Anatomi Endokrin Mei 2014 Revisi

7/23/2019 Anatomi Endokrin Mei 2014 Revisi

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Anatomy of the

Endocrine System

By : Chodidjah



• At the end of the lecture, students

should be able to d escribe :

The position and structur of the glands

of endocrine system:hypothalamus,

pituitary, pineal, thyroid, para thyroid,

adrenal, pancreas, ovarium, testis

Hormones which producing of

endocrine system



LEARNING OBJECTIVES

the structures of hypothalamus related

to the pituitary gland.

• Describe the blood supply of endocrine

system gland .

•Describe the blood supply of pituitarygland & the hypophyseal portal system.

• The nervous system of endocrine



the Endocrine System• The endocrine system ismade up of seen di!erent

"#ands that ma$e chemica#sca##ed %OR&ONES'

• %OR&ONES are su(stancesthat act as mesen"er tocontro# many (ody function'



The endocrine system ma$es

more the )* mayor hormonesthat he#p contro#+

• Gro,th

• Reproduction• Se-sua# dee#opment

• .se and Stora"e of ener"y

• Responses to physica# stress ortrauma

• Lee# of /uid sa#t and su"ar in

(#ood



GLANDS OF ENDOCRINESYSTEM

• Hypothalamus

. Pituitary

• Pineal

• Thyroid

• Para thyroid

• Thymus

• Adrenal• Pancreas

• Gonade ( Ovarium and Testis)





%01OT%ALA&.S

The hypotha#amusis #ocated in thecenter of the (rain'

It ma$es hormonesthat increase or

decrease the re#easeof the hormonesmade in thepituitary "#and ita#so ma$eshormones that he#p

to contro# ,ater(a#ance2 s#eep2temperature2appetide and (#oodpressure'





Hormones Which produced by hypothalamus

Releasing Hormones RH!

"rowth Hormone RH

"onadotrophin RH

Thyrotropin RH

#rolactin RH

$orticotropin RH

Release% inhibiting Hormones:

omatostatin

Dopamin



1IT.ITAR0 GLAN34%01O1%0SIS CEREBRI5

't is referred to as the master of endocrine glands.

't is a small oval structure ( cm in diameter.



't lies in the middle cranial fossa

1OSITION





it lies between optic chiasma anteriorly! &

mamillary bodies posteriorly!.

&ami##ary (od

ptic chiasma

Body of sphenoi



)#*R'+R: Diaphragma

sellae'-*R'+R: phenoidal air

sinuses

/T*R/: $avernous

sinuses







S.B3IVISIONS O6 1IT.ITAR0 GLAN3

The gland is divided into:(! /nterior lobe /denohypophysis!: it is the True gland, ecretes

hormones

0! #osterior lobe eurohypophysis!: connected to hypothalamus

through hypothalamo%hypophyseal tract, tores hormones secreted by

hypothalamic nuclei

ypothalamo-hypophyseal

tract



BLOO3 S.11L0 O6 1IT.ITAR0 GLAN3

/RT*R'*: uperior & inferior hypophyseal arteries branches

of internal carotid artery!

1*': Hypophyseal veins drain into $avernous inuses.



ARTERIES

uperior hypophyseal: supplies infundibulum & forms a capillary

networ2 from which vessels pass downward & form sinusoids into the

anterior lobe of pituitary gland hypophyseal portal system!.'nferior hypophyseal: supplies posterior lobe of pituitary gland.

a hypothalamo-hypophsealportal vessel



Hormone%releasing &

inhibiting factors

produced byhypothalamus use

Hypophyseal #ortal

ystem of vessels toreach the /nterior

lobe of pituitary gland

ANTERIOR

LOBE



The neurohypophysis

receives a nerve supply fromsome of the hypothalamic

nuclei (supraoptic &

paraventricular )

The axons of these nuclei

convey their neurosecretion

to the Posterior lobe of

pituitary gland throughHypothalamo-Hypophyseal

tract from where it passes into

the blood stream.

1OSTERIORLOBE

, c



, cproducin" ofanteriorpituitary "#ands

Gro!th hormone

( GH)

"uteini#in$ hormone

("H)

%ollicle &timulatin$hormone (%&H)

Thyrotropin hormone

(T&H)

Prolactin (P'")

Adrenocorticotropichormone ( ACTH)

elanocye stimulatin$

hormone ( &H)







POSTERIOR PITUITARYORMONES

O*TOC*+

,A&OP'-&&*+ ( Anti iuretic

Hormones/AH0 Ar$inin

,asopressin/A,P0or Ar$ipressin)

Posterior pituitary hormones are sinthesed 1y

the hypothalamus. They are than store in

neurosecretory vesicles 1e2ore secreted 1y

pituitary into 1lood stream.



1INEAL "#and7pinea# (ody

The pinea# "#and#ocated in thecentre of the (rain2to the (et,een thecere(ra#

hemisphereattached to thethird entric#e

It produced theme#atonin hormone2,ith is used the(ody to $eepnorma# (ody s#eepcyc#e '



The ThyroidG#and

Bro!nishred and so2t

durin$ li2e .

"ocated in the nec3 1elo!the laryn4 0 and anterior to

the trachea

-ach lo1e

5pearshaped and 67cm lon$

8sually !ei$hs a1out 97;$

(lar$er in!omen)



&urrounded 1y a thin02i1rous capsule o2 connective

tissue

-4ternal to this is 2ormed 1y

pretracheal 2ascia

'i$ht and le2t lo1es are

connected 1y 1and o2 tissuecalled isthmus.

Thyroid $land attached to

arch o2 cricoid cartila$e and

to o1li<ue line o2 thyroid

cartila$e

5moves up and do!n !ith

s!allo!in$ and oscillates

durin$ spea3in$



*sthmus: e4tends across the

trachea anterior to second and

third tracheal cartila$es

Pyramidal lo1e=e4ists0

ascendin$ 2rom the isthmusto!ards hyoid 1one

"ies deep to sternothyroidand

sternohyoid muscles

*nternal ju$ular vein andcommon carotid arterylie

posterolateral to thyroid



ARTERIAL S.11L0

Arterial supply 2rom

superior and in2erior

thyroid arteries

5lie 1et!een capsule and

pretracheal 2ascia (2alse

capsule)

all thyroid arteries

anastomose !ith one

another on and in the

su1stance o2 the thyroid01ut little anastomosis

across the median plane .



'ecurrent laryn$eal nerveis

( 1ranch o2 va$us nerve) an

important structure lyin$

1et!een trachea and thyroid

5may 1e injured durin$

thyroid sur$ery >ipsilateral

paralysis0 o2 vocalis plica0

hoarse voice .

Thyroid $land produce :

T ( Triiodotyronin)0T? (Thyro4in) and

Calcitonin



• Cal!"to#"# a hormo#es thatst"m$lates %epos"t"o# o& !al!"$m &romthe 'loo% "#to the 'o#es( 'ala#!"#)

the a!t"o# o& parathyro"%• Thyro"% hormo#es they !o#trol the

*asal Meta'pl"! Rate +*MR,(

I#$e#!e !ell %".ere#t"at"o# a#%)ro/th



1ARAT%0ROI3GLAN3

%our parathyroid $land are

2ound near the posterior

aspect o2 the thyroid $land.

They are small 9; ?; m$and have a 1ean li3e shape.

Parathyroid $lands usually

lie 1et!een posterior 1order

o2 thyroid $land and its

sheath



These ? $lands produce parathyroid

hormone (PTH)0 !hich help to maintaincalcium homeostasis 1y actin$ on the

renal tu1ule as !ell as calcium store in

the s3eletal system and 1y actin$indirectly on the $astointestinal tract

thiou$h the activation o2 vit .



A3RENAL GLAN37S.1RARENALGLAN3

The adrenal $land is a smalltri an$ular $land located on

top o2 the 3idney.

Adrenal $lands are oran$e

colored endocrine $lands

that are a1out

@07 4 inch.

The $land consist s o2 a

medulla and is surrounded

1y corte4.

*t is responsi1le 2or

producin$ epinephrin andnor epinephrin 0 as !ell as

the hormones related !ith

stress thou$ht the process o2

corticosteroids.



A3RENAL GLAN3



• O#e the ma"# &$#!t"o# o& the a%re#al)la#% "s to /or0 /"th thehypothalam$s a#% the p"t$"tary 1

• The hypothalam$s pro%$!e%!ort"!otroph"#- Realeas"#) ormo#ethat st"m$late% the a%re#al )la#%s to

pro%$!e hormo#e !alle%!ort"!ostero"%1



BLOO3 S.11L0

The artrial 1lood supply

to each adrenal $land is

via three adrenal

arteries:

-The superior suprarenal

artery0 a 1ranch o2 thein2erior phrenic artuery

- The middle suprarenal

artery0 a 1ranch o2 the

aorta

- The in2erior suprarenalartery0 a 1ranch o2 the

renal artery



The Venousdraina"e

-The enousdraina"e of theadrena# is ia thesuprarena# eins,hich drain into

di!erent maineins on each side'

8 The ri"ht into theinferior ena caa

- The #eft into the

#eft rena# or #eftinferior phrenicein



NERVE S.11L0

The adrenal $land

have a rich nervesupply 0 1ranch 2rom

Coeliac ple4us and

the thoracicus

splancnic





6.NCTIONALANATO&0

The adrena# "#and can (edeide into t,o 9ones2 eachof ,hich producin" speci:chormones'

The inner part of the adrena#ca##ed medu##a secretedadrena#in 4 epinephrine5 and

noradrena#in 4 norepinephrine5

The outer part of theadrena# "#and ca##ed corte-secreted +

8 &inera#ocorticoid A#dosteron 4 9ona

"#omeru#osa5

8 G#ucocorticoid corti9o#4 ;ona fascicu#ata5

8 Andro"en 4;onareticu#aris5



1ANCREATICGLAN3

Gland !ith 1oth e4ocrine

and endocrine 2unctions

@797 cm lon$

;@;; $

"ocation: in epi$astric and

le2t hypochondric re$ion.

'etroperitoneum0 9nd

lum1ar verte1ral level

-4tends in an o1li<ue0

transverse position

Parts o2 pancreas: head0nec30 1ody and tail



1ANCREATIC 3.CT

irsun$i duct runsthe entire len$th o2pancreas

-&antorini duct drainssuperior portion o2

head and emptiesseparately into 9nd portion o2 duodenum

Common Bile duct1ehind 2irst portion o2

duodenum then throu$hhead o2 pancreas

Terminates at ampulla o2vater





The pancreas is an endocrine $land !hich hase4ocrine and endocrine tissue.

The e4ocrine secretes pancreatic juice0 a

solution containin$ en#yme 2or car1ohydrat0protein and triacyl $lycerol di$est.

Pancreatic juice drains into the small intestine.

The endocrine part secretes hormones 2or there$ulation o2 1lood $lucose concentration0include insulin0 $luca$on and somatostatin .



B"OO &8PP"Blood supply 2rom &plenicartery0 Hepatic artery and&uperior esenteric ArteryCeliac Common HepaticArtery GastroduodenalArtery &uperiorpancreaticoduodenal artery !hich divides into anteriorand posterior 1ranches

&A

*n2eriorpancreaticoduodenal artery !hich divides into anteriorand posterior 1ranches

2 D " &



2e#o$s Dra"#a)e o&Pa#!reas

• %ollo!s arterial supply• Anterior and posterior arcades drain head and

the 1ody• &plenic vein• &uperior and in2erior mesenteric vein pass deep

to pancreas0 mer$e !ith spleen vein0 terminatesin portal vein





2e#o$s Dra"#a)e o& the Pa#!reas



I##ervat"o# o& Pa#!reas

• &ympathetic 2i1ers 2rom the splanchnic nerves

• Parasympathetic 2i1ers 2rom the va$us

• Both $ive rise to intrapancreatic periacinar

ple4uses• Parasympathetic 2i1ers stimulate 1oth e4ocrine

and endocrine secretion

•&ympathetic 2i1ers have a predominantlyinhi1itory e22ect



Pro%$!t"o# o& Pa#!reat"! ormo#es 'y Three Cell Types

lpha cells produce glucagon!

"eta cells produce insulin!

#elta cells produce somatostatin!



ovary

The ovaries are the

2emale pelvic

reproduction or$an and

are responsi1le 2or the

production o2 se4hormones.

The ovaries are small

They are paired or$an

located on either side o2

the uterus !ithin theBroad "i$ament 1ello!

the uterin 2allopian tu1e.



BLOO3 S.11L0

Blood supply to the ovary

is via the ovarian artery0

1oth the ri$ht and le2t

arteries ori$inate directly

2rom the aorta.

The le2t ovariy vein drain

into the le2t renal vein

and the ri$ht ovarian

vein empties into the

in2erior venae cava.

Hormones produce 1y the

ovary are estro$en and

pro$esteron.



The T-&T-& (sin$ular:

T-&T*&/ Testicle

T-&T-& are the

male $onads0 located

in the scrotum.Testes are component

o2 1oth the

reproduction system

and the endocrine

system.



-ach testes isenclosed 1y the

tunica va$inalis0 a

continuation o2 the

peritoneum that linesthe a1domino pelvic

cavity.

A 2i1rous capsule

covers each testis

called the tunica

al1u$enia



The primary 2unction o2 the

testes are produce sperm

( spermato$enesis) and to

produce andro$en (e40

testosteron)

Gonadotropin Hormon

produced 1y the anterior

pituitary:

"H Testosteron release

%&H &permato$enesis



B"OO &8PP"

The paired testicularisartery arise directly 2rom

the a1dominal artery and

descend thou$h the in$uinal

canal.



The le2t testicularis

vein drain into the

le2t renal vein and

the ri$ht testicularisvein empties into the

in2erior venae cava.



The tunica al1u$inea

$ives rise to septa

(partitions) that divide

the testis into lo1ules

(a1out 97;)

-ach lo1ule contains

or ? hi$hly coiled

semini2erous tu1ules

These conver$e to

1ecome rete testis

!hich transport sperm

to the epididymis

The testicu#ar



The testicu#ararteries (ranch o!the a(domina#aorta near the

$idneys' The ri"httesticu#ar eindrains direct#y intothe inferior enacaa2 ,hi#e the #efttesticu#ar eindrains into the #eftrena# ein and theninto the inferiorena caa' Noteho, the esse#s

cross oer theureters and enterand e-it thein"uina# cana# ,iththe spermatic cord

ia the deep and



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