BONE MARKINGSAre projections that are site for muscle and
ligament attachment; projections that help the joints; depressions
and openings allow the blood vessels to
pass.NAMEILLUSTRATIONFUNCTION
a.Tuberositya large prominence on a bone usually serving for the
attachment of muscles or ligaments-Oblong, raised bump, usually for
muscle attachment; also called a tuber; a small tuberosity is
called a tubercle [tuber is literally bump or lump]
b.Crest
aprojection,orprojectingstructureorridge,especiallyonesurmountingaboneoritsborder.-Moderately
raised ridge; generally a site for muscle attachment
c.TrochanterThetrochanteris an anatomical part of the femur
connecting to the hip bone.-Large bump for muscle attachment
(larger than a tubercle or tuberosity) [literally runner]
d.Lineastripe,streak,ornarrowridge;
animaginarylineconnectingdifferentanatomiclandmarks.linea-Similar
to a crest but not raised as much (is often rather faint)
e. Tubercle
the termtuberclemay describe a roundnodule, smalleminence,
orwartyoutgrowth found onbonesor skin, or, in cases oftuberculosis,
in the lungs.
f. Epicondyle(epi meaning "upon"; condyle meaning "knuckle" or
"rounded articular area")-any of several prominences on the distal
part of a long bone serving for the attachment of muscles and
ligaments:a:one on the outer aspect of the distal part of the
humerus or proximal to the lateral condyle of the femurcalled
alsolateral epicondyleb:a larger and more prominent one on the
inner aspect of the distal part of the humerus or proximal to the
medial condyle of the femurcalled alsomedial epicondyle
g. Spine
Sharp, pointed process; similar to crested but raised more; for
muscle attachment [literally thorn]
h. Head
Distinct epiphysis on a long bone, separated from the shaft by a
narrowed portion (or neck)
i. Facet
Flat surface that forms a joint with another facet or at
bone
j. Condyle
Rounded bump; usually fits into a fossa on another bone to form
a joint [literally knuckle]-Latin:condylus, fromGreek:kondylos;
knuckle) is the round prominence at the end of a bone, most often
part of a joint - an articulation with another bone.
k. Ramus
Curved portion of a bone, like a rams horn [literally
branch]
l. Meatus
Tubelike opening or channel[literally passage]
m. Sinus
Cavity within a bone [literally
hollow]Acavityorhollowspaceinaboneoftheskull,especiallyonethatconnectswiththenose.
n. Fossa
Depression; often receives an articulating bone [literally
ditch]
o. Groove
anarrow,linear hollowordepression
p. FissureLong, cracklike hole for blood vessels / nerves
[literally a split]-a narrow opening or crack of considerable
length and depth usually occurring from some breaking or
parting
q.Foramen
Round hole for vessels and nerves [literally hole]-The skull
contains a number offoraminathrough which arteries, veins, nerves,
and other structures enter and exit
BONE FRACTURESis a medical condition in which there is a break
in the continuity of the bone. A bone fracture can be the result of
high forceimpactorstress, or trivial injury as a result of certain
medical conditions that weaken the bones, such asosteoporosis,bone
cancer, orosteogenesis imperfecta, where the fracture is then
properly termed a pathologic fracture.
NAMEILLUSTRATIONDEFINITION
Oblique
Afractureinwhichthelineof
breakrunsobliquelytotheaxisofthebone.
Transverse
Afractureinwhichthelineof breakformsarightanglewith theaxisofthe
bone.
Spiral
(a.k.a.torsion fracture) is abone fractureoccurring whentorque(a
rotating force) is applied along the axis of a bone
ComminutedA bone injury that results in more than 2 separate
bone components is known as a comminuted fracture. Some comminuted
fractures have specific names such as 'butterfly fragment' or
'segmental fracture
Linear
Afracturethatrunsparallelto thelongaxisofabone. Also
calledfissuredfracture
Greenstick
Agreenstick fractureis afracturein a young, soft bone in which
the bone bends and breaks. Despite the name fracture, during the
majority of cases the bone is broken and hard to find in x-rays.
This is owing in large part to the thick fiborousperiosteumof
immature bone. A person's bones become harder (calcified) and more
brittle with age and the periosteum becomes thinner and less
restrictive. Greenstick fractures usually occur most often during
infancy and childhood when bones are soft. The name is by analogy
with green (i.e., fresh) wood which similarly breaks on the outside
when bent. It was discovered by British-American orthopedist,John
Insall, and Polish-American orthopedist,Michael Slupecki.
Simple
Also known as a closed fracture, it is a fracture where the
bones suffers breakage; however, it does not puncture, or piece
through the epidermis.
Compound
Also known as an open fracture, this form of bonne trauma is
characterized by luxation of the bone, with it being exposed to
contamination. This is dangerous as a plausibility of contracting
an infection is dense.
Impacted
It is a closed fracture which occurs when pressure is applied to
the two extremities of the bone, causing it to split into two
fragments that jam into each other. This type of fracture is common
resultant of motor collisions and falls.
Segmentalabonebreakinwhichseveral
largebonefragmentsseparatefromthemainbodyofafracturedbone.Theendsofthe
fragmentsmaypiercetheskin,asinanopenfracture,ormaybecontainedwithintheskin,asinaclosedfracture.
Torus
Torus fractures(also known asbuckle fractures) areincomplete
fracturesof the shaft of a long bone that is characterised by
bulging of the cortex.They usually result from trabecular
compression from an axial loading force (along long axis of
bone).Usually seen in children, frequently involving the distal
radial metaphysis.
Avulsedis abone fracturewhich occurs when a fragment of bone
tears away from the main mass of bone as a result ofphysical
trauma. This can occur at theligamentdue to the application forces
external to the body (such as a fall or pull) or at thetendondue to
a muscular contraction that is stronger than the forces holding the
bone together. Generally muscular avulsion is prevented due to the
neurological limitations placed onmuscle contractions. Highly
trained athletes can overcome this neurological inhibition of
strength and produce a much greater force output capable of
breaking or avulsing a bone.
University of Perpetual HelpDalta-Calamba CampusS.Y.
2014-2015AnatomyAnd physiology(lecture)
Millicent grace m. periodicaIi- bspharmacy