Anatomy and Physiology Unit 1: The Human Body, an Orientation.

Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology

Unit 1: The Human Body, an Unit 1: The Human Body, an OrientationOrientation

Sec. 1:Essential VocabularySec. 1:Essential VocabularyAnatomyAnatomy

PhysiologyPhysiology

Gross anatomyGross anatomy

Regional anatomyRegional anatomy

Systemic anatomySystemic anatomy

Surface anatomySurface anatomy

Microscopic anatomyMicroscopic anatomy

Developmental Developmental anatomyanatomy

EmbrologyEmbrology

Renal physiologyRenal physiology

NeurophysiologyNeurophysiology

Cardiovascular Cardiovascular physiologyphysiology

Principle of Principle of complementarity of complementarity of structure and functionstructure and function

Sec. 2: Levels of Structural Sec. 2: Levels of Structural OrganizationOrganization

From smallest to largest From smallest to largest Chemical levelChemical level Cellular levelCellular level Tissue levelTissue level Organ levelOrgan level Organ system levelOrgan system level Organismal levelOrganismal level

Chemical level

Cellular level

Tissue Level

Organ level

System level

Summary of body systems

Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Urinary Reproductive (male or female)

Sec. 3: Maintaining Life

1. Maintain its boundaries

Selectively permeable membranes at the cellular level

Integumentary system protects the body as a whole from drying out, bacteria, the damaging effects of heat, sunlight, and chemicals in the environment

Sec. 3 Maintaining LifeSec. 3 Maintaining Life2.2. MovementMovement includes all activities includes all activities promoted by the muscular system.promoted by the muscular system.

The skeletal system provides a framework The skeletal system provides a framework that the muscles pull on as they work.that the muscles pull on as they work.

Movement internally includes substances Movement internally includes substances like blood, urine, organs like the heartlike blood, urine, organs like the heart

Contractility is the muscle’s ability to Contractility is the muscle’s ability to move by shorteningmove by shortening

Sec. 3: Maintaining LifeSec. 3: Maintaining Life

• 3. 3. Responsiveness or irritabilityResponsiveness or irritability, , is the ability to sense changes is the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and (stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them.then respond to them.

• The nervous system is most involved The nervous system is most involved with responsiveness. However, all with responsiveness. However, all body cells exhibit irritability to some body cells exhibit irritability to some extent.extent.

Sec. 3 Maintaining LifeSec. 3 Maintaining Life

• 4. 4. Digestion Digestion is the process of is the process of breaking down ingested foodstuffs to breaking down ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.absorbed into the blood.

• The digestive system performs this The digestive system performs this function for the entire body.function for the entire body.

Sec. 3: Maintaining Life• 5. Metabolism is a broad term that

includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells.

• Catabolism, anabolism, cellular respiration• Digestive system and respiratory system

help make nutrients and oxygen available• Cardiovascular sys. Distributes• Metabolism is regulated largely by

hormones secreted by endocrine system glands

Sec. 3: Maintaining LifeSec. 3: Maintaining Life

►6. 6. ExcretionExcretion is the process of is the process of removing excreta (wastes) from the removing excreta (wastes) from the body.body.

►Wastes (urine, feces, carbon dioxide)Wastes (urine, feces, carbon dioxide)►Urinary system, digestive systems, Urinary system, digestive systems,

cardiovascular and respiratory systemcardiovascular and respiratory system

Sec. 3 Maintaining LifeSec. 3 Maintaining Life

►7. 7. ReproductionReproduction can occur at the can occur at the cellular or oganismal levelcellular or oganismal level

►Mitosis (asexual)Mitosis (asexual)►Meiosis (sexual)Meiosis (sexual)►Reproductive and endocrine system Reproductive and endocrine system

work together work together

Sec. 3: maintaining LifeSec. 3: maintaining Life

• GrowthGrowth is an increase in size of a is an increase in size of a body part or organism.body part or organism.

Sec. 4: Survival Needs

1. nutrients (food)2. oxygen3. water4. appropriate temperature (37 C or 98 F)5. atmospheric pressure**The mere presence of these survival

factors is not sufficient to sustain life. They must be present in appropriate amounts.

Sec. 5 HomeostasisSec. 5 Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the bodies ability to Homeostasis is the bodies ability to maintain a relatively stable internal maintain a relatively stable internal environment while the outside environment while the outside environment is changing.environment is changing.

It is a dynamic state of equilibrium, It is a dynamic state of equilibrium, or balance, in which internal or balance, in which internal conditions vary, but always within conditions vary, but always within relatively narrow limits.relatively narrow limits.

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Communication within the body is essential for homeostasis.

Communication is accomplished chiefly by the nervous and endocrine systems, which use electrical impulses delivered by nerves or blood-borne hormones respectively as information carriers.

Two types of Homeostatic controls

1. Negative Feedback Mechanism Most homeostatic mechanisms are negative

feed back The mechanism cause the variable to change

in the opposite direction. 2. Positive Feedback Mechanism The result or response enhances or

exaggerates the original stimulus so that the activity (output) is accelerated.

Vocabulary

Word root translation example

alve Socket Alveoli, alveolar

append Hang to appendicular

ment Chin Mental foramen

odon Tooth Odontoid process

pect The breast Pectoral girdle

pelv A basin Pelvic girdle

pter Wing Pterygoid process

scaph A boat scaphoid

skeleto Dried body skeleton

vert Turn, joint vertebra