Anatomy and Physiology I

Tissue Types

GPS StandardsSAP1. Students will analyze anatomical

structures in relationship to their physiological functions.e. Describe how structure and function are

related in terms of cell and tissue types.

Learning Goals By the end of this section, you will be able

to: Relate structure and function to tissue types. List the four major tissue types. Describe the structure, location, and function

of subcategories from the four major tissue types.

Medical TerminologyDefine the following prefixes, suffixes, and roots:

Use prefixes, suffixes, and roots to define the following:

a- uni – multi – pseudo – histo- epi – column – cuboid – osseous – nucleate – squamous – stratify – villi-

avascularbinucleatecolumnar epitheliumcuboidal epitheliummicrovillimultinucleateperipheral proteinpseudostratifiedosseous tissuesquamous epitheliumstratified squamous

epithelium prefix suffix root

Key Terms

Histology: the study of tissues

Tissues: groups of cells which are similar in structure and which perform common or related functions

Four Basic Kinds of Tissues

Epithelial TissueConnective TissueMuscle TissueNervous Tissue

Epithelial Tissue

Epithelial Tissue Description and Locations:

Epithelial Tissue Functions:

Description Has one free surface (not

attached to another tissue)

Has a basement membrane that is attached to connective tissue

Location Covers the body; has one

unattached surface Lines the cavities, tubes,

ducts and blood vessels inside the body

Covers the organs inside body cavities

Protection from physical & chemical injury,

Protection against microbial invasion,

Contains receptors which respond to stimuli,

Filters, secretes & reabsorbs materials and

Secretes serous fluids to lubricate structures.

Squamous Epithelium Simple – a single Simple – a single

layerlayer squamous – flatsquamous – flat Lines alveoli of Lines alveoli of

lungs, which allows lungs, which allows the passive the passive transport of gases.transport of gases.

Stratified – several Stratified – several layerslayers

Forms the epidermis Forms the epidermis of the skinof the skin

Simple Squamous

Stratified Squamous

Cuboidal EpitheliumSimple – one cell thickRoughly cube shaped

Line ducts in Line ducts in kidneys, etc, where kidneys, etc, where reabsorption and reabsorption and secretory activities secretory activities take place.take place.

Duct

Cuboid Cells

Duct

Cuboid Cells

Columnar EpitheliumSimple – one cell

thickColumn shaped

(long & narrow)Line digestive tract

where reabsorption & secretion occurs.

Pseudostratified – Pseudostratified – gives the gives the appearance of appearance of more than one more than one layer of columnar layer of columnar epithelial cellsepithelial cells

Connective TissueConnective Tissue Description and Location:

Connective Tissue Functions:

DescriptionMost diverse group of

tissueComposed of various

fibers

LocationEverywhere - Most

abundant & widely distributed tissue

Connects, binds and supports structures (tendons, ligaments, cartilage, etc.)

Protects organs and tissues (bone)

Cushions and insulates (fat)

Transports substances (blood)

Connective – Dense White Fibrous

Strap-like, dense, white

Binds bone to bone Binds bone to bone (ligaments) or (ligaments) or muscle to bone muscle to bone (tendons(tendons

Connective – Hyaline Cartilage Supports while Supports while

providing flexibilityproviding flexibility Absorbs Absorbs

compression compression between bones in between bones in joints (articular joints (articular cartilage)cartilage)

Holds open Holds open respiratory respiratory passages passages

Most abundant type Most abundant type of cartilage in bodyof cartilage in body

Connective – Bone (Osseous)

Tree ring-like appearance

Supports & protects Supports & protects Mineral storageMineral storage Fat storageFat storage Blood cell Blood cell

productionproduction

Connective - Adipose

Honeycomb or chickenwire appearance

Stores energy (fat)Stores energy (fat) InsulatesInsulates Supports & protects Supports & protects

organsorgans

Connective - Blood

Only fluid connective tissue

Removes wastes Removes wastes from cellsfrom cells

Supplies nutrients Supplies nutrients and oxygen to cellsand oxygen to cells

Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue Location: Muscle Tissue

Functions:Description

May be striated or smooth, branched or unbranched, cylindrical or spindle-shaped depending on type

LocationThere are three types

based on location Skeletal – associated with

bones of the skeleton Smooth – found in the walls

of hollow organs Cardiac – found in the

heart

Movement Locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat Facial expressions Pumps blood Peristalsis

Muscle Tissue - SkeletalMuscle fibers

(cells) long, parallel & cylindrical

With many nuclei (multinucleate)

Striations (cross Striations (cross stripes run stripes run perpendicular to perpendicular to the cellsthe cells

Produce voluntary Produce voluntary movementmovement

LocomotionLocomotion HeatHeat

Muscle Tissue - SmoothSpindle-shaped cells

with central nucleiArranged to form

sheetsNo striations

Pushes substances Pushes substances or objects (food, or objects (food, urine, babies) urine, babies) through through passagewayspassageways

Involuntary controlInvoluntary control

Muscle Tissue - CardiacBranching,

striated, uninucleate with special intercalated discs

Contracts to propel Contracts to propel blood into blood into circulationcirculation

Involuntary controlInvoluntary control

branches

Intercalated disc

Nervous Tissue

Nervous Tissue Description and Location:

Nervous Tissue Functions:

DescriptionLarge cell body that

contains the nucleus, which is attached by long processes

LocationMain component of the

nervous system, ie., brain, spinal cord &

nerves.

Regulates & controls body functions Generates & transmits

nerve impulses Supports, insulates and

protects impulse generating neurons.

Nervous Tissue – Neuron

Branching cells with Branching cells with many long many long processesprocesses

Large central Large central nucleusnucleus

Regulates activities Regulates activities by transmitting by transmitting impulses from one impulses from one area of the body to area of the body to anotheranother

ResourceAdapted from the Anatomy PowerPoint of J.

A. Giacobbe, South Pointe High School, Phoenix, AZ

To view slides of human tissue see the Central Ohio Technical College website, Human Biology Slide Review http://www.newarkcolleges.com/kponto/4081Slides/index.htm