Anatomi Tubuh Manusia.pdf

Anatomi Tubuh Manusia

Konsep dasar anatomi

Zaynul Arifin

Akademi Kebidanan Mandiri Gresik

15

16

Anatomical position a common visual reference point

Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward

Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body

Regional terms names of specific body areas

Axial region the main axis of the body

Appendicular region the limbs

Directional terminology

Refers to the body in anatomical position

Standardized terms of directions are paired terms

Directional Terms

TERM DEFINITION DIAGRAM EXAMPLE

Superior (cranial)

Toward the head or upper part of the body; above

The heart is superior to the liver

Inferior(caudal)

Away from the head toward the lower part; below

The stomach is inferior to the lungs

Anterior(ventral)

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of

The sternum is anterior to the heart

Posterior(dorsal)

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

The calcaneous is posterior to the phalanges

Medial Toward or at the midline of the body; inner side

The ulna is on the medial side of the forearm

Lateral Away from the midline of the body; outer side

The lungs are lateral to the heart

Proximal Closer to the origin or point of attachment to trunk

The humerus is at the proximal end of the radius

Distal Farther from origin or point of attachment to trunk

The phalanges are distal to the carpals

Superficial Towards or at the body surface The skin is superficial to the skeleton

Deep Away from the body surface; more internal

The ribs are deep to the skin of the chest.

Orientation and Directional Terms

Orientation and Directional Terms

Orientation and Directional Terms

Orientation and Directional Terms

Regional Terms

Body Planes and Sections

Body Planes and Sections

Coronal (frontal) plane - Lies vertically and divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts

Sagittal plane lies vertically and divides the body into left and right sides. Median (midsagittal) plane - Specific sagittal

plane that lies vertically in the midline

Transverse plane - runs horizontally and divides body into superior (up) and inferior (down) parts

Figure 1.6

Body Planes and Sections Oblique section through the trunk

Skull in the newborn

At birth the skull is large in proportion to other skeletal parts; the facial region is relatively small and constitutes only about one-eighth of the neonatal cranium, compared with half in adult life

Smallness of the face at birth is largely due to the rudimentary stage of development of the mandible and maxillae - the teeth are unerupted.

The nose lies almost entirely between the orbits, and the lower border of the nasal aperture is only slightly lower in position than the orbital floors

The large size of the calvaria, especially the neurocranium, reflects early cerebral maturation.

Bones of the cranial vault are unilaminar and lack diplo.

Frontal and parietal tuberosities are prominent; in the frontal view, the greatest width occurs between the parietal tuberosities.

The glabella, superciliaryarches and mastoid processes are not developed

Cranial base is relatively short and narrow

Ossification is incomplete, and many bones are still in several elements united by fibrous tissue or cartilage.

Two halves of the frontal bone and mandible, and the squamous, lateral and basilar parts of the occipital bone are all separate

Parts of the temporal bones are separate except that fusion of the tympanic with the petrous and squamous parts has started.

The fibrous membrane that forms the cranial vault before ossification is unossified at the angles of the parietal bones, producing six fontanelles: two median (anterior and posterior) and two lateral pairs (sphenoidal/anterolateraland mastoid/posterolateral).

The anterior fontanelle is the largest and measures approximately 4 cm in anteroposterior and 2.5 cm in transverse dimensions.

It occupies the junction between the sagittal, coronal and frontal sutures and is therefore rhomboid in shape.

.The posterior fontanelle lies at the junction between the sagittaland lambdoid sutures and is therefore triangular.

The sphenoidal(anterolateral) and mastoid (posterolateral) fontanellesare small, irregular and occur at the sphenoidal and mastoid angles of the parietal bones respectively.

At birth the orbits appear relatively large.

The developing tooth germs are generally contained within the alveolar crypts, although eruption of the upper central incisor teeth can occur prior to, or shortly after, birth

Temporal bones differ greatly from their adult form.

The internal ear, tympanic cavity, auditory ossicles and mastoid antrum are all almost adult in size

The tympanic plate is an incomplete ring which has usually started to fuse with the squamous part, and the mastoid process is absent.

The external aspect of the tympanic membrane faces more inferiorly than laterally

The stylomastoid foramen is exposed on the lateral surface of the skull, the styloid process has not fused with the temporal bone, the mandibular fossa is flat and more lateral, and its articular tubercle is undeveloped.

The mandibular fossa is flat and more lateral, and its articular tubercle is undeveloped.

The paranasal sinuses are rudimentary or absent and only the maxillary sinuses are usually identifiable

During birth the skull is moulded by slow compression.

That part of the scalp which is more central in the birth canal is often temporarily oedematous as a result of interference with venous return, and is called the caput succedaneum

Fontanelles and the openness and width of the sutures allow bones of the cranial vault some overlap.

The skull is compressed in one plane with compensatory orthogonal elongation. These effects disappear within the first week after birth.

Skull Contains 22 bones

Rest superior to the

vertebral column

Consists 2 sets of bones,

facial and cranial bones

Cranial bones forms the

cranial cavity, which

encloses and protect the

brain

Facial bones form the face.

Cranial Bones (8 bones)

1 Frontal bone

2 parietal bones

2 temporal bones

1 Occipital bone

1 Sphenoid bone

1 Ethmoid bone

Facial bones (14 bones)

2 nasal bones

2 maxillas

2 zygomatic bones

Mandible

2 lacrimal bones

2 palatines bone

2 inferior nasal

conchae

Vomer

Figure 8.4a

Figure 8.4b

Function of the skull

Protect the brain

Inner surface attach to the membranes (meninges)

that stabilize the position of the brain, blood

vessels and nerves.

Outer surface of cranial bones provide large areas

for muscle attachment that move various part of

the head.

The bones also provide muscle attachment for

some muscles that produce facial expressions.

Facial bones forms framework of the face

Facial bones provide support for entrance to the

digestive and respiratory system

Together cranial and facial bones protect and

support the delicate special sense organs for vision,

taste, smell, hearing and equibilirium.

Function of the skull