Analysis of the urban structure in England and Wales 1971-2001 Basak Demires Ozkul

Analysis of the urban structure in England and Wales 1971-2001

Basak Demires Ozkul

Outline

Research question Hypothesis Definition of city structure

Functional urban regionsTravel to work areas

Exploration of Travel-to-work Areas Conclusion

Research Question

Where do people live and work in post-industrial England and how does this affect the

structure of cities?

Hypothesis

The main hypothesis is that city structure is dependent on commuting patterns.

Hypothesis

The main hypothesis is that city structure is dependent on commuting patterns.Commuting patterns are a result of the spatial

segregation of land use of jobs and housing.

Hypothesis


segregation of land use of jobs and housing.Jobs and housing are segregated by occupational

class.

Hypothesis


segregation of land use of jobs and housing.Jobs and housing are segregated by occupational

class. Occupational classes are dependent on labour demand

in the economy.

Hypothesis

The main hypothesis is that city structure is dependent on commuting patterns. Commuting patterns are a result of the spatial segregation of land

use of jobs and housing. Jobs and housing are segregated by occupational class. Occupational classes are dependent on labour demand in the

economy.

Thus changes in labour demand in industrial and post-industrial England is reflected in the city structure.

Definition of City Structure

Hall (Hall 1973) divided urbanisation into two main components: 1. The physical components were land use coverage and

intensity. 2. The functional components were within place and

between place activities.

DATA GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS

Definition of City Structure

Hall (Hall 1973) divided urbanisation into two main components: 1. The physical components were land use coverage and

intensity. 2. The functional components were within place and

between place activities.


Key Issues in Time-Series


DATA ! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !

Exploration of TTWAs

“TTWAs are designated by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) as a statistical geography that represents a set of sub-regional labour market areas which is identifiable as patterns of commuting”


Source: Coombes (2007)

Deconstructing TTWAs

Distinct Areas Self-contained Representing all trips


TTWAs – Distinct areas (2001)


TTWAs – Self Containment


2001 Size and self-containment values:

{a} flow X to Y as a % of all flows from X (including flows from X to itself)

{b} flow X to Y as a % of all flows to Y (including flows from Y to itself)

{c} flow Y to X as a % of all flows from Y (including flows from Y to itself)

{d} flow Y to X as a % of all flows to X (including flows from X to itself)

The final Tij2 index is computed in the following way.

[ {a} * {b} ] + [ {c} * {d} ]


x

a

bz

y

Supply side self containment of x









[ {a} * {b} ] + [ {c} * {d} ]


x

a

bz

y

Demand side self containment of y









[ {a} * {b} ] + [ {c} * {d} ]


x

a

bz

y

Supply side self containment of y









[ {a} * {b} ] + [ {c} * {d} ]


x

a

bz

y

Demand side self containment of x



1970 1981 1991 2001

TTWA resident and workplace self-containment levels to at least meet the 75% minimum level

TTWA resident and workplace self-containment levels, and economically active population size, must at least meet minimum levels; (but all TTWAs must be at least 70% self-contained)

TTWA resident and workplace self-containment levels, and economically active population size, must at least meet minimum levels; (but all TTWAs must be at least 69.5% self-contained)

TTWA resident and workplace self-containment levels, and economically active population size, must at least meet minimum levels; (but all TTWAs must be at least 66.67% self-contained)

TTWAs – Trip Identity

Travel to Work Patterns

[ {a} * {b} ] + [ {c} * {d} ] sum of all flows to X from areas outside

of X as a % of all flows to X (including flows from X to itself)


x

a

bz

y

TTWAs – Trip Identity

Travel to Work Patterns

[ {a} * {b} ] + [ {c} * {d} ] sum of all flows to X from areas outside

of X as a % of all flows to X (including flows from X to itself)

1971 and 2001 Reading and Blackburn


Reading and Blacburn

Blackburn By the first half of the 18th century,

textile manufacture had become Blackburn's main industry. From the mid-18th to the early 20th century, Blackburn evolved from a small market town to become "the weaving capital of the world", with its population increasing from less than 5,000 to over 130,000.

Blackburn's textile sector fell into a terminal decline from the mid-20th century.

Major employers in Blackburn include: BAE Systems (British defence and aerospace company ); Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council; and the East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust.


Reading In the 19th century became known as the

town of 3 Bs, bulbs, biscuits and breweries.

Suttons Seeds (bulbls) closed in 1976. Huntley and Palmers (biscuits) closed in 1977. Simmonds (brewery) moved to a new site on the edge of Reading in the 1970's.

The town hosts the headquarters of major British companies and the UK offices of major foreign multinationals, predominantly in the technology industry, including Symantec, Verizon Business, Microsoft, Oracle, Sage, Xansa (now Steria), Cisco, Symbol Technologies, Websense, SGI.

Several of these are at the Thames Valley Business Park .

Employment 1971 - 2001

Blackburn

1971: ca. 54,6002001: ca. 45,000


Reading

1971: ca. 73,2502001: ca. 89,000

1971 – Geography

DATA GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS

Reading BlackburnNote: Images not to scale

1971 – Industry

DATA ! GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS !

I. Agriculture, forestry, fishing

VIII. Instrument engineering

XV. Clothing and footwear

XXII. Transport and communication

II. Mining and quarrying

IX. Electrical engineering

XVI. Bricks, pottery, glass, cement, etc.

XXIII. Distributive trades

III. Food, drink and tobacco

X. Shipbuilding and marine engineering

XVII. Timber, furniture, etc.

XXIV. Insurance, banking, finance and business services

IV. Coal and petroleum products

XI. Vehicles XVIII. Paper, printing and publishing

XXV. Professional and scientific services

V. Chemical and allied industries

XII. Metal goods not elsewhere specified

XIX. Other manufacturing industries

XXVI. Miscellaneous services

VI. Metal manufacture XIII. Textiles XX. Construction XXVII. Public administration and defence

VII. Mechanical engineering

XIV. Leather, leather goods and fur

XXI. Gas, electricity and water

Industry inadequately described

1971 – Industry Share (10% Sample)

DATA! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !

Reading Blackburn

XXI Gas, 2.1%

XX Construction, 7.5%

XXII Transport , 9.5%

XXIII Distributive, 15.5%

XXIV Insurance, 7.5%

XXV Professional, 14.9%

XXVI Miscalleneous , 11.0%

XXVII Public , 7.0%

NC, 0.8%

III-XIX Manufacturing, 23.8%

II Mining , 0.1%

I Agriculture, 0.2%

III-XIX Manufacturing, 49.6%

XXI Gas, 2.8%

XX Construction, 5.2%

XXII Transport , 5.4%

XXIII Distributive, 12.7%

XXIV Insurance, 2.3%

XXV Professional, 10.8%

XXVI Miscalleneous , 7.0%

XXVII Public , 3.7%

NC, 0.3%

II Mining , 0.0%

I Agriculture, 0.3%

1971 – Socioeconomic Group

SEG 1. Employers & managers in central and local gov., industry, commerce etc. – large est. (II, III(N-M))

SEG 7. Personal service workers. (II, III (N-M), IV)

SEG 13. Farmers – employers and managers (II)

SEG 2. Employers a& managers in industry, commerce, etc. – small est. (II, III(N-M), IV, V)

SEG 8. Foremen and supervisors – manual (III (M))

SEG 14. Farmers – own account (II)

SEG 3. Professional workers – self-employed (I)

SEG 9. Skilled manual workers (III (M))

SEG 15. Agricultural workers (III(M), IV)

SEG. 4. Professional workers – employees (I)

SEG 10. Semi-skilled manual workers (IV)

SEG 16. Members of the armed forces

SEG 5. Intermediate non-manual workers (II, III(N))

SEG 11. Unskilled manual workers (V)

SEG 17. Inadequately described occupations

SEG 6. Junior non-manual workers (III(N), IV)

SEG 12. Own account workers (other than professionals) (II, III (M-N), IV, V)


I. Professional etc. occupations

II. Intermediate occupations

III (N). Skilled occupations – Non manual

III (M). Skilled occupations – Manual

IV. Partly skilled occupations

V. Unskilled occupations

1971 – Social class % (10% Sample)

I., 5%

II., 19%

III (N). , 29%III (M)., 23%

IV. , 16%

V , 7%

NC, 1%







I., 3%

II., 16%

III (N). , 18%

III (M)., 33%

IV. , 22%

V , 8%

NC, 1%


Reading Blackburn

1971 – % of people commuting from

outside by social class (10% Sample)








Reading (%36) Blackburn (%29)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%I.

II.

III (N).

III (M).IV.

V

NC

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%I.

II.

III (N).

III (M).IV.

V

NC

2001 – Geography

DATA GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS

Reading BlackburnNote: Images not to scale

2001 – Industry (1997 SIC)


A. Agriculture, hunting and forestry (010-015, 02)

G. Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles etc. (500-505. 51-52)

M. Education (800-801. 0021-8022, 8031-8032. 8041-8042)

B. Fishing (05) H. Hotels and restaurants (550-555)

N. Health and social work (850, 8511-8514, 852-853)

C. Mining and quarrying (10-14) I. Transport, storage and communication (600-603, 61-62, 630-634, 640-642)

O. Other community, social and personal services (90-91, 920-927, 93)

D. Manufacturing (150-159, 16-18, 190-192, 21, 210-212, 220-223, 23, 240-247, 250-252, 260-268, 27-28, 290-297, 30-32, 330-335, 340-342, 350-355, 360-366, 37)

J. Financial intermediation (65-67)

P. Private households with employed persons (95)

E. Electricity, gas and water supply (400-403, 41)

K. Real estate, renting and business activities (70-73, 740, 7411-7415, 742-748)

Q. Extra-territorial organisation and bodies (99)

F. Construction (45) L. Public administration and defence (750, 7511-7514, 7521-7525, 753)

Not Applicable

2001 – Industry Share


Reading Blackburn

C. Mining & Manufacturing, 28.8%

F. Construction, 4.8%

G. Wholesale, 16.3%

H. Hotels, 3.3%

I. Transport, 5.3%

J. Financial, 1.8%

K. Real Estate, 8.0%

L. Public, 4.4%

M. Education, 9.2%

O,P,Q. Health, 13.2%

Other, 4.3%

A-B. Agriculture, 0.5% A-B. Agriculture,

0.4%C. Mining &

Manufacturing, 10.2%

F. Construction, 5.9%

G. Wholesale, 14.9%

H. Hotels, 2.9%

I. Transport, 10.5%

J. Financial, 9.3%

K. Real Estate, 19.5%

L. Public, 6.2%

M. Education, 6.2%

O,P,Q. Health, 9.6%

Other, 4.5%

2001 – Socioeconomic Group







NS-SEC 1.1 Employers in large organisations (L1, L2) (II)

NS-SEC 3. Intermediate occupations (L7.1-L7.4) (III(N-M))

NS-SEC 6. Semi-routine occupations (L12.1-L12.7) (III(N), IV)

NS-SEC 1.2 Higher professional occupations (L3.1-L3.4) (I, II)

NS-SEC 4. Employers in small organisation (L8.1, L8.2) (II)

NS-SEC 7. Routine occupations (L13.1-L13.5) (IV, V)

NS–SEC 2. Lower professional and higher technical occupations (L4.1-L4.4, L5, L6) (II, III(N))

NS-SEC 5. Lower supervisory occupations (L10, L11.1, L11.2) (III(M), ,IV)

NS-SEC 8. Never worked and long-term unemployed (L14.1, L14.2)


2001 – Social class %

1.1, 7%

1.2, 11%

2, 31%

3, 16%

4, 7%

5, 8%

6, 12%

7, 7%

1.1 Employers in large organisations (II)

1.2 Higher professional occupations (I, II)

2. Lower professional & higher technical occupations (II, III(N))

3. Intermediate occupations (III(N-M))

4. Employers in small organisation (II)

5. Lower supervisory occupations (III(M), ,IV)

6. Semi-routine occupations (III(N), IV)

7. Routine occupations (IV, V)


Reading Blackburn

1.1, 4%1.2, 5%

2, 27%

3, 13%4, 7%

5, 11%

6, 18%

7, 15%

2001- % of people commuting from

outside by social class

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%1.1

1.2

2

3

4

5

6

7

1.1 Employers in large organisations (II)

1.2 Higher professional occupations (I, II)

2. Lower professional & higher technical occupations (II, III(N))

3. Intermediate occupations (III(N-M))

4. Employers in small organisation (II)

5. Lower supervisory occupations (III(M), ,IV)

6. Semi-routine occupations (III(N), IV)

7. Routine occupations (IV, V)


Reading (51%) Blackburn (51%)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%1.1

1.2

2

3

4

5

6

7

1971- 2001 rough comparison

Reading Blackburn

1971 2001 Change 1971 2001 Change

% employment out of total

I to XXIII (1971) & A to I (2001) 59% 45%14%

76% 59%17%

XXIV to XXVII (1971) & J to Q (2001) 41% 55% 24% 41%

% of social class of workers out of total

I to III(N) (1971) & 1.1 to 3 (2001) 53% 66%13%

37% 49%12%

III(M) to V (1971) & 5 to 7 (2001) 47% 34% 63% 51%

% of workers living outside 36% 51% 15% 29% 51% 22%

% by class of worker living outside

I to III(N) (1971) & 1.1 to 3 (2001) 65% 76%11%

52% 61%9%

III(M) to V (1971) & 5 to 7 (2001) 35% 24% 48% 39%

Conclusion


There has been a shift in both the industries and the social class structure in both settlements Getting a clear picture of the shift requires a translation of both

industrial and social class structure amongst the years Commuting patterns have changed in both settlements,

the change in Blackburn has been more pronounced than the one in Reading

There is a recurring pattern of commuting for different class structures that occurs regardless of settlement or time

Analysis of the urban structure in England and Wales 1971-2001 Basak Demires Ozkul

Documents

commuting patterns

flow x

flow y

main components

hypothesisthe main hypothesis

urban structure

land use coverage

structure of cities