© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1 Opener PowerPoint Figures and Tables
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 1 Opener
PowerPoint Figures and Tables
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.1 The Study of Anatomy at Different Scales
Size
meters (m) millimeters (mm) micrometers (m) nanometers (nm)
Approximate Magnification (Reduction)FactorFrom actual to artwork on this page
Unaided human eye
Hu
man
Bo
dy
Hu
man
hea
rt
Fin
ger
tip
(w
idth
)
Lar
ge
pro
tozo
an
Hu
man
oo
cyte
Red
blo
od
cel
l
Bac
teri
a
Mit
och
on
dri
on
Vir
use
s
Rib
oso
mes
Pro
tein
s
DN
A (
dia
met
er)
Am
ino
aci
ds
Ato
ms
Compound lightmicroscope
Scanning electronmicroscope
Transmission electronmicroscope
( .15) ( .12) ( .6) 20 83 103 103 103 105 106 106 106 107 108
.1nm1nm2nm8–10nm11nm10–120nm120m 10m 1–12m 2m.5mm12mm120mm1.7m
Relative size m to mm Relative size mm to m Relative size m to nm
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.2 Comparative Anatomy
Dorsal, hollow nervecord forming
brain andspinal cord
Notochorda stiffened rod belowspinal cord, usually
replaced by vertebrae
Muscular tailextends beyond
exit ofdigestive tract
Digestivetract
Mouth Heart Anus
Braincaseof cartilage or
bone surroundsthe brain
Pharyngeal (gill)arches
may persist or be modifiedto form other structures
in adult
Ventral bodycavity
contains thoracicand abdominopelvic
organs
Somitessegmental blocksforming muscles,
vertebrae, etc.
Skullsurrounds
brain incranail cavity
Limb bud
Somites
Somites
Limbbuds
Embryo
Salmon (bony fish)
Chicken
Human
Adult
Vertebraesurround
spinal cordin spinal cavity
Skull
Skull
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
The similarities betweenvertebrates are most apparentwhen comparing embryos atcomparable stages ofdevelopment.
The similarities are lessobvious when comparingadult vertebrates.
All vertebrates share a basicpattern of anatomical organizationthat differs from that of otheranimals.
BasicVertebrateBody Plan
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.3 Composition of the Body at the Chemical Level of Organization
Molecularcomposition ofthe body
Elemental composition of the body.Trace elements include silicon,fluorine, copper, manganese, zinc,selenium, cobalt, molybdenum,cadmium, chromium, tin,aluminum, and boron.
Hydrogen62%
Oxygen26%
Carbon10%
Nitrogen1.5%
Carbohydrates3%
Lipids10%
Proteins20%
Water – 66%OTHER ELEMENTS
CalciumPhosphorusPotassiumSodiumSulfurChlorineMagnesiumIronIodineTrace elements
0.2%0.2%0.06%0.06%0.05%0.04%0.03%0.0005%0.0000003%(see caption)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.4 Levels of Organization
Organism Level
Organ System Level
Organ Level
Tissue Level
Cellular Level
Chemical orMolecular Levels
.1nm
10nm
10m
1mm
1mm
120mm
1.7m
Size
All of the organ systems mustwork together for a person toremain alive and healthy.
IntegumentarySkeletal
MuscularNervous
EndocrineCardiovascular
Lymphoid
RespiratoryDigestive
UrinaryReproductive
The cardiovascular systemincludes the heart, the blood,and blood vessels.
The heart is acomplex three-dimensional organ.
Cardiac muscle tissueconstitutes the bulk ofthe walls of the heart.
Cardiac muscle tissueis formed from interlockingheart muscle cells.
Heart muscle cellscontain within themcontractileprotein fibers.
Complex contractileprotein fibers areorganized from molecules.
Molecules areformed frominteracting atoms.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.5 An Introduction to Organ Systems (Part 1 of 2)
ORGAN SYSTEM MAJOR FUNCTIONS
Integumentarysystem
Skeletalsystem
Muscularsystem
Nervoussystem
Endocrinesystem
Cardiovascularsystem
Protection from environmentalhazards; temperature control
Support, protection of soft tissues;mineral storage; blood formation
Locomotion, support, heatproduction
Directing immediate responses tostimuli, usually by coordinating theactivities of other organ systems
Directing long-term changesin the activities of other organsystems
Internal transport of cells anddissolved materials, includingnutrients, wastes, and gases
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.5 An Introduction to Organ Systems (Part 2 of 2)
ORGAN SYSTEM MAJOR FUNCTIONS
Lymphoidsystem
Defense against infection anddisease
Respiratorysystem
Digestivesystem
Urinarysystem
Reproductivesystem
Delivery of air to sites where gasexchange can occur between the air and circulating blood
Processing of food andabsorption of organic nutrients,minerals, vitamins, and water
Elimination of excess water,salts, and waste products;control of pH
Production of sex cells andhormones
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 1 of 12)The Integumentary System
Protects againstenvironmental hazards;helps control bodytemperature
Hair
Epidermis andassociatedglands
Fingernail
Covers surface; protects deeper tissues
Organ/Component Primary Functions
Cutaneous Membrane
Hair Follicles
Sweat Glands
Nails
Sensory Receptors
Subcutaneous Layer
Nourishes epidermis; provides strength; contains glands
Produce hair: innervation providessensationProvide protection for head
Secrete lipid coating that lubricates hair shaft and epidermis
Produce perspiration for evaporativecooling
Protect and stiffen distal tips of digits
Provide sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, pain
Stores lipids; attaches skin to deeperstructures
Epidermis
Dermis
Hairs
Sebaceous glands
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 2 of 12)The Skeletal System
Provides support; protectstissues; stores minerals;forms blood cells
Skull
Organ/Component Primary Functions
Bones, Cartilages,and Joints
AXIALSKELETON
APPENDICULARSKELETON
Sternum
Ribs
Vertebrae
Sacrum
Supporting bones(scapula andclavicle)
Upper limbbones
Pelvis (supportingbones plus sacrum)
Lower limb
bones
Bone Marrow
Axial skeleton (skull,vertebrae, sacrum,coccyx, sternum, ribs,supporting cartilagesand ligaments)Appendicular skeleton(limbs and supportingbones and ligaments)
Support, protect soft tissues, bones store mineralsProtects brain, spinal cord, senseorgans, and soft tissues of thoraciccavity; supports the body weight overlower limbs
Provides internal support andpositioning of the limbs; supportsand moves axial skeleton
Primary site of blood cell production (red marrow); storage of energy reserves in fat cells (yellow marrow)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 3 of 12)The Muscular System
Allows for locomotion;provides support;produces heat
Organ/Component Primary Functions
Axialmuscles
Appendicularmuscles
Skeletal Muscles (700)
Tendons, Aponeuroses
Appendicular muscles
Axial muscles
Provide skeletal movement; controlentrances to digestive and respiratorytracts and exits to digestive andurinary tracts; produce heat; supportskeleton; protect soft tissues
Support and position axial skeleton
Support, move, and brace limbs
Harness forces of contraction toperform specific tasks
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 4 of 12)The Nervous System
Directs immediateresponses to stimuli,usually by coordinatingthe activities of other organ systems
Organ/Component Primary Functions
CENTRAL NERVOUSSYSTEM
Spinalcord
Brain
Peripheralnerves
PERIPHERAL NERVOUSSYSTEM
Central NervousSystem (CNS)
Peripheral NervousSystem (PNS)
Brain
Spinal cord
Special senses
Acts as control center for nervoussystem; process information;provides short-term control overactivities of other systemsPerforms complex integrative functions;controls both voluntary and autonomicactivitiesRelays information to and from brain;performs less-complex integrativeactivitiesProvide sensory input to the brainrelating to sight, hearing, smell, taste,and equilibrium
Links CNS with other systems andwith sense organs
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 5 of 12)
The Endocrine System
Directs long-termchanges in activitiesof other organsystems
Organ/Component Primary Functions
Pineal glandPituitary gland
Thyroid glandParathyroid gland
Thymus
Suprarenal glandPancreas
Ovary infemale
Testis in male
Pineal Gland
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Glands
Thymus
Suprarenal Glands
Kidneys
Pancreas
GonadsTestes
Ovaries
May control timing of reproductionand set day–night rhythms
Controls other endocrine glands;regulates growth and fluid balance
Controls tissue metabolic rate;regulates calcium levels
Regulate calcium levels (with thyroid)
Controls maturation of lymphocytes
Adjust water balance, tissue metabolism,cardiovascular and respiratory activity
Control red blood cell production andelevate blood pressure
Regulates blood glucose levels
Support male sexual characteristicsand reproductive functions
Support female sexual characteristicsand reproductive functions
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 6 of 12)The Cardiovascular System
Transports cells and dissolved materials,including nutrients,wastes, and gases
Organ/Component Primary Functions
Heart
Artery
Vein
Capillaries
Heart
Blood Vessels
Blood
Veins
ArteriesCapillaries
Propels blood; maintains blood pressure
Distribute blood around the bodyCarry blood from the heart to capillariesPermit diffusion between blood andinterstitial fluidsReturn blood from capillaries to the heart
Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide,and blood cells; delivers nutrients andhormones; removes waste products;assists in temperature regulation anddefense against disease
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 7 of 12)The Lymphoid System
Defends againstinfection and disease;returns tissue fluid tothe bloodstream
Organ/Component Primary Functions
Thymus Lymph nodes
Spleen
Lymphatic vessel
Lymphatic Vessels
Lymph Nodes
Spleen
Thymus
Carry lymph (water and proteins) andlymphocytes from peripheral tissuesto veins of the cardiovascular system
Monitor the composition of lymph; engulfpathogens; stimulate immune response
Monitors circulating blood; engulfspathogens and recycles red bloodcells; stimulates immune response
Controls development andmaintenance of one class oflymphocytes (T cells)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 8 of 12)The Respiratory System
Delivers air to sites wheregas exchange can occurbetween the air andcirculating blood;produces sound
Organ/Component Primary Functions
Pharynx
Trachea
Lung
Diaphragm
Nasal cavity
Sinus
Larynx
Bronchi
Blind pockets at the end of thesmallest branches of the bronchioles;sites of gas exchange between airand blood
Nasal Cavities andParanasal Sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Alveoli
Responsible for air movement duringmovement of ribs and diaphragm;include airways and alveoli
Same functions as trachea; diameterdecreases as branching occurs
Filters air, traps particles in mucus;cartilages keep airway open
Protects opening to trachea andcontains vocal cords
Conducts air to larynx; a chambershared with the digestive tract
Filter, warm, humidify air; detectsmells
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 9 of 12)The Digestive System
Processes food andabsorbs nutrients
Organ/Component Primary Functions
Salivary gland
Stomach
Large intestine
Pharynx
Esophagus
LiverGallbladder
Pancreas
Small intestine
Anus
Mouth
Salivary Glands
Pharynx
EsophagusStomach
Small Intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Large Intestine
Receptacle for food; works with associatedstructures (teeth, tongue) to break of foodand pass food and liquids to pharynx
Provide buffers and lubrication;produce enzymes that begin digestion
Conducts solid food and liquids toesophagus; chamber shared withrespiratory tract
Delivers food to stomach
Secretes acids and enzymes
Secretes digestive enzymes, buffers,and hormones; absorbs nutrients
Secretes bile; regulates nutrientcomposition of blood
Stores and concentrates bile forrelease into small intestine
Secretes digestive enzymes andbuffers; contains endocrine cells
Removes water from fecal material;stores wastes
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 10 of 12)The Urinary System
Eliminates excesswater, salts, andwaste products
Organ/Component Primary Functions
Kidney
Kidneys Form and concentrate urine; regulateblood pH and ion concentrations;perform endocrine functions
UreterUrinarybladder
Urethra
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Conduct urine from kidneys tourinary bladder
Stores urine for eventual elimination
Conducts urine to exterior
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 11 of 12)The Male Reproductive System
Produces sex cellsand hormones
Organ/Component Primary Functions
Prostate gland
Testes Produce sperm andhormones
Seminal gland
Ductusdeferens
Urethra
Epididymis
Testis
Penis
Scrotum
Accessory Organs
External Genitalia
EpididymisDuctus deferens(sperm duct)
Seminal glands
Prostate glandUrethra
Penis
Scrotum
Acts as site of sperm maturationConducts sperm from the epididymis andmerges with the duct of the seminal gland
Secrete fluid that makes up much ofthe volume of semenSecretes fluid and enzymesConducts semen to exterior
Contains erectile tissue; depositssperm in vagina of female; producespleasurable sensations during sexual activities
Surrounds the testes and controls their temperature
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 12 of 12)The Female Reproductive System
Produces sex cellsand hormones; supports embryonicdevelopment fromfertilization to birth
Organ/Component Primary Functions
Mammary gland
Ovaries Produce oocytes and hormones
Uterinetube
Ovary
Uterus
Vagina
Externalgenitalia
Uterine Tubes
Uterus
Vagina
External Genitalia
Mammary Glands
Clitoris
Labia
Deliver oocyte or embryo to uterus;normal site of fertilization
Site of embryonic development andexchange between maternal andfetal bloodstreams
Site of sperm deposition; acts as a birthcanal during delivery; providespassageway for fluids during menstruation
Contains erectile tissue; providespleasurable sensations during sexualactivitiesContain glands that lubricateentrance to vagina
Produce milk that nourishes newborn infant
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.7 The Importance of Precise Vocabulary
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.8 Anatomical LandmarksFrons or
forehead (frontal)
Craniumor skull
(cranial)
Faciesor face(facial)
Cephalonor head
(cephalic)
Oris or mouth (oral
Mentis or chin(mental)
Axilla or armpit(axillary)
Brachiumor arm
(brachial)
Antecubitisor front of
elbow(antecubital)
Antebrachiumor forearm
(antebrachial)
Carpusor wrist (carpal)
Palmaor palm
(palmar)
Pollexor thumb
Digits(phalanges)
or fingers (digitalor phalangeal)
Patellaor kneecap
(patellar)
Crus or leg (crural)
Tarsus orankle
(tarsal)
Digits (phalanges)or toes (digital or
phalangeal)Hallux or great toe
Pes or foot(pedal)
Anterior view in the anatomical position. Posterior view in the anatomical position.
Femur or thigh (femoral)
Pubis (pubic)
Inguenor groin (inguinal)
Manusor hand (manual)
Pelvis (pelvic)
Umbilicusor naval (umbilical)
Abdomen (abdominal)
Mamma or breast (mammary)
Thoracis or thorax, chest(thoracic)
Cervicis or neck (cervical)
Bucca or cheek (buccal)
Auris or ear (otic)
Oculus or eye (orbital or ocular)
Nasus or nose (nasal)
Shoulder (acromial)
Dorsum or(back
(dorsal)
Olecranonor back
of elbow(olecranal)
Trunk
Lumbusor loin
(lumbar)
Gluteusor buttock
(gluteal)
Popliteus orback of knee
(popliteal)
Suraor calf (sural)
Calcaneus orheel of foot(calcaneal)
Planta orsole of foot (plantar)
Lower limb
Upper limb
Cervicis or neck (cervical)
Cephalon or head (cephalic)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.8a Anatomical Landmarks (Part 1 of 2)Frons or
forehead (frontal)
Craniumor skull
(cranial)
Faciesor face(facial)
Cephalonor head
(cephalic)
Mentis or chin(mental)
Axilla or armpit(axillary)
Brachiumor arm
(brachial)
Antecubitisor front of
elbow(antecubital)
Antebrachiumor forearm
(antebrachial)
Umbilicusor naval (umbilical)
Abdomen (abdominal)
Mamma or breast (mammary)
Thoracis or thorax, chest(thoracic)
Cervicis or neck (cervical)
Bucca or cheek (buccal)
Auris or ear (otic)
Oculus or eye (orbital or ocular)
Nasus or nose (nasal)
Trunk
Oris or mouth (oral
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.8a Anatomical Landmarks (Part 2 of 2)Antebrachium
or forearm(antebrachial)
Carpusor wrist (carpal)
Palmaor palm
(palmar)
Pollexor thumb
Digits(phalanges)
or fingers (digitalor phalangeal)
Patellaor kneecap
(patellar)Crus or
leg (crural)
Tarsus orankle
(tarsal)
Digits (phalanges)or toes (digital or
phalangeal)Hallux or great toe
Pes or foot(pedal)
Femur or thigh (femoral)
Pubis (pubic)
Inguenor groin (inguinal)
Manusor hand (manual)
Pelvis (pelvic)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.8b Anatomical Landmarks (Part 1 of 2)
Shoulder(acromial)
Dorsum or(back
(dorsal)
Olecranonor back
of elbow(olecranal)
Lumbusor loin
(lumbar)
Upper limb
Cervicis or neck (cervical)
Cephalon or head (cephalic)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.8b Anatomical Landmarks (Part 2 of 2)
Gluteusor buttock
(gluteal)
Popliteus orback of knee
(popliteal)
Suraor calf (sural)
Calcaneus orheel of foot(calcaneal)
Planta orsole of foot (plantar)
Lower limb
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.9a Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
Right lobe of liver, gallbladder,right kidney, portions of stomach,small and large intestine
Cecum, appendix, andportions of small intestine,reproductive organs (rightovary in female and rightspermatic cord in male),and right ureter
Left lobe of liver, stomach,pancreas, left kidney, spleen,portions of large intestine
Most of small intestine andportions of large intestine,left ureter, and reproductiveorgans (left ovary in femaleand left spermatic cordin male)
Abdominopelvic quadrants divide the area intofour sections. These terms, or their abbreviations,are most often used in clinical discussions.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.9bc Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
More precise anatomical descriptions are provided byreference to the appropriate abdominopelvic region.
Left hypochondriacregion
Left lumbarregion
Left inguinalregion
Right inguinalregion
Right lumbarregion
Righthypochondriac
region
Epigastricregion
Umbilicalregion
Hypogastricregion
Quadrants or regions are useful because there is aknown relationship between superficial anatomicallandmarks and underlying organs.
Stomach
Spleen
Urinary bladder
Liver
GallbladderLarge intestineSmall intestine
Appendix
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.9b Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
More precise anatomical descriptions are provided byreference to the appropriate abdominopelvic region.
Left hypochondriacregion
Left lumbarregion
Left inguinalregion
Right inguinalregion
Right lumbarregion
Righthypochondriac
region
Epigastricregion
Umbilicalregion
Hypogastricregion
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.9c Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
Quadrants or regions are useful because there is aknown relationship between superficial anatomicallandmarks and underlying organs.
Stomach
Spleen
Urinary bladder
Liver
Gallbladder
Large intestine
Small intestine
Appendix
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 1.1 Regions of the Human Body
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.10 Directional References
SUPERIOR SUPERIOR
INFERIOR INFERIOR
Anterior viewLateral view
Right Left
Proximal
Lateral Medial
Distal
Distal
Proximal
Posterioror dorsal
Anterioror ventral
Cranial
Caudal
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 1.2 Regional and Directional Terms
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.11 Planes of Section
Frontal plane
Transverse plane
Sagittal plane
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 1.3 Terms That Indicate Planes of Section
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.12 Sectional Planes and Visualization
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.13ab Body Cavities
POSTERIOR ANTERIOR
Pleuralcavity
Thoraciccavity
Pericardialcavity
Diaphragm
Peritonealcavity
Abdominalcavity
Pelvic cavity
Abdominopelviccavity
Lateral view of the subdivisions of the ventral body cavities.The muscular diaphragm separates the superior thoracic(chest) cavity and the inferior abdominopelvic cavity.
The heart projects into thepericardial cavity like a fistpushed into a balloon.
Heart
Visceralpericardium
Pericardialcavity
Parietalpericardium
Air space
Balloon
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.13cd Body Cavities
Anterior view of theventral body cavityand its subdivisions
Peritonealcavity
Pleural cavity
Pericardialcavity
Diaphragm
Pelviccavity
Sectional view of the thoracic cavity. Unless otherwisenoted, all sectional views are presented in inferiorview. (See Clinical Note on pp. 22–23 for more details.)
Sternum
Heart inpericardial
cavityPleural cavity
Pleura
Mediastinum
Spinal cord
Rightlung
RightlungLeft
lung
Leftlung
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.13d Body Cavities
Sectional view of the thoracic cavity. Unless otherwisenoted, all sectional views are presented in inferiorview. (See Clinical Note on pp. 22–23 for more details.)
Sternum
Heart inpericardial
cavityPleural cavity
Pleura
Mediastinum
Spinal cord
Rightlung
RightlungLeft
lung
Leftlung
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.14 The Ventral Body Cavity
Ventral Body Cavity (Coelom)
Thoracic Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity
Right Pleural Cavity Mediastinum Left Pleural Cavity
Pericardial Cavity
Abdominal Cavity Pelvic Cavity
• Provides protection• Allows organ movement• Lining prevents friction
Surrounded by chest wall anddiaphragm
Surrounds right lung
Contains thetrachea, esophagus,and major vessels
Surrounds heart
Surrounds left lung
Contains the peritonealcavity
Contains manydigestive glandsand organs
Contains urinary bladder,reproductiveorgans, last portionof digestive tract
Separated by diaphragm into
subdivided into includes the
also contains
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Clinical Note 1.1 Clinical Anatomy and Technology (Part 1 of 3)
X-ray Color-enhanced x-ray Barium-contrast x-ray
Small intestine
Stomach
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Clinical Note 1.1 Clinical Anatomy and Technology (Part 1 of 8)
CT scan of the abdomenThe relative position and orientation of the scans shown to the right.
Liver
Right kidney
Vertebra
Stomach
Aorta
Spleen
Left kidney
Stomach
Aorta
Left kidney
Spleen
Liver
Rib
Vertebra
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Clinical Note 1.1 Clinical Anatomy and Technology (Part 4 of 8)
Digital subtraction angiography
Heart
Arteries ofthe heart
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Clinical Note 1.1 Clinical Anatomy and Technology (Part 5 of 8)
Femur
Patella
Femoral condyle
Joint space
Head of fibula
Tibial tubersity
Spiral scan [Image rendered withHigh Definition Volume Rendering®Software, provided by Fovia, Inc.]
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Clinical Note 1.1 Clinical Anatomy and Technology (Part 6 of 8)
MRI scan of the abdomen Ultrasound scan of the abdomen
Liver
Kidney
Stomach
Kidney
Liver
Kidney
Stomach
SpleenVertebra