Anatomy and Physiology Cell Transport and The Cell Cycle

Cell TransportationCell Transportation

Mr. HunterMr. HunterBiologyBiology

Kennedy High SchoolKennedy High School09/28/201109/28/2011

Mr. HunterMr. HunterBiologyBiology

10/02/1210/02/12

• Objective(s)Objective(s)• SWBATSWBAT• Distinguish between diffusion and osmosisDistinguish between diffusion and osmosis• Explain how substances cross the cell membrane.Explain how substances cross the cell membrane.• Explain the function of ion channels.Explain the function of ion channels.• Analyze Cell Cycle and Cell ReproductionAnalyze Cell Cycle and Cell Reproduction

• Bell RingerBell Ringer: What are chromosomes made of?: What are chromosomes made of?

Diffusion

A.A. The movement of The movement of particles from a particles from a highhigh concentration concentration to a to a low low concentration.concentration.

B.B. The process is The process is passive. It does not passive. It does not require energy.require energy.

C.C. Diffusion will Diffusion will continue until an continue until an equilibrium point equilibrium point has been reached.has been reached.

OSMOSISOSMOSIS A.A. OsmosisOsmosis can be described as the can be described as the diffusion of water across a diffusion of water across a selectively permeable selectively permeable membrane. membrane.

B.B. Water will flow from a region of low Water will flow from a region of low solute (particles that are dissolved solute (particles that are dissolved in a solution – ex. salt or sugar ) to a in a solution – ex. salt or sugar ) to a region of high solute concentration.region of high solute concentration.

C.C. Water will always move in a Water will always move in a direction to dissolve the higher direction to dissolve the higher concentration of particles.concentration of particles.

Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion

• This process is used for This process is used for molecules that cannot molecules that cannot easily diffuse through easily diffuse through the cell membranethe cell membrane

• These molecules may These molecules may be insoluble in lipids or be insoluble in lipids or they may be too large they may be too large to pass through the to pass through the pores of the membrane.pores of the membrane.

Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion

• The movement of the The movement of the molecules are assisted by molecules are assisted by carrier proteins –Specific carrier proteins –Specific

• These are specific proteins These are specific proteins within the cell membrane.within the cell membrane.

• Facilitated diffusion is a Facilitated diffusion is a passive process. It does not passive process. It does not require energy – moving require energy – moving molecules down the molecules down the concentration gradient.concentration gradient.

• GlucoseGlucose has to be has to be transported by facilitated transported by facilitated diffusion – molecule is diffusion – molecule is large.large.

Ion Channels

• Ion channels transport ions Ion channels transport ions from high to low from high to low concentration. Examples: concentration. Examples: Na+, K+ and Cl-.Na+, K+ and Cl-.

• Some ion channels are Some ion channels are always open others may always open others may have gates which may open have gates which may open or close in response to or close in response to stretching of the stretching of the membrane, electrical or membrane, electrical or chemical signals.chemical signals.

Active Transport

• Active transportActive transport requires energy requires energy because you are going because you are going against the against the concentration gradient.concentration gradient.

• The molecules are The molecules are moving from a low to moving from a low to high concentration.high concentration.

Na+ and K+ pumpNa+ and K+ pump

• The Sodium-Potassium The Sodium-Potassium pump is required for pump is required for moving Na+ and K+ up moving Na+ and K+ up their concentration their concentration gradients.gradients.

• To function normally To function normally some animals must some animals must have a higher have a higher concentration of Na+ concentration of Na+ outside the cell and K+ outside the cell and K+ inside of the cell.inside of the cell.

Na+ and K+ pumpNa+ and K+ pump

• The exchange of The exchange of three Na+ ions for three Na+ ions for two K+ ions creates two K+ ions creates an electrical gradient an electrical gradient across the cell across the cell membrane. The membrane. The outside of the cell is outside of the cell is + relative to the + relative to the inside which is -.inside which is -.

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

• EndocytosisEndocytosis means means in which cells ingest in which cells ingest external molecules.external molecules.

• PinocytosisPinocytosis: : cell will cell will ingest liquidsingest liquids

• PhagocytosisPhagocytosis: : Cell Cell will ingest solids / will ingest solids / large particles.large particles.

• Exocytosis Exocytosis is the is the opposite.opposite.

Review Questions –CornellNo Talking During Review / Question Assignment!

1.1. What type of molecules are carried by facilitated What type of molecules are carried by facilitated diffusion?diffusion?

2.2. What are the name of the structures that carry What are the name of the structures that carry molecules across the membrane in facilitated molecules across the membrane in facilitated diffusion?diffusion?

3.3. Will these structures carry all molecules?Will these structures carry all molecules?4.4. What is the function of an ion channel?What is the function of an ion channel?5.5. Why does active transport require energy?Why does active transport require energy?6.6. Explain how the sodium-potassium pump works.Explain how the sodium-potassium pump works.7.7. Describe endocytosis and exocytosis.Describe endocytosis and exocytosis.

Chromosome Structure, Cell Cycle and Reproduction

Mr. HunterAnatomy and Physiology 10/03/12

• Objective(s)• SWBAT• Describe the structure of a chromosome• Identify differences in chromosome structure• Describe the events in cell division.

• Bell Ringer: List the stages of mitosis ( in the correct order) that involve division of the nucleus. What stage of cell reproduction involves the division of the cytoplasm?

Bell Ringer 09/27/12Bell Ringer 09/27/12

1. What is the independent and dependent variable?

2. Approximately how many cells are produced in 20 minutes?

3. 22 cells are produced in approximately how many minutes?

Chromosome StructureChromosome Structure

• ChromosomesChromosomes: rod shaped structures made of DNA and protein.

• The DNA in eukaryotic cells wrap around proteins called histones. These proteins help to maintain chromosome shape and DNA packing.

Chromosome StructureChromosome Structure

• Each half of the chromosome is called a chromatid. Chromatids form as the DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division.

• When the cell divides, each of the new cells will receive one chromatid from each chromosome.

Chromosome StructureChromosome Structure

• The two chromatids of a The two chromatids of a chromosome are attached chromosome are attached at the at the centomere centomere region. region. The centomere holds the The centomere holds the two together until they two together until they separate during cell separate during cell division.division.

• When a cell is not dividing, When a cell is not dividing, DNA is uncoiled in the form DNA is uncoiled in the form of of chromatin.chromatin.

• Prokaryotic DNAProkaryotic DNA consists of consists of one chromosome which is one chromosome which is circular.circular.

Chromosome Type and NumberChromosome Type and Number

• Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes in each cell. (Table 8-1)

• Human and animal chromosomes are characterized as either sex chromosomes or autosomes.

• Sex chromosomes: X and Y. Females XX, Males XY

Chromosome Type and NumberChromosome Type and Number• 2 sex chromosomes and the

remaining 44 are autosomes. Total = 46 chromosomes.

• Homologous chromosomes are of the same size and shape and carry genes for the same traits. A homologue is received from each parent. 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes.

Chromosome Type and NumberChromosome Type and Number

• Karyotype: picture of chromosomes in a normally dividing cell.

• Diploid chromosome # is 46 chromosomes total.

• Haploid chromosome # is 23 chromosomes total.

Review Questions

1. What are chromosomes made of?2. What are the functions of histones?3. What are chromatids and how do they form?4. What is the function of a centromere?5. Name two types of chromosomes found in animal

and human cells.6. There are _______ total autosomes and _____

number of sex chromosomes.7. What are homologous chromosomes?8. What are karyotypes?9. The diploid chromosome number is _____10. . The haploid chromosome number is _____

Mr. HunterBiology 12/20/2011

• Objective(s)• SWBAT• Compare the stages of mitosis with meiosis.• Explain the concept of crossing over between

homologous chromosomes.• Determine the function of cell cycle

checkpoints.• Above via Chapter Study Guide Review A / B

Bell Ringer 12/13/2011

1. What are the dependent and independent variables?

2. At approximately 2 hours of use, what was the highest voltage of the Panasonic battery?

3. Which battery had the value 0.800 volts at approximately 9 hours of use?

Bell Ringer 12/19/20111. What are the dependent

and independent variables?

2. In what month was the value of product X approx.

3. $15,000?4. In what month was the

value of product Y the highest?

5. In Which month did product X have the highest value?

Bell Ringer 01/20/2012Bell Ringer 01/20/2012

1. What are the dependent and independent variables?

2. In which month were sales approx. $350?

3. In which month were sales reported to be the lowest?

4. What was the lowest recorded approximate value for profits?

Bell Ringer 01/19/2012

1. What are the dependent and independent variables?

2. When the pressure is 300, the approximate temperature for the blue liquid is ____

3. When the red liquid’s pressure is 400, the temperature is approximately

__________

ReviewName the stages of Mitosis.

Biology Assignment 01/09/2012 pg. 164 (new edition) pg. 155-156 (old edition)

Due @ end of Class!!• Compare and Contrast Sperm formation and Ovum

formation.• Where does each occur?• When does each process take place?• What is the duration of each process?• How many cells and types (haploid or diploid) are

produced by each process?• * Information should be presented in a Information should be presented in a • T-chart or table format *T-chart or table format *

PROKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION

• Prokaryotic cells lack nuclei and membrane bound organelles.

• Prokaryotic DNA is not associated with proteins. It is a single circle attached to the inner surface of the plasma membrane.

• Prokaryotic cells reproduce by binary fission.

Cell DivisionCell Division

• In eukaryotic cell division , the cytoplasm and the nucleus will divide.

• Two types of cell division for eukaryotic cells: Mitosis and Meiosis

• What structures divide in eukaryotic cell division?

Cell Division

• MitosisMitosis results in new cells that results in new cells that has identical genetic material has identical genetic material as the original cell.as the original cell.

• MitosisMitosis occurs in occurs in organisms organisms undergoing growth, undergoing growth, development, repair or asexual development, repair or asexual reproduction.reproduction.

• What type of organisms will What type of organisms will mitosis occur in?mitosis occur in?

• What type of genetic material What type of genetic material do the cells of mitosis have?do the cells of mitosis have?

Cell Division

• Meiosis occurs during the formation of gametes.

• Gametes are haploid reproductive cells, the egg and sperm cells.

• Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by ½. Ex. 23 + 23 = 46

• 2n = diploid, 1n = haploid

The Cell Cycle

• A repeating set of events in the life of a cell.

• Cell division is one phase of the cell cycle.

• The time between cell divisions is called interphase. The cell spends 90% of time here.

The Cell Cycle• The chromosomes and

cytoplasm are equally divided between two offspring cells.

• Cell divisions consists of mitosis and cytokinesis

• During mitosis, the nucleus of the cell divides.

• During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm divides.

• What structures divide in mitosis and cytokinesis?

Stages of Mitosis

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

• Checkpoints are proteins that act as traffic signals for the cell cycle.

• G1 checkpoint: Proteins check has the cell grown enough to start cell division. G1 proteins will allow DNA replication to occur.

Cell Cycle CheckpointsCell Cycle Checkpoints

• DNA synthesis (G2) DNA synthesis (G2) checkpointcheckpoint: DNA repair enzymes check the enzymes check the results of DNA results of DNA replication. If this replication. If this checkpoint is passed checkpoint is passed the cell will divide by the cell will divide by mitosis.mitosis.

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

• Mitosis Checkpoint: If the cell passes this checkpoint, then the proteins signal the cell to exit mitosis.

• The cell then enters the G1 phase of the cycle.

• Cancer may result from a malfunction of the proteins that control the cell cycle.

Cell Cycle CheckpointsCell Cycle Checkpoints

Homologous Chromosomes and Crossing Over

• During Prophase I of Meiosis portions of homologous -chromosomes exchange genetic information with each other.

• This leads to increased genetic variability (genetic recombination) among the offspring.

MeiosisMeiosis: An Interactive Animation

Meiosis I and Meiosis IIMeiosis I and Meiosis II Meiosis: An Interactive AnimationMeiosis: An Interactive Animation

Review Questions1. What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic

cell division?2. What happens in binary fission?3. What happens to the cytoplasm and nucleus in eukaryotic

cell division?4. What type of cells are formed by mitosis?5. What type of cells are produced by meiosis?6. Are gamete cells diploid or haploid? Why?7. Name the parts of the cell cycle8. What is the time between cell divisions called?9. Name the steps of mitosis.10. How many stages are there in meiosis?11. What is cytokinesis?

Class Assignment

• Pg. 166 Understanding Key Concepts # 15-20 Cornell Note Format Due @ end of Class!!!

• Critical Thinking: # 23-25 Answer in complete sentences. Due @ end of class!!!

• Complete Study Guide Review Questions !!

Assignment Mr. Hunter Biology

• Construct Cornell Notes for the following pages: 155-157. Due @ end of class!!

• Notes should be made for the topics of :• The Cell Cycle• Interphase• Stages of Mitosis: prophase,

metaphse,anaphase and telophase)• Cytokinesis

Assignment Mr. Hunter Biology

• Answer Review Questions in Cornell Note Format. Pg. 159 # 1-9

• Sketch and color fig 8-4, fig 8-5 & fig.8-6 Explain what is occurring in each figure and each stage of the cell cycle and each stage of Mitosis. PMAT in detail.

• Due @ end of class!!!

Mr. HunterBiology Assignment 12/14/2011

• Cell Cycle and Mitosis Worksheets.• Pg. 166 # 1-2, 5-14 – Cornell Note Format for Pg. 166 # 1-2, 5-14 – Cornell Note Format for

#s 5-14!!#s 5-14!!• Due @ end of Class!Due @ end of Class!

Active and Passive Transport Quiz12/08/2011

1. Describe the process of diffusion in terms of movement of molecules within a concentration gradient.

2. What is the function of a carrier protein?3. What are the differences / similarities between facilitated

diffusion and simple diffusion?4. What determines if a molecule will go through the process

of facilitated diffusion.5. Why does active transport require energy and facilitated

diffusion does not? What provides the energy for active transport?

6. Explain how the sodium-potassium pump works. 7. What are the concentrations of Na+ and K+ .

Mr. HunterBiology 09/07/12

• Objective• SWBAT• Summarize the hierarchy of organization

within complex organisms.• Analyze graphical data and three types of

graphs.• Bell Ringer: List the levels of organization in a

complex living organism. pg(s). 6-7 text book.

Mr. HunterAnatomy and Physiology 09/07/12

• Objectives• SWBAT• Analyze information from chapter 1 text and

answer the questions on the study review handout.

Bell Ringer 09/07/2012

• A scientist performed an experiment testing the acidity of a new compound. He added drops of the new compound to 3 different beakers containing water. He then measured the acidity of the solutions (compound mixed with water) with a pH meter and graphed the results.

• What is the independent variable?• What is the dependent variable?• What is a possible control group?• What is the experimental group?

Bell Ringer 9/29/2011• You are the manager of a large pharmaceutical

research team. You have just developed a new drug (Dioxitropine) that attacks cancer cells in young adults. You are approved to test your drug on the following groups: A – received new drug, B: -received a sugar pill, C: received new drug and additional cancer treatments. The number of cancer cells in Group C decreased the most. The number for A was unchanged.

• What is the independent variable?• What is the dependent variable?• Which group is the control group?• What possible control factor(s) could you think of for

Group C that could decrease errors in the experiment?• What is a possible hypothesis for the experiment?

Bell Ringer 09/30/2011

As a scientist you are presented with an experiment with three plants and a new fertilizer. Fertilizer X was added to plant A.

Fertilizer X was added to plant B. and Fertilizer X was not added to plant C. Plants A and B showed the most measured growth.

1. What is the independent variable? 2. What is the dependent variable / control ? 3. What is the hypothesis of the experiment?

BELL RINGER 10/05/2011• CREATE A GRAPH SKETCH OF THE

FOLLOWING DATA. - TURN IN ON NOTEBOOK PAPER

RATE (Sec) TEMPERATURE (CELSIUS) 40 20 30 30 20 40 10 50 What is the independent variable/

dependent? What axis does the independent / dependent

belong?What does the line of the graph look like?

BELL RINGER 10/04/2011

Scanning electron Scanning electron microscopemicroscope

A.A. In an In an SEMSEM, the electron beam is focused , the electron beam is focused on a specimen on a specimen coated with a thin layer of coated with a thin layer of metalmetal. The electrons that bounce off the . The electrons that bounce off the specimen form an image on a fluorescent specimen form an image on a fluorescent screen.screen.

B.B. An SEM shows An SEM shows three-dimensional images three-dimensional images of cell surfaces.of cell surfaces.

C.C. As in the As in the TEMTEM, the specimens are , the specimens are not living not living when viewed under SEM.when viewed under SEM.

D.D. The scanning tunneling microscope, The scanning tunneling microscope, STM STM uses a needle-like probe to uses a needle-like probe to measuremeasure differences in voltagedifferences in voltage caused by caused by electronselectrons that leak, or tunnel from the surface of the that leak, or tunnel from the surface of the object being viewed.object being viewed.

E.E. A computer tracks the movement of the A computer tracks the movement of the probe across the object and generates a probe across the object and generates a three-dimensional image three-dimensional image of the specimen’s of the specimen’s surface – STM used on living organisms.surface – STM used on living organisms.

The Cell – Theory and The Cell – Theory and FeaturesFeatures

A.A. In 1838, the German botanist In 1838, the German botanist MattiasMattias SchleidenSchleiden concluded that cells compose concluded that cells compose every part of the plant.every part of the plant.

B.B. A year later, the German zoologist A year later, the German zoologist Theodore Schwann Theodore Schwann claimed that animals claimed that animals are also made of cells.are also made of cells.

C.C. In 1858, In 1858, Rudoloph VirchowRudoloph Virchow, a German , a German physician, determined that cells come physician, determined that cells come from other cells.from other cells.

D.D. The works of these three scientist form the The works of these three scientist form the Cell TheoryCell Theory

1.1. All living things are made of one or more All living things are made of one or more cells.cells.

2.2. Cells are the basic units of structure and Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms.function in organisms.

3.3. All cells arise from existing cells.All cells arise from existing cells.