types of cells in the body

including:

- Nerve cells

- Blood cells

- Muscle cells

- Fat cells



The Tissue

Tissues are groups of cells, and the surroundingenvironment, which work together to produce a

specific function.

There are only four types of tissues in the body:

1. Epithelial tissue

2. Connective tissue

3. Muscle tissue4. Nervous tissue



The Organ Organs are structures that are made of two or moredifferent types of tissues.

They have specific functions and a defined shape.

The heart is an example of an organ.

It is made of muscle, connective and nervous tissue.

The tissues work together to move blood through the body.



The System A system consists of related organs that have acommon function.

There are eleven organ systems in the body:

1. The Integumentary System2. The Skeletal System

3. Muscular System

4. Nervous System

5. Endocrine System

6. Cardiovascular System

7. Lymphatic & Immune System

8. Respiratory System

9. Digestive System

10. Urinary System

11. Reproductive System



The Organism

An organism is the highest level of organization.



The Skeletal System

The bones and joints

It provides support and

protection to internal organs.



The Muscular System

The Muscular System

Skeletal muscle

It provides movement.



Basic Anatomical Terms, Planes andSections

1. Body Positions

2. Directional Terms

3. Anatomical Planes and Sections



Body Positions In anatomy, descriptions of body structures assume the body is

in a specific orientation, called the anatomical position.

In the anatomical position, the subject is facing the observer with

the head level and eyes facing forward.

Feet are flat on the ground;

arms are down at the sideswith palms turned forward.



Body Positions

If a body is laying down, two positions are possible:

Supine:

Supine - when the body is face up

Prone:

Prone - when the body is face down



Directional Terms

To locate body structures, specific directional words are used to

describe the position of one structure in relation to another.

These terms are fundamental ideas in anatomy and physiology

and it is critical to have a thorough understanding of their

meaning.



Anterior versus Posterior Anterior - toward the front of the body

This is also referred to as Ventral Ventral .

Posterior - toward the back of the body

This is also referred to as Dorsal Dorsal.



Superior versus Inferior Superior - toward the top of the body

Inferior - toward the bottom of the body

The neck is superior to the abdomen

The thigh is inferior

to the abdomen



Proximal versus Distal Proximal - toward the trunk of the body

Distal - toward the edge of the body

The shoulder is proximal to the wrist

The ankle is distal

to the knee



Contralateral and Ipsilateral Contralateral - on the opposite side of the body

Ipsilateral - on the same side of the body

This hand is contralateral to this arm

This shoulder is ipsilateral

to this hand



Superficial versus Deep Superficial - toward the surface of the body

Deep - toward the center of the body

The skin is superficial to the lungs

The heart is deep

compared to the ribs



Anatomical Planes and Sections Anatomical planes are imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the

body.

The coronal plane separates the body into

front and back halves.

The sagittal plane separates the body intoleft and right halves.

The transverse plane separates the body into

superior and inferior halves.



Classification of Bones There are 206 bones into the body classified into 2 Regions:

Axial –

cranium, vertebra, rib cage

Appendicular:

legs, arms, pelvis, shoulder girdle



Classification of Bones Bones are also classified into 4 Shapes:

1.Long bones 2. Flat bones

3.Irregular bones

4.Short bones



Long Bone Structure Diaphysis – shaft

Compact bone surrounded by periosteum & endosteumCentral medullary cavity

in adults: filled with yellow bone marrow – fat storage

Epiphyses – ends – proximal and distal

Spongy bone

Hyaline cartilage at articulations



Long Bone Structure



Other Bones Structure Short, irregular and flat bones

• Periosteum and endosteum

• Dense bone on outer part

• Spongy bone in middle part



Chemical Composition of Bone • 35% of bone is organic

Bone cells: Osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts.

Bone substance: Ground substance and collagen fibers.

• 65% of bone is inorganic

Calcium phosphate

Also known as Hydroxyapatites

The minerals form small crystals around the collagenfibers



Functions of Bones • Structural

- Support

- Protection

- Movement

• Mineral Storage

- Calcium

- Phosphate



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Thanks For Attantion

Dr . Nino Shiukashvil i

Anatomy Lecture 1

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