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Article ID: WMC00662 2046-1690
Analysis of Volatile Omponents In Rhizome
Zingibers, Zingiber Officinale Roscoe And Ginger
Peel By Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
And Chemometric ResolutionCorresponding Author:
Mr. Xiao-Ru Li,Professor, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha - China
Submitting Author:
Mr. Yu He,
Professor' Assistant, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha -
China
Article ID: WMC00662
Article Type: Research articles
Submitted on:20-Sep-2010, 08:21:11 AM GMT Published on: 20-Sep-2010, 04:38:09 PM GMT
Article URL: http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/662Subject Categories:CHINESE MEDICINE
Keywords:Heuristic Evolving Latent Projections (HELP), Volatile Constituents, GC-MS,
Temperature-Programmed Retention Indices (PTRIs)
How to cite the article:He Y , Li X . Analysis of Volatile Omponents In Rhizome Zingibers, Zingiber Officinale
Roscoe And Ginger Peel By Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry And Chemometric Resolution .
WebmedCentral CHINESE MEDICINE 2010;1(9):WMC00662
Source(s) of Funding:
This work is financially supported by the National Nature Foundation Committee of PR China (Grant Nos.
20235020 and 20475066) and the Cultivation Fund of Key Scientific and Technical Innovation Project, Ministry of
Education of China (No. 704036).
Competing Interests:
None
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Analysis of Volatile Omponents In Rhizome
Zingibers, Zingiber Officinale Roscoe And Ginger
Peel By Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
And Chemometric ResolutionAuthor(s): He Y , Li X
Abstract
The similarities and differences of essential oil
components in rhizome zingibers(RZ)?zingiber
officinale roscoe(ZOR) and ginger pee(GP) were
investigated by GC-MS combined with a chemometricmethod named heur is t ic evo lv ing la tent
projections(HELP).And temperature-programmed
retention indices(PTRIs) was used together with mass
spectra for identification of the essential oil
components. For essential oils of RZ, ZOR and GP, 85,
81 and 80 volatile components were determined
representing 81.43%, 86.38% and 84.79% of the total
relative content, respectively. Also, the essential oils
significantly differed both qualitatively and
quantitatively. There were total 58 common
compounds existing in RZ and ZOR, 63 common
components between RZ and GP, 60 commoncomponents between ZOR and GP, and 52 common
components existing among each of the three systems.
The results obtained may be helpful to the further
study of pharmacological activity for their potential
utilization as therapeutical agents.
Introduction
1. Introduction
Tradition Chinese medicines have gained more and
more popularity in our modern society because of their
pharmacological activity and low toxicity, which makes
them widely used in food and medicine regions. Low
toxicity, rare complications and nature are their
advantages. Only after further research can we utilize
full of their values, then the development of
hyphenated chromatographic device combined with
Chemometric methods give us the opportunity to
acknowledge their essential components and exactly
qualify and quantify our targets.
The herbal materials rhizome zingibers(RZ) zingiber
officinale roscoe(ZOR) and ginger peel(GP) are widely
used in the region of food industry, which could
improve appetite and aid digestion combined with the
functions of Refreshing and Antibacterial
anti-inflammatory. In traditional Chinese medicine
research, they also play an important role, with the
pharmacological activities of relieving rheumatism and
cold, keeping warm and antiemetic. The RZ, ZOR and
GP are contained in the medicine against Cold,
Stomach pain and Diarrhea etc.
The RZ comes from the dry rhizome of ginger, ZOR is
the fresh rhizome, and GP is the scarfskin of fresh
rhizome of ginger. Previous investigations and
researches have showed that volatile components are
their main medicinal elements which contains
Zingiberene, Gingerol and Citral and so on.
In this paper, the volatile components extracted were
detected with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
(GC-MS). However, the GC-MS data from volatile oil
involves a great number of overlapped and even
embedded peaks. These overlapped and embedded
peaks may bring about many difficulties when carryingout quantitative and qualitative analysis correctly. In
order to resolve the problems, chemometric methods
as a very useful assistant tool, use comprehensive
chromatographic and spectral information to make it
possible to resolve one complex system clearly and
accurately. The resolution of the two-dimensional data
by chemometric method heuristic evolving latent
projections (HELP) is applied in this study. Then,
qualitative identification of these constituents was
performed using temperature-programmed retention
indices (PTRIs) and mass spectra. Finally, every
component was quantized with the total volumeintegral method. Through the procedures above, we
could compare the same and distinction of volatile
components in RZ, ZOR and GP and supply
foundation for their further application in regions of
food and medicine.
Methods
2. Theory
A two-dimensional data Am×n produced by GC–MS
can be represented as follows:
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Am×n= CSt+E
=∑CiSit+E (i=1, 2… N)
Where Am×n denotes an absorbance matrix
expressing N components of m chromatographic scan
points at n atom mass units or wavelength points. C isthe pure chromatographic matrix and S is the pure
mass spectral matrix. E represents the noise. t is the
transform of matrix S. The unique resolution of a
two-dimensional data into chromatograms and spectra
of the pure chemical constituents is carried out with
local full rank analysis in the HELP method. Only
concise theoretical explanation is showed here for the
sake of brevity, while detail description could be found
in Refs. [1–3].
1. Confirm the background and correct a drifting base
line.
2. Determine the number of components, the selective
region and zero-component region of each component
by the use of the evolving latent projective graph and
rankmap on the basis of the eigenstructure tracking
analysis.
3. With the help of the selective information and
zero-component region, conduct a unique resolution of
two-dimensional data into pure chromatographic
profiles and mass spectra by means of local full rank
analysis.
4. Verify the reliability of the resolved result.
After the pure chromatogram and spectrum of the ith
component have been resolved, this component can
be determined qualitatively by comprehensive use of
the chromatographic retention time and mass
spectrum. Next, the term in Eq. (1) is taken as the
overall volume integration value. Similar to the general
chromatographic quantitative method with peak area,
is directly proportional to the mass of the ith
component and so it is quantified.
3. Experimental
3.1 Materials
All single herbals were purchased from the market and
identified by Institute of Materia Medica, HunanAcademy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Materia
Medica (Changsha, Hunan, China). n-Alkane standard
solutions of C8–C20 (mixture no. 04070) and
C21–C40 (mixture no. 04071) were purchased from
Fluka Chemika (Buchs,Switzerland).
3.2 Extraction of volatile oil
Extraction of volatile oil of the herbal: 50g of each
dried single herbal, RZ, ZOR and GP, were weighted
exactly and mixed with 350ml distilled water and then
processed according to the standard extracting
method for the volatile oil described in Chinese
Pharmacopoeia (2005 version).3.3 Instruments
The GC-MS instrument was QP2010 with a QP-5000
mass spectrometer (both from Shimadzu) employed in
this study.
3.4 Detection of volatile oil
In the gas chromatographic system, a DB-1 capillary
column (30m×0.25mm I.D.) was applied. The original
column temperature was maintained at 50 degrees for
3min, then programmed from 50 degrees to 150
degrees at the rate 5 degrees/min, and from 150
degrees to 190 degrees at the rate 2 degrees/min, and
from 190 degrees to 250 degrees at the rate 10
degrees/min, finally maintained for 3min. The inlet
temperature was kept at 270 degrees and interface
temperature at 250 degrees. The carrier gas was
Helium with a constant flow-rate of 1.0ml/min. To the
experimental conditions of the mass spectrometer, the
electron impact (EI+) mass spectra was recorded at70 eV. Splitting ratio was 10:1. Scan at 5scan/s from
m/z 35 to 500 amu. The ionization source temperature
was set at 200 degrees.
3.5 Retention indices
Van den Dool and Kratz[19] proposed a quasi-linear
equation for temperature- programmed retention
indices as follows:
ITX = 100n+ 100 [ ( tRx - tRn ) / ( tR ( n + 1) -tRn ) ]
Where ITX is the temperature-programmed retention
index of the interest, tRn, tR (n + 1), tRx are the
retention time in minute of the two standard n-alkanes
containing n and n+1 carbons and the interest,respectively. This equation was used to calculate
retention indices in the research work. It could improve
distinguishing components, especially those very
similar.
3.6 Data analysis
A l l d a t a a n a l y s i s w a s p e r f o r m e d o n
Celeron®2.66GHz(Intel) personal computer, and all
programs of chemometric resolution methods were
coded in MATLAB 6.5 for windows. The library
searches and spectral matching of the resolved pure
components were conducted on the National Institute
of Standard and Technology (NIST) 107 MS databasecontaining 107886 compounds. The exactly qualitative
results were obtained with the help of PTRIs.
Results
4.Results and discussion
4.1 Resolution of overlapped peaks by HELP
The Fig.1 shows the real total ionic chromatogram
(TIC) of the volatile oil of RZ (a) ZOR (b) and GP (c).
We can see each of the TICs is a very complex
analytical system. Although many chromatographic
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peaks are separated, here still exist some overlapped
peaks. Due to these, if you directly search with the MS
database, definitely fail you will get, because the mass
spectrum of mixtures measured can never get good
matching index with that of a pure component in the
NIST MS database. Furthermore, for the component
with low content, it is also very difficult to be identified
correctly with the NIST MS database, since a
two-dimensional data obtained by mass spectral
measurement unavoidably contains peaks associated
with column background and residual gases. Without
background correction, both the resolution of the
overlapped peaks and the identification of the
components with low content are impossible. For
commercial GC–MS systems, background subtraction
is usually performed as follows. First, a scan point,
which only contains the background mass spectrum, issubjectively found. Next, the intensities of the same
inter mass numbers appearing in the target and
background spectra are subtracted, and so the
practical target mass spectrum is obtained. Obviously,
the practical target mass spectrum strongly depends
on the selection of the background point. If this
selection is wrong, different target mass spectra may
be obtained. The genuine mass spectrum to be
searched is surely confused with the subtracted
spectrum. As for the HELP method, the local rank
analysis of the zero-component regions, which contain
no components eluting, before elution of the firstchemical component starts and after the last chemical
constituent has eluted, can together provide sufficient
information for accurately correcting a drifting baseline
[1–3]. Hence, a much better background subtraction
could be obtained. After background subtraction, the
resolution of the overlapping peaks becomes possible.
To illustrate how to extract the pure mass spectra
efficiently by HELP resolution, the peak clusters
marked A,B and C are chosen as examples and then
processed by HELP.
Fig.2 shows the TIC curve of the peak cluster A which
looks like a pure peak only containing one constituent.L i k e w i s e , o n l y o n e c o m p o u n d n a m e d
beta.-Phellandrene (C10H16) can be searched in the
NIST MS library. Therefore, peak cluster A is generally
regarded as a one-compound system in a classic
analytical way. However, if HELP resolution method is
applied to the two-dimensional data matrix of peak
cluster A, three distinct components named Eucalyptol
(C10H18O), beta.-Phellandrene (C10H16) and
D-Limonene(C10H16)can be resolved even they have
quite similar mass spectra. Detail procedures would be
introduced in the following part.
Peak purity can be identified through a fixed size
moving window evolving factor analysis (FSWMEFA)
[7] or so-called eigenstructure tracking analysis [3]. In
the fixed size window method (FSWM) plot, the noise
level is characterized by eigenvalue curves which
have similar numerical values and appears together at
the bottom. Eigenalue curves higher than the noise
level represent the appearance of new components. If
a studied system contains only one species, there is
only one eigenalue curve higher than the noise level in
its FSWM plot. From the FSWM plot of peak cluster A
shown in Fig. 3, there are four eigenvalue curves
higher than the noise level within the peak region. We
can conclude that the peak A may not be a pure one.
Furthermore, after a special pretreatment described in
Ref. [8] is conducted, the new result are shown in
Fig.4 from which one could conclude that the region of
i is the pure area of the first component, the region of ii
is the overlapping region of the first and secondcomponents, the same to the region iii overlapped by
the second and third components, lastly the region of
IV is the pure region of the third component.
The stepwise eluting information of chemical
components in peak cluster A can be further confirmed
by evolving latent projection graph (ELPG) [1–3]. This
technique is based on the use of ordered nature of
hyphenated data and that the selective regions appear
as straight-line segments in bivariate score plots of
principal component analysis. Thus, the ELPG is
essentially a principal component projective curve
from chromatographic or spectral spaces. There are afew advantages to use the ELPG: (i) In a bivariate
score plot a straight line segment pointing to the origin
suggests selective information in the retention time
direction, while in a bivariate loadings plot a straight
line segment pointing to the origin suggests selective
information in the spectral direction. The concept of
"straight line" here is, of course, under sense of least
squares; (ii) The evolving information of the
appearance and disappearance of the chemical
components in retention time direction can be also
provided in ELPG. In the ELPG from the
chromatographic space, the straight line sectionrepresents the pure selective region of one component
while the curving section denotes the overlapping
region of at least two constituents; (iii) Information
enabling the detection of shifts of the chromatographic
base line and instrumental background is also
provided in ELPG. If there is an offset in
chromatography the points cannot concentrate on the
origin in the plot even if one includes the
zero-component regions in data; (iv) ELPG is also a
very good diagnostic tool to identifying the embedded
peaks in chromatogram. This information is very
important for resolution of concentration profiles of
embedded peaks. The ELPG likes a data scope to see
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the insight of data structure of the two-way data. Fig. 5
shows the ELPG of peak cluster A. From this plot, one
can see that this peak cluster is a three-component
system. The marks, say 1, 1+2, 2+3 and 3 in the plot,
indicate respectively the pure region of the first
component, the overlapping region of the first and
second components and the overlapping region of the
second and third components and the pure region of
the third component in the chromatographic direction.
This is consistent with the results obtained from the
FSWM plot after subtracting the heteroscedastic noise.
From the discussion above, the chromatographic
eluting order can be determined and so the number of
components in the system, the selective regions and
zero-concentration regions of all the constituents.
Because of all the acknowledged information, the
two-dimensional data matrix can be uniquely resolvedinto pure chromatographic profiles and mass spectra
of all components.
The qualitative of the chemical composition of the
sample determination can be directly performed by
means of similarity searches in the NIST mass library
now, as the pure chromatographic curve and mass
spectrum of each component have been resolved. The
result shows that these three components in peak
c l u s t e r A a r e E u c a l y p t o l ( C 1 0 H 1 8 O ) ,
b e t a . - P h e l l a n d r e n e ( C 1 0 H 1 6 ) a n d
D-Limonene(C10H16). Their corresponding
chromatographic curves are shown in Fig. 6, and theresolved mass spectra together with the standard
spectrum of each component from the NIST MS library
are also given in Figs. 7, 8 and 9.
From the resolved pure chromatographic peaks, it is
obvious that the first and the third component both
have a relatively small quantity in the whole system,
and the three peaks overlap seriously, additionally the
mass spectrums of the second and the third
component is a little similar. Because of these, if you
search directly in the mass-library, only the component
containing more would be found out, or a wrong result
appear. With the help of chemometric resolutionmethod called heuristic evolving latent projections
(HELP), the reliable and accurate results could be
obtained.
Likewise, Fig.10 shows the TIC curve of peak cluster
B, appears to be a mixed system of only two
constituents. Only two components named
Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,5-diol,1,7,7-trimethyl-,(2-endo,
5-exo)-(C10H18O2) and 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol,
1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-, trans-(C10H18O)can be
directly matched in the NIST MS database. However,
f o u r i s o m e r i c c o m p o n e n t s w h i c h a r e
1 - M e t h y l - 3 - ( 1 - m e t h y c y c l o p r o p y l ) c y
clopentene(C10H16), Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol,
1,7,7-trimethyl-,exo-(C10H18O), 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol,
1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-, trans-(C10H18O),
6-Octen-1-ol, 7-methyl-3-methylene-(C10H18O)can be
resolved by means of the HELP resolution method
with the procedure described above.
After the background is removed, the ELPG is plotted
in Fig.11, which suggests that the peak cluster B is
much complex than the peak cluster A. The marks,
say 1, 2, 4 in the plot, indicate respectively the pure
region of the first, the second and the third component,
and the marks 2+3,3+4 in the plot, indicate the
overlapping region of component 2 and 3 and the
overlapping region of component 3 and 4, respectively.
The FSWM plo ts a f ter cor rect ion o f the
heteroscedastic noises for peak cluster B are shown in
Figs. 12. The regions marks by i,ii,iii,IV,V and VI,
indicate the region of the pure component 1, theoverlapping region of components 1 and 2, the region
of the pure component 2, the overlapping region of
components 2 and 3, the overlapping region of
components 3 and 4 and the region of the pure
component 4, respectively.
The FSWM plot obtained after correcting the
heteroscedastic noise clearly shows that there are four
components in peak cluster B. After the eluting regions
of all components are determined the unique
resolution into chromatograms and mass spectra can
be then conducted on the two-dimensional data.
Figs.13—17 show the resolved results. These figuresdefinitely support the presence of four isomeric
components in peak cluster B.
And the TIC curve of peak cluster C is show in Fig.18,
relatively more complex systems containing 4
constituents named Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol,
1,3,3-trimethyl-(C10H18O), cis-2-Pinanol(C10H18O),
Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane,2-methoxy-1,7,7-trimethyl-(C11
H 2 0 O ) a n d 6 - O c t e n - 1 - o l ,
7-methyl-3-methylene-(C10H18O) could obtained if
you search in the NIST database directly. However,
s i x i s o m e r i c c o m p o n e n t s w h i c h a r e
Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, 1,3,3-trimethyl-(C10H18O),Isopulegol(C10H18O), cis-2-Pinanol(C10H18O),
Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, 1,7,7-trimethyl-,
e x o - ( C 1 0 H 1 8 O ) ,
2-Cyclohexen-1-ol,1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-trans-(C
1 0 H 1 8 O ) a n d 6 - O c t e n - 1 - o l ,
7-methyl-3-methylene-(C10H18O)can be resolved by
means of the HELP resolution method with the
procedure described before.
Just like the sample shown above, the FSWM plots
after correction of the heteroscedastic noises for peak
cluster C are shown in Figs. 19. The regions marks by
i, ii, iii, IV, V, VI, ? and indicate the region of the pure
component 1, the overlapping region of components 1
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and 2, the region of the pure component 2, the
overlapping region of components 2 and 3, the
overlapping region of components 3 and 4, the
overlapping region of components 4 and 5, the
overlapping region of components 5 and 6 and the
region of the pure component 6, respectively.
After the background is removed, the ELPG is plotted
in Fig.20, which suggests that the peak cluster C is
much complex than the formers. The marks, say 1, 2,
3, 6 in the plot, indicate respectively the pure region of
the first, the second, the third and the sixth component,
and the marks 3+4, 4+5, 5+6 in the plot, indicate the
overlapping region of component 3 and 4, the
overlapping region of component 4 and 5 and the
overlapping region of component 5 and 6, respectively.
Figs.21—27 show the resolved results about the
unique resolution into chromatograms and massspectra.
4.2 Qualitative analysis
Other peaks in the sample at other chromatographic
scan point were also qualified in the same way as
described above. The tentatively qualitative results of
constituents from RZ, ZOR and GP are displayed in
Table 1.
4.3 Quantitative analysis
Using the total volume integral method, the
quantitative results were calculated and also shown in
Table 1. In total, 85, 81 and 80 volatile components in
volatile oil of RZ, ZOR and GP were respectivelydetermined qualitatively and quantitatively, accounting
for 81.43%, 86.38% and 84.79% total contents of
volatile oil of RZ, ZOR and GP respectively.
4.4 Comparison of volatile components among RZ,
ZOR and GP
From the Table 1, there are total 58 common
compounds existing in RZ and ZOR, 63 common
components between RZ and GP, 60 common
components between ZOR and GP, and 52 common
components existing among each of the three systems.
It is obvious that the volatile oils in RZ, ZOR and GP
are nearly the same, only a little different. Becausethey come from a same herb, chemical properties and
active effects are very similar. However, the quantities
of common volatile oils in different systems are
different, it is useful to accurately qualify and quantify
them in food or medicine industries. Just like this
paper did.
Conclusion(s)
With the use of HELP resolution method upon
two-dimensional data combined with the abundant
mass spectral database, one can exactly analyze such
complex systems, like the traditional Chinese medicine
and natural herbs, further the accurate and reasonable
results could be obtained, and more constituents in a
special system can be qualified and quantified better.
This demonstrated that the combination of hyphenated
instruments and relevant chemometric methods opens
a new way for quick and accurate analysis of real
unknown complex samples. The method developed in
this paper can improve controlling quality of the
materials and help examining the value of products in
food industries and other regions.
Acknowledgement(s)
This work is financially supported by the National
Nature Foundation Committee of PR China (Grant Nos.
20235020 and 20475066) and the Cultivation Fund of
Key Scientific and Technical Innovation Project,
Ministry of Education of China (No. 704036).
Authors Contribution(s)
Yu He, Xiao-Ru Li*, Shao-Yin Liu, Shi-Rong Wang,
Bing-Xin Li, Yi-Zeng Liang
(Research Center of Modernization of Chinese Herbal
Medicine, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Central South University,
Changsha 410083, P. R. China)
*Corresponding Author:
Dr. Xiao-Ru Li, Professor, College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering,
Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R.
China
E-mail: [email protected]
Submitting Author:
Yu He, graduate student, College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Central South
University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
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Illustrations
Illustration 1
Fig.1 TICs of volatile oils from RZ (a) ZOR (b) and GP (c)
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Illustration 2
Fig.2 TIC curve for A peak cluster within 10.638-11.02min
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Illustration 3
Fig.3 FSWM plot for A peak cluster
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Illustration 4
Fig. 4 FSWM plot for A peak cluster after correcting heteroscedastic noise
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Illustration 5
Fig.5 ELPG plots for A peak cluster.
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Illustration 6
Fig.6 Resolved chromatograms for A peak cluster containing component 1, 2 and 3
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Illustration 7
Fig.7 Standard mass spectrum (A) of Eucalyptol and resolved mass spectrum (B) of component1 by HELP
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Illustration 8
Fig.8 Standard mass spectrum (A) of beta-Phellandrene and resolved mass spectrum (B) of component2
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Illustration 10
Fig.10 TIC curve for B peak cluster within 13.279-13.513min
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Illustration 11
Fig.11 ELPG plot for B peak cluster
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Illustration 12
Fig.12 FSWM plot for B peak cluster after correcting heteroscedastic noise
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Illustration 13
Fig.13 Resolved chromatograms for B peak cluster containing component 1-4
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Fig.14 Standard mass spectrum (A) of 1-Methyl-3-(1-methycyclopropyl)
cyclopentene(C10H16)and resolved mass spectrum (B)of component 1 by HELP
Illustration 14
Fig.14 Standard mass spectrum (A) and resolved mass spectrum (B)of component 1 by HELP
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Illustration 15
Fig.15 Standard mass spectrum(A) and resolved mass spectrum(B) of component 2 by HELP
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Illustration 17
Fig.17 Standard mass spectrum(A) and resolved mass spectrum(B) of component 4 by HELP
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Illustration 18
Fig.18 TIC curve for C peak cluster within13.087-13.526 min
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Illustration 19
Fig.19 EFA plot for C peak cluster after correcting heteroscedastic noise
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Illustration 20
Fig.20 ELPG plot for C peak cluster and ELPG plot
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Illustration 21
Fig.21 Resolved chromatograms for C peak cluster containing component 1-6
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Fig.22 Standard mass spectrum(A) of Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, 1,3,3-trimethyl-(C10H18O)
and resolved mass spectrum(B) of component 1 by HELP
Illustration 22
Fig.22 Standard mass spectrum(A) and resolved mass spectrum(B) of component 1 by HELP
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Illustration 23
Fig.23 Standard mass spectrum(A) of Isopulegol and resolved mass spectrum(B) of component 2 hy HELP
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Illustration 24
Fig.24 Standard mass spectrum?A?and resolved mass spectrum(B) of component 3 by HELP
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Illustration 25
Fig.25 Standard mass spectrum (A) and resolved mass spectrum (B)of component 4 by HELP
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Illustration 26
Fig.26 Standard mass spectrum(A) and resolved mass spectrum(B) of component 5 by HELP
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Illustration 27
Fig.27 Standard mass spectrum(A) and resolved mass spectrum(B) of component 6 by HELP
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no Name of components/molecular formula RZ/rc ZOR/r
c
GP/r
c
Ri
1 2-Heptanone/C7H14O 0.06 0.05 0.04 864.8
2 Heptanal/C7H14O 0.02 —— 0.01 875.8
3 2-Heptanol/C7H16O 0.41 0.28 0.16 884.2
4 Tricyclo[2.2.1.02,6]heptane,
1,7,7-trimethyl-/C 10H16
0.21 0.09 0.07 916.5
5 Bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene,
2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-/C 10H16
0.04 0.01 —— 921.7
6 .alpha.-Pinene/C10H16 3.29 1.53 1.12 929.1
7 Camphene/C10H16 8.65 4.77 3.71 943.3
8 5-Hepten-2-one, 6-methyl-/C8H14O 0.61 —— 0.42 963
9 Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane,6,6-dimethyl-2-methylene-, (1S)-/C10H160.41 0.23 0.19 966.9
10 6-Hepten-1-ol, 2-methyl-/C8H16O —— —— 0.14 976.5
11 Octanal/C8H16O —— —— 0.12 980.1
12 .beta.-Myrcene/C10H16 1.75 1.36 1 983.5
13 Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane,
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-, didehydro
deriv./C10H16
—— 0.54 —— 995.1
14 3-Carene/C10H16 0.08 0.05 0.04 1002.
4
15 .alpha.-Phellandrene/C10H16 1.24 —— 0.3 1005.
1
16 (+)-4-Carene/C10H16 0.14 —— 0.02 1007.
Illustration 28
Table 1 Chemical components of volatile oil from RZ, ZOR and GP
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1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-/C 10H16
26 Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-ol,
2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-,
(1.alpha.,2.beta.,5.alpha.)-/C10H18O
—— 0.04 —— 1051.
4
27 .alpha.-Methyl-.alpha.-[4-methyl-3-pentenyl]o
riranemethanol/C10H18O2
0.07 —— 0.02 1056.
2
28 2-Nonanone/C9H18O 0.84 0.39 0.13 1071.
429 Cyclohexene, 5-methyl-3-(1-methylethenyl)-,
trans-(-)-/C10H16
0.62 0.46 0.46 1077.
8
30 1,6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-/C10H18O 1.83 2.1 0.95 1086.
5
31 2-Decanol/C10H22O 0.61 —— —— 1088.
3
32 Fenchol, exo-/C10H18O 0.11 —— 0.05 1096.
1
33 Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol,
1,3,3-trimethyl-/C 10H18O
—— 0.05 0.05 1096.
3
34 Isopulegol/C10H18O —— —— 0.01 1098.
6
35 1-Methyl-3-(1’-methylcyclopropyl)cyclopente
ne/C10H16
0.03 —— —— 1101.
5
36 cis-2-Pinanol/C10
H18
O —— 0.09 0.06 1101.
8
37 Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol,
1,7,7-trimethyl-,exo-/C10H18O
0.08 0.08 0.09 1103.
5
38 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol,
1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-, trans-/C10H18O
0.35 0.18 0.06 1104.
9
39 6-Octen-1-ol,
7-methyl-3-methylene-/C 10H18O
0.14 0.11 0.08 1106.
1
40 Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one, 1,7,7-trimethyl-,
(1R)-/C10H16O
0.18 0.16 0.19 1115.
8
41 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol,
1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-, cis-/C10H18O
0.37 0.22 0.11 1121.
5
42 6-Octenal, 3,7-dimethyl-, (R)-/C10H18O 0.06 0.31 0.27 1131.
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48 3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol,
.alpha.,.alpha.4-trimethyl-/C10H18O
1.52 1.43 1.34 1172.
3
49 Dodecanal/C12H24O —— —— 0.13 1184.
6
50 Decanal/C10H20O —— 0.06 —— 1185
51 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol,
3-methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-, trans-/C10H18O
0.21 —— —— 1188.
9
52 Acetic acid, octyl ester/C10H20O2 —— 0.04 —— 119553 2-Octen-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-/C10H20O 2.14 5.34 —— 1216.
6
54 .alpha.-2,2,6-tetramethyl-Cyclohexanepropan
ol/C13H26O
—— —— 3.72 1216.
7
55 2,6-Octadienal, 3,7-dimethyl-, (E)-/C10H18O 1 2.06 2.8 1219.
2
56 2-Acetoxytridecane/C15H30O2 0.11 —— —— 1223.
3
57 Acetic acid, sec-octyl ester/C10H20O2 —— 0.19 —— 1224.
9
58 3-Cyclohexen-1-one
2-isopropyl-5-methyl-/C10H16O
—— 0.02 0.01 1226.
8
59 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-,
(Z)-/C10H18O
—— 0.42 —— 1238.
2
60 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-/C10H18O 2.37 —— 3.97 1243.1
61 2,6-Octadienal, 3,7-dimethyl-/C10H16O 2.39 4.55 7.08 1251.
1
62 1,6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-,
(.+/-.)-/C10H18O
—— 8.8 —— 1251.
3
63 1,5-Cyclohexadiene-1-methanol,
4-(1-methylethyl)-/C10H16O
0.05 0.03 —— 1253.
3
64 4,8-Dimethyl-nona-3,8-dien-2-one/C11H18O —— 0.01 —— 1258.
5
65 Benzenemethanol,
4-(1-methylethyl)-/C10H14O
—— 0.01 —— 1266.
6
66 Bornyl acetate/C12H20O2 0.44 0.92 0.59 1269.
8
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72 6-Octen-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-,
acetate/C12H22O2
0.39 1.03 0.6 1336
73 Copaene/C15H24 0.02 0.21 0.02 1355.
1
74 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acetate,
(Z)-/C12H20O2
1.44 0.09 2.53 1356.
6
75 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acetate,
(E)-/C12
H22
O2
—— 6.2 —— 1368
76 n-Decanoic acid/C10H20O2 0.23 —— —— 1369.
6
77 alpha.-Cubebene/C15H24 0.13 0.27 1372.
3
78 Cyclobuta[1,2:3,4]dicyclopentene,
decahydro-3a-methyl-6-methylene-1-
(1-methylethyl)-,
[1S-(1.alpha.,3a.alpha.,3b.beta.,6a.beta.)]-/C1
5H24
0.02 —— —— 1379.
1
79 Cyclohexane,
1-ethenyl-1-methyl-2,4-bis(1-methylethenyl)-,
[1S-(1.alpha.,2.beta.,4.beta.)]-/C15H24
0.22 0.59 0.05 1383.
2
80 Cyclohexane,
1-ethenyl-1-methyl-2,4-bis(1-methylethenyl)-/
C15H24
—— —— 0.89 1386.
1
81 1,3-Cyclohexadiene,
5-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-2-methyl-,[s-(R@,
S@)]-/C15H24
0.07 0.14 0.16 1400.
1
82 1H-3a,7-Methanoazulene,
2,3,4,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,6,8,8-tetramethyl-,
[3R-(3.alpha.,3a.beta.,7.beta.,8a.alpha.)]-/C15
H24
0.03 —— —— 1406.
2
83 Bicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4-ene,
4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylene-/C 15H24
0.03 —— —— 1411.
7
84 Phenol,
2-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)-/C 10H12O2
0.14 0.02 —— 1419.
2
85 1H-Cyclopenta[1,3]cyclopropa[1,2]benzene,o
- - - - - -
0.01 0.25 0.05 1422.
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89 .beta.-Sesquiphellandrene/C15H24 —— —— 0.02 1433.
1
90 Humulen-(v1)/C15H24 0.22 0.06 0.1 1433.
7
91 1H-Cycloprop[e]azulene,
1a,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7b-octahydro-1,1,4,7-tetramet
hyl-,
[1aR-(1a.alpha.,4.alpha.,4a.beta.,7b.alpha.)]-/
C15H24
0.11 0.08 0.09 1441.
5
92 1,6,10-Dodecatriene,
7,11-dimethyl-3-methylene-, (Z)-/C15H24
0.1 —— 0.44 1446
93 Cyclohexene,
3-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-6-methylene-,
[s-(R@,s@)]-/C15H24
—— 0.29 —— 1446.
4
94 1H-Cycloprop[e]azulene,
decahydro-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylene-,
[1aR-(1a.alpha.,4a.beta.,7.alpha.,7a.beta.,7b.a
lpha.)]-/C15H24
0.18 0.13 0.16 1451.
4
95 Benzene,
1-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-4-methyl-/C 15H2
2
4.36 4.63 7.73 1472.
5
96 Spiro[5.5]undec-2-ene,
3,7,7-trimethyl-11-methylene-, (-)-/C15H22
—— 0.17 1477.
5
97 Naphthalene,
1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydro-7-methyl-4-methy
lene-1-
(1-methylethyl)-,
(1.alpha.,4a.alpha.,8a.alpha.)-/C15H24
0.75 —— —— 1490.
4
98 1,3-Cyclohexadiene,
5-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-2-methyl-,[s-(R@,
S@)]-/C15H24
4.79 6.86 13 1491.
1
99 .alpha.-Farnesene/C15H24 1.18 2.53 3.72 1501.
1
100 Cyclohexene,
1-methyl-4-(5-methyl-1-methylene-4-hexenyl)
-, (S)-/C15H24
1.69 1.79 2.92 1503.
9
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105 Dodecanoic acid/C12H24O2 0.56 —— —— 1559.
2
106 2-Naphthalenemethanol,
2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8-octahydro-.alpha.,.alpha.,4a,8
-
tetramethyl-,
[2R-(2.alpha.,4a.beta.,8.beta.)]-/C15H26O
—— —— 0.81 1626.
9
107 Farnesol isomer a/C15H26O 0.1 —— —— 1698.
2
108 2,6,10-Dodecatrienal,
3,7,11-trimethyl-/C 15H24O
—— 0.13 0.17 1710.
9
109 Tetradecanoic acid/C14H28O 0.17 —— —— 1746
110 2,6,10-Dodecatrien-1-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-,
acetate, (E,E)-/C17H28O2
—— 0.03 —— 1813.
7
111 9-Hexadecenoic acid/C16H30O2 0.07 0.01 —— 1919
112 Eicosanoic acid/C20H40O2 1.09 0.33 0.19 1948.
4
113 Phytol/C20H40O 0.03 0.02 0.01 2096.
3
114 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-/C18H32O2 0.22 0.11 0.02 2107
115 9-Octadecenoic acid, (E)-/C18H34O2 0.12 0.05 0.02 2116.
9
116 Octadecanoic acid/C18H36O2 0.01 —— —— 2146.
5117 Heneicosane/C21H44 —— 0.01 0.01 2450.
7
total 81.43 86.38 84.79
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Table 1 Chemical components of volatile oil from RZ, ZOR and GP No. Name of components/molecular formula RZ/rc ZOR/r
c
GP/r
c
Ri
1 2-Heptanone/C7H14O 0.06 0.05 0.04 864.8
2 Heptanal/C7H14O 0.02 —— 0.01 875.8
3 2-Heptanol/C7H16O 0.41 0.28 0.16 884.2
4 Tricyclo[2.2.1.02,6]heptane, 1,7,7-trimethyl-/C10H16 0.21 0.09 0.07 916.5
5 Bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene,
2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-/C 10H16
0.04 0.01 —— 921.7
6 .alpha.-Pinene/C10H16 3.29 1.53 1.12 929.1
7 Camphene/C10H16 8.65 4.77 3.71 943.3
8 5-Hepten-2-one, 6-methyl-/C8H14O 0.61 —— 0.42 963
9 Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, 6,6-dimethyl-2-methylene-,
(1S)-/C10H16
0.41 0.23 0.19 966.9
10 6-Hepten-1-ol, 2-methyl-/C8H16O —— —— 0.14 976.5
11 Octanal/C8H16O —— —— 0.12 980.1
12 .beta.-Myrcene/C10H16 1.75 1.36 1 983.5
13 Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane, 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-,
didehydro deriv./C10H16
—— 0.54 —— 995.1
14 3-Carene/C10H16 0.08 0.05 0.04 1002.
4
15 .alpha.-Phellandrene/C10H16 1.24 —— 0.3 1005.
1
16 (+)-4-Carene/C10H16 0.14 —— 0.02 1007.
5
17 Benzene, 1-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-/C10H14 0.04 0.06 —— 1010.
Illustration 29
Table 1 Chemical components of volatile oil from RZ, ZOR and GP
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21 D-Limonene/C10H16 4.04 2.33 1.71 1025.
522 Acetic acid, sec-octyl ester/C10H20O2 —— 0.58 —— 1029.
9
23 2-Octenal, (E)-/C8H14O —— 0.11 0.05 1032.
1
24 1,3,6-Octatriene, 3,7-dimethyl-, (Z)-/C10H16 0.02 0.02 0.01 1038.
6
25 1,4-Cyclohexadiene,
1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-/C 10H16
0.17 0.05 0.04 1048
26 Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-ol, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-,
(1.alpha.,2.beta.,5.alpha.)-/C10H18O
—— 0.04 —— 1051.
4
27 .alpha.-Methyl-.alpha.-[4-methyl-3-pentenyl]oriranemet
hanol/C10H18O2
0.07 —— 0.02 1056.
2
28 2-Nonanone/C9H18O 0.84 0.39 0.13 1071.
4
29 Cyclohexene, 5-methyl-3-(1-methylethenyl)-,
trans-(-)-/C10H16
0.62 0.46 0.46 1077.
8
30 1,6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-/C10H18O 1.83 2.1 0.95 1086.
5
31 2-Decanol/C10H22O 0.61 —— —— 1088.
3
32 Fenchol, exo-/C10H18O 0.11 —— 0.05 1096.
1
33 Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, 1,3,3-trimethyl-/C10H18O —— 0.05 0.05 1096.
3
34 Isopulegol/C10H18O —— —— 0.01 1098.
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35 1-Methyl-3-(1’-methylcyclopropyl)cyclopentene/C10H1
6
0.03 —— —— 1101.
5
36 cis-2-Pinanol/C10H18O —— 0.09 0.06 1101.
8
37 Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol,
1,7,7-trimethyl-,exo-/C 10H18O
0.08 0.08 0.09 1103.
5
38 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-,
trans-/C10H18O
0.35 0.18 0.06 1104.
9
39 6-Octen-1-ol, 7-methyl-3-methylene-/C10H18O 0.14 0.11 0.08 1106.
1
40 Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one, 1,7,7-trimethyl-,
(1R)-/C10H16O
0.18 0.16 0.19 1115.
8
41 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-,
cis-/C10H18O
0.37 0.22 0.11 1121.
542 6-Octenal, 3,7-dimethyl-, (R)-/C10H18O 0.06 0.31 0.27 1131.
2
43 Isoborneol/C10H18O 0.19 3.02 0.1 1141.
8
44 Borneol/C10H18O 3.13 0.07 2.69 1145.
4
45 2-Cyclohexen-1-one, 4-(1-methylethyl)-/C9H14O 0.13 0.34 0.21 1153.
2
46 3-Cyclohexen-1-ol,
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-/C 10H18O
0.88 —— —— 1160.
4
47 Bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene-2-carboxaldehyde,
6,6-dimethyl-/C10H14O
0.15 —— 0.08 1165.
8
- - -
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49 Dodecanal/C12H24O —— —— 0.13 1184.
6
50 Decanal/C10H20O —— 0.06 —— 1185
51 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol, 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-,
trans-/C10H18O
0.21 —— —— 1188.
9
52 Acetic acid, octyl ester/C10H20O2 —— 0.04 —— 1195
53 2-Octen-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-/C10H20O 2.14 5.34 —— 1216.
6
54 .alpha.-2,2,6-tetramethyl-Cyclohexanepropanol/C13H2
6O
—— —— 3.72 1216.
7
55 2,6-Octadienal, 3,7-dimethyl-, (E)-/C10H18O 1 2.06 2.8 1219.
256 2-Acetoxytridecane/C15H30O2 0.11 —— —— 1223.
3
57 Acetic acid, sec-octyl ester/C10H20O2 —— 0.19 —— 1224.
9
58 3-Cyclohexen-1-one 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-/C10H16O —— 0.02 0.01 1226.
8
59 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (Z)-/C10H18O —— 0.42 —— 1238.
2
60 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-/C10H18O 2.37 —— 3.97 1243.
1
61 2,6-Octadienal, 3,7-dimethyl-/C10H16O 2.39 4.55 7.08 1251.
1
62 1,6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (.+/-.)-/C10H18O —— 8.8 —— 1251.
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65 Benzenemethanol, 4-(1-methylethyl)-/C10H14O —— 0.01 —— 1266.
6
66 Bornyl acetate/C12H20O2 0.44 0.92 0.59 1269.
8
67 2-Undecanone/C11H22O 1.61 0.84 0.44 1276.
2
68 2-Pentadecanol/C15H32O 0.21 0.09 0.07 1288.
2
69 Ethanone,
1-[3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)oxiranyl]-/C 11H18
O2
—— 0.01 1292.
9
70 (-)-Myrtenyl acetate/C12H18O2 —— 0.1 0.04 1304.
4
71 Phenol, 2-methoxy-3-(2-propenyl)-/C10H20O2 0.01 —— —— 1326.
3
72 6-Octen-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acetate/C12H22O2 0.39 1.03 0.6 1336
73 Copaene/C15H24 0.02 0.21 0.02 1355.
1
74 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acetate,
(Z)-/C12H20O2
1.44 0.09 2.53 1356.
6
75 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acetate,
(E)-/C12H22O2
—— 6.2 —— 1368
76 n-Decanoic acid/C H O 0.23 —— —— 1369.
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80 Cyclohexane,
1-ethenyl-1-methyl-2,4-bis(1-methylethenyl)-/C 15H24
—— —— 0.89 1386.
1
81 1,3-Cyclohexadiene,
5-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-2-methyl-,[s-(R@,S@)]-/C 1
5H24
0.07 0.14 0.16 1400.
1
82 1H-3a,7-Methanoazulene,
2,3,4,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,6,8,8-tetramethyl-,
[3R-(3.alpha.,3a.beta.,7.beta.,8a.alpha.)]-/C15H24
0.03 —— —— 1406.
2
83 Bicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4-ene,
4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylene-/C 15H24
0.03 —— —— 1411.
7
84 Phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)-/C10H12O2 0.14 0.02 —— 1419.
2
85 1H-Cyclopenta[1,3]cyclopropa[1,2]benzene,octahydro-
7-methyl-3-methylene-4-
(1-methylethyl)-,
[3aS-(3a.alpha.,3b.beta.,4.beta.,7.alpha.,7aS@)]-
/C15H24
0.01 0.25 0.05 1422.
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[1aR-(1a.alpha.,4.alpha.,4a.beta.,7b.alpha.)]-/C15H24
92 1,6,10-Dodecatriene, 7,11-dimethyl-3-methylene-,(Z)-/C15H24
0.1 —— 0.44 1446
93 Cyclohexene, 3-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-6-methylene-,
[s-(R@,s@)]-/C15H24
—— 0.29 —— 1446.
4
94 1H-Cycloprop[e]azulene,
decahydro-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylene-,
[1aR-(1a.alpha.,4a.beta.,7.alpha.,7a.beta.,7b.alpha.)]-/C
15H24
0.18 0.13 0.16 1451.
4
95 Benzene,
1-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-4-methyl-/C 15H22
4.36 4.63 7.73 1472.
5
96 Spiro[5.5]undec-2-ene, 3,7,7-trimethyl-11-methylene-,
(-)-/C15H22
—— 0.17 1477.
5
97 Na hthalene 0.75 —— —— 1490.
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115 9-Octadecenoic acid, (E)-/C18H34O2 0.12 0.05 0.02 2116.
9
116 Octadecanoic acid/C18H36O2 0.01 —— —— 2146.
5
117 Heneicosane/C21H44 —— 0.01 0.01 2450.
7
total 81.43 86.38 84.79
Note: rc--relative content%Ri-- Retention index——Fail to qualify
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Reviews
Review 1
Review Title: Analysis Of Volatile Components In Rhizome Zingibers, ZingiberOfficinale Roscoe And Ginger Peel By Gas Chromatography-mass
Spectrometry And Chemometric Resolution
Posted by Dr. Amin Malik Shah Abdul Majid on 26 Oct 2010 03:33:03 PM GMT
Rating: 0
Comment: The work published here is of good scientific quality and highlights important analytical approach that
can be used to analyse complex samples such as extracts of natural products. The mass spec data are of good
quality and the peaks present show interesting compounds detected in the plant extract. However, there are
number of grammatical errors that must be corrected before this manuscript is published. I would recommend for
this manuscript to be published once the grammar is improved.
Competing interests: Nil
Invited by the author to make a review on this article? : Yes
Experience and credentials in the specific area of science: Mass Spectrometry Cancer pharmacology
Natural Product
Publications in the same or a related area of science: No
How to cite: Abdul Majid A.Analysis Of Volatile Components In Rhizome Zingibers, Zingiber Officinale Roscoe
And Ginger Peel By Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry And Chemometric Resolution [Review of the
article 'Analysis of Volatile Omponents In Rhizome Zingibers, Zingiber Officinale Roscoe And Ginger Peel By
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry And Chemometric Resolution ' by ].WebmedCentral
1970;1(10):REVIEW_REF_NUM85
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Page 55
8/10/2019 Analysis of Volatile Omponents in Rhizome Zingibers, Zingiber Officinale Roscoe and Ginger Peel by Gas Chromato…
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Disclaimer
This article has been downloaded from WebmedCentral. With our unique author driven post publication peer
review, contents posted on this web portal do not undergo any prepublication peer or editorial review. It is
completely the responsibility of the authors to ensure not only scientific and ethical standards of the manuscriptbut also its grammatical accuracy. Authors must ensure that they obtain all the necessary permissions before
submitting any information that requires obtaining a consent or approval from a third party. Authors should also
ensure not to submit any information which they do not have the copyright of or of which they have transferred
the copyrights to a third party.
Contents on WebmedCentral are purely for biomedical researchers and scientists. They are not meant to cater to
the needs of an individual patient. The web portal or any content(s) therein is neither designed to support, nor
replace, the relationship that exists between a patient/site visitor and his/her physician. Your use of the
WebmedCentral site and its contents is entirely at your own risk. We do not take any responsibility for any harm
that you may suffer or inflict on a third person by following the contents of this website.