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INTRODUCTION TO
ANATOMY
Bernell K. Dalley
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Anatomy Definition - anatome = up ana! " #uttin$tome!
Di%#ipline% of anatomy
&Ma#ro%#opi#
&Mi#ro%#opi#
&De'elopmental
&Neuroanatomy
Approa#( to %tu)y of $ro%% anatomy
Upper e*tremity Ba#+
,ea) an) ne#+ T(ora*
A)omen el'i% an) perineum
/o0er e*tremity
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Ba%i% for Terminolo$y
Term% informati'e
Nomina anatomi#a
U%e of eponym%
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Anatomi#al o%ition
Bo)y ere#t
,ea)1 eye%1 toe% )ire#te) for0ar)
/im% at %i)e% of o)y
alm% )ire#te) for0ar)
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Anatomi#al lane%
Me)ian = 'erti#al1 front to a#+ in mi)line
2rontal #oronal! = 'erti#al1 perpen)i#ular
to me)ian
,ori3ontal tran%'er%e! = parallel to floor1
perpen)i#ular to me)ian1 #oronal
4a$ittal = 'erti#al1 parallel to me)ian
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Me)ian plane
Of o)y
Of (an)
Of foot
4a$ittal plane
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Tran%'er%e
plane Coronal
plane
Coronal plane
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Term% of Dire#tion Medial = closer to median plane
Lateral = further from median plane
Anterior (ventral) = towards front of body
Posterior (dorsal) = towards back of body
Superior (cephalic) = towards head
Inferior (caudal) = towards bottom of feet
Superficial = towards surface of body part
!eep = towards center of body part
Pro"imal = nearer ori#in or attachment
!istal = further from ori#in or attachment
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4+eleton
Ri$i) %upport for o)y an) it% part%
Component% of %+eleton5
&Bone
&6oint%
&4tru#ture% a%%o#iate) 0it( 7oint%
&Cartila$e
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Bone - 2un#tion%
rote#tion
4upport
Mo'ement
Cal#ium %tora$e
,ou%in$ loo)-formin$ #ell%
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Type% of Bone%
/on$ one%
&Diap(y%i% = %(aft
&Metap(y%i% = %(aft a)7a#ent to epip(y%i%
&8pip(y%i% = 9: o%%ifi#ation #enter
4(ort one%
2lat one%
Irre$ular one%
4e%amoi) one%
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Bone Mar+in$% Lines rid#es crests
$ounded elevations& %uberosity trochanter tubercle
& Protuberance
& Malleolus
Spines processes
&ossae notches #rooves
&oramina
'anals Meatuses
eads and condyles
picondyles
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4pine of
%#apula
Cre%t of
le%%er tuer#le
4piral $roo'e
/ateral %upra#on)ylar
ri)$e
Me)ial epi#on)yle
;reater tuer#le
Cora#oi)pro#e%%
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6oint%
Conne#tion% et0een #omponent% of
%+eleton
4tu)y of 7oint% = art(rolo$y
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2irou%1 Cartila$enou% 6oint%
2irou%
&4uture
&4yn)e%mo%i%
&;omp(o%i%
Cartila$enou%
&rimary
&4e#on)ary
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;ro0t( #artila$e
erio%teum
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4yno'ial 6oint%
Bone% of 7oint %eparate) y a 7oint #a'ity
6oint %urfa#e% line) 0it( (yaline #artila$e
6oint #a'ity line) y %yno'ial memrane
Arti#ular #ap%ule #o'er% 7oint %pa#e
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Periosteum
Joint capsule
(fibrous)
Synovial fold
Joint cavity
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Type% of 4yno'ial 6oint%
lane
,in$e
Con)yloi)
i'ot
4a))le Ball an) %o#+et
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A%%o#iate) 6oint 4tru#ture%
/i$ament%
&Intrin%i#
&Cap%ular
&8*trin%i#
Cartila$e%
&Arti#ular )i%#&Meni%#u%
&/arum
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erio%teum
6oint #ap%ule
Arti#ular )i%#
6oint #a'ity
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Cartila$e
;ro0t( plate%
Bri)$e et0een one%
4moot(1 uniform %urfa#e%
4(o#+ a%orer%
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Diap(y%i%
8pip(y%eal plate
8pip(y%i%
Arti#ular #artila$e
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4+eletal Mu%#le%
Morp(olo$y
&arallel
&ennate
Namin$ of mu%#le%
&4(ape A#tion
&Atta#(ment /o#ation
Role% in mo'ement
Type% of mo'ement
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arallelUnipennate Bipennate
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arallel ennate
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Mu%#le Role% in Motion
rime mo'er = mo%t re%pon%ile for a#tion
Anta$oni%t = oppo%ite a#tion a% prime
mo'er
4yner$i%t = a%%i%t% prime mo'er in a#tion
2i*ator = %taili3e% 7oint )urin$ a#tion
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Type% of A#tion%
2le*ion
8*ten%ion
A)u#tion
A))u#tion ronation
4upination
Cir#um)u#tion
rotra#tion
Retra#tion
Oppo%ition
8le'ation
Depre%%ion
/ateral en)in$
Rotation
In'er%ion
8'er%ion ,ypere*ten%ion
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Ner'ou% 4y%tem
Central ner'ou% %y%tem
&Brain
&4pinal #or)
erip(eral ner'ou% %y%tem
&Cranial ner'e%
&4pinal ner'e%&;an$lia
&Autonomi#%
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Typi#al 4pinal Ner'e
Root% rootlet%!&Dor%al = afferent = %en%ory
&
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Dor%al root
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Dor%al root $an$lion
Dor%al : ramu%
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le*u%
Intermin$lin$ of ner'e fier% from more t(an
one %our#e
4pinal ner'e = of )ifferent %pinal ner'e%&Cer'i#al
&Bra#(ial
&/umar&4a#ral
Autonomi# = of )ifferent autonomi# fier%
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C>
C?
C@CT
Intermin$lin$fier%
Bra#(ial ple*u%
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C?
C>
C
C@
T
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;an$lia
Colle#tion% of neuron #ell o)ie% out%i)e
t(e CN4
Dor%al root&4en%ory #ell o)ie%
Autonomi#
&o%t$an$lioni# neuron #ell o)ie%
D l t li < t l t
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Dor%al root $an$lion
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Autonomi# Ner'ou% 4y%tem
Automati#
Re$ulation of 'i%#era
8fferent motor!
9-neuron pat(0ay
9 anta$oni%ti# part%
&4ympat(eti#
&ara%ympat(eti#
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4ympat(eti# Ner'ou% 4y%tem
Al%o #alle) t(ora#olumar %y%tem T-/9!
re$an$lioni# #ell o)ie% in lateral (orn
re$an$lioni# fier% lea'e %pinal #or) 0it(
'entral root%
/ea'e %pinal ner'e 'ia 0(ite rami
#ommuni#an%
o%t$an$lioni# #ell o)ie% in $an$lia
&4ympat(eti# #(ain para'erteral!
&Collateral pre'erteral!
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4ympat(eti#%1 Continue) On#e in %ympat(eti# #(ain1 fier% may
&4ynap%e at t(at le'el1 re-enter %pinal ner'e 'ia$ray ramu% #ommuni#an%
&;o up t(e #(ain efore or after! %ynap%e
&;o )o0n t(e #(ain efore or after! %ynap%e&;o t(rou$( 0it(out %ynap%e in #(ain a% %plan#(ni#
ner'e%!
4plan#(ni# ner'e%
o%t$an$lioni# fier% $o to effe#tor or$an%
re$an$lioni# fier% relati'ely %(ort
po%t$an$lioni# relati'ely lon$
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/ateral $ray #olumn
(ite ramu%
#ommuni#an%
;ray ramu%
#ommuni#an%
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4ympat(eti#% - 2un#tion%
repare% o)y for fi$(t or fli$(t
In#rea%e%5 (eart rate1 loo) pre%%ure1 loo) flo0 to%+eletal mu%#le%1 re%piration
De#rea%e%5 eri%tal%i%1 loo) %upply to 'i%#era1$lan)ular %e#retion
Dilate% pupil% Note5 no %ympat(eti#% in
a##ommo)ation!
4timulate% %0eat $lan)%
4timulu% $enerali3e)1 lon$-la%tin$
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ara%ympat(eti# Ner'ou% 4y%tem Cranio%a#ral outflo0
&Cranial ner'e% III1
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ara%ympat(eti#% - 2un#tion%
re%er'e t(e o)y a% a 'e$etati'e or$an
De#rea%e% (eart rate
In#rea%e% peri%tal%i%
Con%tri#t% pupil
A##ommo)ate% eye
8mptie% la))er1 re#tum
4timulate% %ali'ary1 la#rimal1 )i$e%ti'e $lan)% 4timulu% )i%#rete1 lo#ali3e)1 %(ort-li'e)
Note5 no para%ympat(eti#% to loo) 'e%%el%1 %0eat
$lan)%
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Bloo)