PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany 1 Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Shier w Butler w Lewis Chapter 5 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany
1
Hole’s Human
Anatomy and PhysiologyEleventh Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter
5
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chapter 5Tissues
2
Four major tissue types
1. Epithelial2. Connective3. Muscle4. Nervous
Epithelial Tissues
3
Functions:
1. Protections (skin)
2. Absorption (stomach & intestines)
3. Excretion - Filters (kidney)
4. Secretion (glands)
Epithelial Tissues
4
General Characteristics:
1. Cells tightly packed and attached to each other• Covers organs and the body• Lines body cavities• Lines hollow organs
2. Always have one free surface open to outside the body or inside an internal organ
Epithelial Tissues
5
General characteristics –
3. Always have a basement membrane (fixed sections) attached to underlying connective tissue.
4. Avascular - No blood vessels but can soak up nutrients from blood vessels in connective tissue below.
5. Can be innervated by many nerves.
6. Cells readily divide thus good at regeneration
Epithelial Tissues
6
Classified according to:
1. cell shape a) Squamous – flat and scale-likeb) Cuboidal – tall as they are widec) Columnar – tall, column-shaped
2. number of cell layersa) Simple – single layer of cellsb) Stratified – stacked layers of cells
Epithelial Tissues
7
Simple squamous –• single layer of flat cells• substances pass easily
through• line air sacs• line blood vessels• line lymphatic vessels
Simple cuboidal –• single layer of cube-shaped cells• line kidney tubules• cover ovaries• line ducts of some glands
Epithelial Tissues
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Simple columnar –• single layer of elongated cells• nuclei usually near the
basement membrane at same level
• sometimes possess cilia• sometimes possess microvilli• often have goblet cells• line uterus, stomach,
intestines
Pseudostratified columnar –• single layer of elongated
cells• nuclei at two or more levels• appear striated• often have cilia• often have goblet cells• line respiratory
passageways
Epithelial Tissues
9
Stratified squamous –• many cell layers• top cells are flat• can accumulate keratin• outer layer of skin• line oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal
Stratified cuboidal –• 2-3 layers• cube-shaped cells• line ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and the pancreas
Epithelial Tissues
10
Stratified columnar –• top layer of elongated cells• cube-shaped cells in deeper layers• line part of male urethra and part of pharynx
Transitional –• many cell layers• cube-shaped and elongated cells• line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra
Glandular Epithelium
11
Composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances – 2 types
Endocrine glands are ductless
Exocrine glands have ducts•Classified by structure
•Simple vs compound•Tubular, branched, coiled, or alveolar
•Classified by type of secretion•Merocrine•Apocrine•Holocrine
Structural Types of Exocrine Glands
12
Types of Glandular Secretions
13
Merocrine glands• fluid product• salivary glands• pancreas• sweat glands
Apocrine glands• cellular product• portions of cells• mammary glands• ceruminous glands
Holocrine glands• secretory products• whole cells• sebaceous glands
Abnormal Epithelium
14
Abnormal Epithelium
15
Connective Tissues
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•Most abundant tissue type
• Functions • bind structures• provide support and protection• serve as frameworks• fill spaces• store fat• produce blood cells• protect against infections• help repair tissue damage
Connective Tissues
17
3 Elements of Connective Tissue
1. Ground substance called matrix – gel around cells and fibers
2. Fibers – provide strength, elasticity and support
3. Cells – that usually divide
Have varying degrees of vascularity
Connective Tissue Major Cell Types
Fixed Cells
• Fibroblasts• most common cell
• large, star-shaped
• produce fibers
• Mast cells• release heparin
• release histamine
Wandering Cells
• Macrophages• phagocytic
• important in injury
or infection
18
Connective Tissue Fibers
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Collagenous fibers• thick• composed of collagen• great strength • abundant in dense CT• hold structures together• tendons, ligaments
Elastic fibers• bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin• fibers branch• elastic• vocal cords, air passages
Reticular fibers• very thin
collagenous fibers• highly branched• form supportive
networks
Connective Tissues
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Connective tissue proper• loose connective tissue• adipose tissue• reticular connective tissue• dense connective tissue• elastic connective tissue
Specialized connective tissue• cartilage• bone• blood
Connective Tissues
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Loose connective tissue• mainly fibroblasts• collagenous fibers• elastic fibers• fluid to gel-like matrix• bind skin to structures• beneath most epithelia• blood vessels nourish
nearby epithelial cells• between muscles
Adipose tissue• adipocytes• cushions• insulates• store fats• beneath skin• behind eyeballs• around kidneys and heart
Connective Tissues
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Reticular connective tissue• composed of reticular fibers• supports internal organ walls• walls of liver, spleen,
lymphatic organs
Dense connective tissue• packed collagenous fibers• elastic fibers• few fibroblasts• bind body parts together• tendons, ligaments, dermis• poor blood supply
Connective Tissues
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Elastic connective tissue• abundant in elastic fibers• some collagenous fibers• fibroblasts• attachments between bones• walls of large arteries,
airways, heart
Bone (Osseous Tissue)• solid matrix• supports• protects• forms blood cells• attachment for muscles• skeleton• osteocytes in lacunae
Connective Tissues
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Cartilage• rigid matrix• chondrocytes in
lacunae• poor blood supply• three types
1.Hyaline cartilage• most abundant• ends of bones• nose, respiratory passages• embryonic skeleton
2. Elastic cartilage• flexible• external ear and larynx
3. Fibrocartilage• very tough• shock absorber• intervertebral discs• pads of knee and pelvic girdle
Connective Tissues
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Three types of cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Connective Tissues
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Blood• fluid matrix called
plasma• red blood cells• white blood cells• platelets• transports• defends• involved in clotting• throughout body in
blood vessels• heart
Clinical Application
27
The Extracellular Matrix:The Body’s Glue
Heart Failure and Atherosclerosis
• imbalances of collagen production and degradation
• ECM buildup may block blood flow in the arteries and the heart
Liver Fibrosis (Cirrohosis)
• collagen deposit increases
• ECM exceeds normal 3% value and may block blood flow
Clinical Application
28
Collagen Disorders
Chondrodysplasia• collagen chains too wide• stunted growth
• deformed jointsDystrophic epidermolysis bullosa
• breakdown of collagen that attaches skin layers
• stretchy skin• lax joints
Hereditary osteoarthritis
• change in amino acid in collagen
• painful jointsLupus• autoimmune disease • destruction of collagen
Muscle Tissues
29
General characteristics• muscle cells called
muscle fibers• contractile• three types
• skeletal• smooth• cardiac
Skeletal muscle• attached to bones• striated• voluntary
Smooth muscle• walls of organs• skin• walls of blood vessels• involuntary• not striated
Cardiac muscle• heart wall• involuntary• striated• intercalated discs
Muscle Tissues
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Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Muscle Disorders
31
Muscular Dystrophy: muscle fibers destroyed and replaced with connective tissuehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZrPnmgs4rHM&feature=related
Fibromyalgia: chronic non-inflammatory pain in muscles and connective tissues
Irritable Bowel syndrome: smooth muscle disorder causing alternating bouts with constipation and diarrhea
Nervous Tissues
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• found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
• basic cells are neurons
• neuroglial cells supportand bind nervous tissue components
• sensory reception
• conduction of nerveimpulses
Abnormal Nervous Tissue
33
Alzheimer's destroys brain cells, causing memory loss and problems with thinking and behavior
Tay Sach’s is another disease that affects nervous tissue http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5JWQCBOMx4&feature=related
Types of Epithelial Membranes
34
Serous• line body cavities that
do not open to the outside
• reduce friction• inner lining of thorax
and abdomen• cover organs of
thorax and abdomen• secrete serous fluid
Mucous• line tubes and organs that
open to outside world• lining of mouth, nose,
throat, etc.• secrete mucus
Cutaneous•covers body• skin
Synovial• composed entirely of
connective tissue• lines joints
Clinical Application
35
Classification of Cancers:
Carcinoma–originates in epithelial tissue (i.e., tissue that lines organs and tubes)
Leukemia–originates in tissues that form blood cells
Sarcoma–originates in connective or supportive tissue (e.g., bone, cartilage, muscle)