Anatomy and physiology

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

HYPERTENSION

HYPERTENSIONHypertension or high blood pressure or

sometime called arterial hypertension is one of the most common worldwide disease among humans.

It also the major risk factor for coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, end-stage renal disease and peripheral vascular disease.

Hypertension can be classified into two groups:Primary hypertensionSecondary hypertension

KOLEJ ANTARABANGSA TEKNOLOGI & PROFESIONAL PERLIS

HOW IT HAPPEN?As blood flow inside the arteries it

pushes a pressure against the arteries wall.

The higher the pressure of blood exerted on the arteries wall, the high the blood pressure will be.

Besides, the size or the dilation and constriction of the arteries also can affect the blood pressure.

When the arteries muscular wall dilated, the pressure of blood flowing through is lower.

However, when the wall constrict. The pressure of blood flowing through is higher.


PRIMARY HYPERTENSIONPrimary hypertension is the most cases had

been recorded.About 90% – 95% of cases are categorized as

primary hypertension.Primary hypertension are mostly caused by

medicals.


SECONDARY HYPERTENSIONSecondary hypertension is the least cases had

been recorded5%-10% of cases are categorized as secondary

hypertension.It mostly caused by other condition that affect

kidney, arteries, heart and endocrine system.Secondary hypertension has several types:

Renovascular hypertensionHypertension to other renal disorderHypertension to endocrine disorderOther secondary hypertension


SYMPTOMSHypertension is called a “silent killer” as it

not have any symptoms until it quietly damage patients heart, blood vessel, brain, lungs and kidney.

But, patients can control it by knowing its zones


NORMAL BLOOD PRESSURE: SAFE ZONENormal blood pressure readings may fall

below 120/80.Higher than this level can indicates

hypertension.


PREHYPERTENSION: WARNING ZONEAt this zone, the blood level consistently just

above normal blood pressure.Patient at this level have twice the risk of

developing heart disease than the patient with lower blood pressure.

A change in lifestyle are recommended for them to lower down the blood pressure.


HYPERTENSION: DANGER ZONEThe blood pressure reading are at 140/90 or

higher.Still no symptoms occur at this level until the

pressure reading are at 180/110 or higher, patient may having hypertensive crisis.

Hypertensive crisis symptoms are:Severe headacheShortness of breathNose bleedingSevere anxiety


CAUSESThere are several causes that contributed to

hypertensionHigh salt diet

Person with diets high in salt experience more risk of hypertension than who take low salt diet.

Alcohol consumption Taking too much alcohol drinks may lead to high

blood pressure. It is good not to take any alcohol drinks in a diet.

Obesity Person with too much body weigh have a risk to

hypertension.


CAUSESStress

Too much stress can contributed to hypertension. A good handling of stress are needed to prevent it

from get worst.Caffeine

Consumption of caffeine can rise the blood pressure.

However it only for short term and not sustained.


HOW TO MEASURE HYPERTENSION?Blood pressure is the amount of force that exerted

at the wall of blood vessel as blood passing through it.

To measure this force, special device are needed. This device called sphygmomanometer.

The blood pressure measurement are written as fraction. For example, normal blood pressure is recorded as 120/80. the number on top is called systolic pressure; the pressure inside blood vessel at the moment of heart beats. The number at the bottom indicates the diastolic pressure; the pressure inside blood vessel when heart is at rest.


Cont…There are two types of sphygmomanometer:

Manometric Digital


TREATMENTLifestyle changes is the first recommended to

treat hypertension. Losing weigh, exercising more, drinking less or avoid alcohol and cutting back on salt in diet can help lower the blood pressure.

But, for some individuals lifestyle changes may not enough for them. They require some hypertension medications to use together.


Cont…Type of medications can be use to treat

hypertension are:Beta blockers

Prescribed to treat condition like chest pain, glaucoma and high blood pressure.

Diuretics Commonly known as water pills. It help the body to

remove unneeded water and salt through urine. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)

Help to relax the blood vessel, lower the blood pressure and make for heart pump blood.

Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) Prescribed to treat chest pain and high blood pressure


PREVENTIONReduce salt intakeReduce fat intakeLose weight (if overweight)Exercise regularlyQuit/avoid smokingAvoid alcoholic drinkManage stressAlways check the blood pressure


THANK YOU


Anatomy and physiology

Health & Medicine

high blood

blood vessel

blood pressure

profesional

blood flowing

alcohol drinks

secondary

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