1 ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING ON LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY BY USING RII METHOD R.chitra 1 , Ruchi Kumari 2 Assistant Professor 1 ,Student 2 ,Department of Civil Engineering 1,2 BIST, BIHER, Bharath University [email protected]Abstract— Productivity is dominantly aspect in the construction industry. It is important both in developed and under developing countries. Objective of this is to identify and rank. Questionnaire survey was conducted to collect the data. Productivity is the most dominating factor in the construction industry. Productivity is important in both developed and developing countries. The objective of this study is to identify the main factors affecting labour productivity in various construction industries and assessing the impact of the most influenced factors using RII method and lastly, some recommendations are made to minimize the factors affecting labour productivity. The above objectives have been achieve through the analysis of 25 questionnaires and the result of the analysis shows that there are eight groups which have significant impact on the labour productivity they Manpower, Managerial, Motivation, Environmental, Schedule, Safety, Equipment, Quality group. Keywords— Labour productivity, RII, Influence factor, construction. I.INTRODUCTION GENERAL Construction projects suffer from various problems and complex factors which affect each phase of the project life cycle. Construction labour productivity has become a big problem in construction industry in most countries, hence it is necessary to see how the human factors will affect the labour productivity in construction projects. Labour productivity is one of the least studied areas within the construction industry. Productivity improvements achieve higher cost savings with minimal investment[1-7]. Due to the fact that profit margins are small on construction projects, cost savings associated with productivity are crucial to becoming a successful contractor. In construction, the output is usually expressed in weight, length, or volume, and the input resource is usually in cost of labour or man-hours. There are many standards available in the construction industry for contractors as reference values for purposes of construction cost estimation. These standards may vary in values but most are similar in principle. The paper attempts to highlight some of the methods to study Labour productivity, its importance and most factors which affect labour productivity on construction project[13-17]. Productivity has been generally defined as the ratio of outputs to inputs. Construction projects are mostly labour based with basic hand tools and equipment, as labour costs comprise 30% to 50% of overall project cost. Productivity in economics refers to measure of output from production processes, per unit of input. Productivity may be conceived of as a measure of the technical or engineering efficiency of production. Construction labour productivity is influenced by various factors whose impact can be quantified in productivity models play an important role in estimating cost, in scheduling, and in planning. A number of models have been developed using regression analysis to provide a qualitative evaluation of the impact of different factors on construction labour productivity. The present study intends to quantify these factors and to provide a model for predicting labour productivity. Modernization and industrialization has helped the construction industry grow in leaps and bounds, small towns and cities have become more urbanized and, the construction sector[8-12]. LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY: Productivity can be defined in many ways. In construction, productivity is usually taken to mean labour productivity, that is, units of works placed or produced per man- hour. Definition Productivity is the ratio of output to all or some of the resources used to produce that output. Output can be homogenous or heterogeneous, resource comprise, labour, capital, energy, raw material, etc. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 119 No. 12 2018, 9399-9411 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.ijpam.eu Special Issue ijpam.eu 9399
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1
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING ON LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN
Abstract— Productivity is dominantly aspect in the
construction industry. It is important both in
developed and under developing countries. Objective
of this is to identify and rank. Questionnaire survey
was conducted to collect the data. Productivity is the
most dominating factor in the construction industry.
Productivity is important in both developed and
developing countries. The objective of this study is to
identify the main factors affecting labour productivity
in various construction industries and assessing the
impact of the most influenced factors using RII
method and lastly, some recommendations are made to
minimize the factors affecting labour productivity.
The above objectives have been achieve through the
analysis of 25 questionnaires and the result of the
analysis shows that there are eight groups which have
significant impact on the labour productivity they
Manpower, Managerial, Motivation, Environmental,
Schedule, Safety, Equipment, Quality group.
Keywords— Labour productivity, RII, Influence
factor, construction.
I.INTRODUCTION
GENERAL
Construction projects suffer from various
problems and complex factors which affect each
phase of the project life cycle. Construction labour
productivity has become a big problem in
construction industry in most countries, hence it is
necessary to see how the human factors will affect
the labour productivity in construction projects.
Labour productivity is one of the least studied areas
within the construction industry. Productivity improvements achieve higher cost savings with
minimal investment[1-7]. Due to the fact that profit
margins are small on construction projects, cost
savings associated with productivity are crucial to
becoming a successful contractor. In construction, the
output is usually expressed in weight, length, or
volume, and the input resource is usually in cost of
labour or man-hours.
There are many standards available in the
construction industry for contractors as reference
values for purposes of construction cost estimation.
These standards may vary in values but most are
similar in principle. The paper attempts to highlight
some of the methods to study Labour productivity, its
importance and most factors which affect labour
productivity on construction project[13-17].
Productivity has been generally defined as the ratio
of outputs to inputs. Construction projects are mostly
labour based with basic hand tools and equipment, as
labour costs comprise 30% to 50% of overall project
cost. Productivity in economics refers to measure of output from production processes, per unit of input.
Productivity may be conceived of as a measure of the
technical or engineering efficiency of production.
Construction labour productivity is influenced by
various factors whose impact can be quantified in
productivity models play an important role in
estimating cost, in scheduling, and in planning.
A number of models have been developed using
regression analysis to provide a qualitative evaluation
of the impact of different factors on construction
labour productivity. The present study intends to
quantify these factors and to provide a model for
predicting labour productivity. Modernization and
industrialization has helped the construction industry
grow in leaps and bounds, small towns and cities
have become more urbanized and, the construction
sector[8-12].
LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY:
Productivity can be defined in many ways. In
construction, productivity is usually taken to mean
labour productivity, that is, units of works placed or
produced per man- hour.
Definition
Productivity is the ratio of output to all or some of the
resources used to produce that output. Output can be homogenous or heterogeneous, resource comprise,
labour, capital, energy, raw material, etc.
International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 119 No. 12 2018, 9399-9411ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.ijpam.euSpecial Issue ijpam.eu
9399
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TYPES
(a) Partial Productivity:
It is the ratio of output to one class of
input. For example output per man – hour is partial
productivity concept. So output per ton of material
and interest revenge generated per dollar of capital
and so on[18-23].
(b)Total factor productivity:
It is the ratio of net output to the sum of
associated labour and capital input. The net output
here is sometimes called value – added output. In
this, ratio, we explicitly consider only the labour and
capital input factors in the denominator.
(c) Total Productivity:
It is the ratio of total outputs to the sum of
all input factors. This is a holistic measure that takes
into consideration the joint and simultaneous impact
of all the input such as labours, materials, machine,
capital, energy, etc. This measure has received much
attention over the past ten years, as evidence by many
paper and case studies.
NEED FOR STUDY
To analyse the economical and statistical
analysis of a country or a particular
construction firms in a country.
To improve occupational educations,
training and living standards of
constructions labours.
To ensure safety and healthy environment
for construction labours.
To attain work satisfaction.
To reach better economical and social development.
To offer a dynamic measure of economic
growth.
IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
Productivity has a great importance in
construction. Labour productivity constitutes a
significant part of production input for construction
projects. In the construction industry many external
and internal factors are never constant and are
difficult to anticipate. This factor leads to a
continuous variations in labour productivity. It is
necessary to make sure that a reduction in
productivity does not affect the plan and schedule of
the work and does not cause delays[24-30].
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of present work is to identify
the factors affecting labour productivity in
construction. This study will help to identify future
work to be carried out to improve productivity in
construction. The main scope of study are-
The identification of factors that affecting the labour
productivity is confined to construction projects undertaken based construction companies.
The data will be collected from residential and
commercial construction projects.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
This study is conducted to achieve the following
objectives:
To identify the factors affecting the variation of
labour productivity in the construction projects.
To assess the impact of influenced factors on the
variation of labour productivity.
To suggest recommendations in order to reduce variation of labour productivity in the construction
projects.
To identify the current scenario followed in human
resources management in civil engineering field.
III. METHODOLOGY
Productivity = output / labour cost
QUESTIONNARIE SURVEY
IDENTIFICATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING
LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY
DATA COLLECTION
LITRETURE REVIEW
ANALYSIS OF DATA USING RII METHOD
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Flow Chart on Methodology
IV. QUESTIONNAIRE METHODOLOGY
METHOD OF SURVEYING
The basic procedure of this study relies
on the survey questionnaire which will be gathered
from the construction sectors employees of various
sizes via mail or by faculty meeting. A thorough
literature review was first directed to recognize the
labour productivity that influence the performance of
construction sector in general[37-41].
This review has embraced the more broad and expansive meaning of labour productivity
in construction sectors and more labour productivity
components from other literature.
QUESTIONNAIRE STRUCTURE
The initial segment comprises of general
data like kind of organization, experience; cost of
their project and so forth and the second part
comprises of the project life cycle stage wise
productivity elements for assessment. The
questionnaire is made outlined upon the accompanying sorts of productivity in construction
sectors
FACTORS AFFECTING ON LABOUR
PRODUCTIVITY
Manpower
Managerial
Motivation
Environmental
Schedule
Safety
Equipment
Quality
QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN
The review questionnaire is intended to test
the cross-sectional behavioural pattern of labour
productivity involved in construction project life
cycle. The questionnaire was set up for analyzing information for enhancement of productivity through
mathematical approach; review was planned by
observing the pertinent literary works in the range of
construction sector risk. The primary reason for the
study is not to build up another list of productivity
but rather to break down the relative criticalness
among the productivity distinguished and to
highlight the major productivity[31-36].
PRODUCTIVITY RATING
A Likert scale of 1-5 was used in the
questionnaire. A Likert scale is a type of psychometric response scale often used in
questionnaires, and is the most widely used scale in
survey research. When responding to a Likert
questionnaire item, respondents specify their level of
agreement to a statement. The scale is named after
Rensis Likert, who published a report describing its
use ( Likert 1932).The respondents were required to
indicate the relative criticality/ effectiveness of each
of the probability of labour productivity factors and
their impact to the management.
Table 2 Likert scale index.
Likert scale
index
Level of Productivity Rating
One Very low level
Two Low level
Three Medium level
Four High level
Five Very high level
CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
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ANALYSIS METHOD USED
RELATIVE IMPORTANCE INDEX:
The questionnaire are collected and analysed using
RII Method. Ranking of factors was calculated based on Relative Importance Index.
RII (%) = ∑ W / A * N
Where,
RII = Relative Important Index
W= weighting given to each statement by the
respondent and ranges from 1 to 5
A = Higher response integer (5)
N = total no. of respondents.
Table 4 Statistical Data of Questionnaire Sent and
Received
Number of respondents
Total Questionnaire sent 30
Total Questionnaire
received
10
Total Questionnaire
pending
20
V. RESULT & DISCUSSION
RANKING OF FACTORS AFFECTING ON
LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY
The overall factors are calculated by using
RII method. This is one of the management of tools
help to analyse by 5-scale likert factors analysis. The
mean value is found out for the various factors
affecting on labour productivity and determined
ranking of the factors affecting on labour
productivity[42-45]. Table shows
Table 3 Manpower
Manpower
Factors N Mini
mum
Maxi
mum
RII
Mean
Rank
Labour
absentation 25 5 3 0.536 4
Lack of
experience work 25 5 2 0.536 4
Labour
disruption 25 5 2 0.56 3
Labour personal
problems 25 3 2 0.584 2
Difficulty in
recruitment of
construction
works
25 4 3 0.6 1
Figure 1 Manpower
The above figure shows the ranking of Manpower. It
shown that difficulty in recruitment of construction works ranks first and labour personal problems ranks
second.
RANKING OF FACTORS AFFECTING ON
LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY:
The overall factors affecting on labour
productivity are calculated by using RII method.
This is one of the management of tools help to analyse by 5-scale likert factors analysis. The mean
value is found out for the various factors affecting
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
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on labour productivity and determined ranking of
the labour productivity[46-50]. Table 4 shows the
Table 4 Managerial
Figure 2 Managerial
The above figure 5.2 shows the ranking of
Managerial. It shown that the financial difficulties of
the owner ranks first and poor communication ranks
second.
5.3. RANKING OF FACTORS AFFECTING ON
LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY:
The overall risk factors are calculated by using RII
method. This is one of the management of tools
help to analyse by 5-scale likert factors analysis.
The mean value is found out for the various factors
affecting on labour productivity and determined
ranking of the labour productivity.
Table 5 Motivation
Motivation
Factors N Mini
mum
Maxi
mum
Mean Rank
lack of financial
motivation
systems
25 1 3 0.408 4
unclear
instruction to
labour
25 5 2 0.496 3
delay of salaries 25 4 3 0.536 2
lack of
transport
facilities 25 5 1 0.598 1
Figure 3 Motivation
Managerial
Factors N Mini
mum
Maxi
mum
RII
Mean
Rank
Poor site
management 25 5 1
0.45
6 4
Lack of
periodic with
labours
25 5 1 0.48
8 3
Poor
communication 35 5 3
0.57
6 2
Financial
difficulties of
the owner
25 5 3 0.60
8 1
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The above figure 5.3 shows the risk ranking of the
Motivation. It has shown the lack of transport
facilities ranks first and delay of salaries ranks
second.
5.4 RANKING OF FACTORS AFFECTING ON
LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY:
The overall risk factors affecting on labour
productivity are calculated by using RII method tools.
This is one of the management of tools help to analyse by 5-scale likert factors analysis. The mean
value is found out for the various factors affecting on
labour productivity and determined ranking of the
factors affecting on labour productivity. Table 5.4
shows the
Table 6 Environmental
Environmental
Factors N Mini
mum
Maxi
mum
RII
Mean
Rank
working and
confined place 25 4 1
0.45
6 4
Location 25 5 1 0.49
6 3
weather
changes (heavy
rainfall, flood,
etc.)
25 5 8 0.50
4 2
project size 25 1 2 0.64
8 1
Figure 4 Environmental
The above 5.4 figure shows the ranking of
Environmental. It has shown the project size ranks
first and Weather changes ( heavy rainfall, flood, etc,)
ranks second.
RANKING OF FACTORS AFFECTING ON
LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY:
The overall factors affecting on labour productivity are calculated by using RII method.
This is one of the management of tools help to
analyse by 5-scale likert factors analysis. The mean
value is found out for the various factors affecting
on labour
productivity and determined ranking of the factors
affecting on labour productivity. Table 7
showsSchedule
Factors N Mini
mum
Maxi
mum
Mea
n
Rank
Overcrowding 25 5 1 0.464 4
Delay in
project 25 5 1 0.488 3
Misuse of time
schedule 25 5 2 0.520 2
Improper work
planning
25 4 3 0.616 1
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
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Figure 5 Schedule
The above figure shows the risk ranking of Schedule.
This shows the Improper workplanning ranks first
and Misuse of time table ranks second.
5.6 RANKING OF FACTORS AFFECTING ON
LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY:
The overall factors affecting on labour
productivity are calculated by using RII method.
This is one of the management of tools help to
analyse by 5-scale likert factors analysis. The mean
value is found out for the various factors affecting
on labour productivity and determined ranking of
the factors affecting on labour productivity. Table 8
shows.
Table 8 Safety
Safety
Factors N Mini
mum
Maxi
mum
Mean Rank
Fire explosion 25 5 1 0.432 4
improper
instruction of
safety
25 5 1 0.544 3
Accidents 25 3 1 0.568 2
Insufficient
lighting 25 2 3 0.696 1
Figure 6 Safety
The above figure shows the ranking of safety. This
shows the Insufficient lighting ranks first and
Accidents ranks second.
RANKING OF FACTORS AFFECTING ON
LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY:
The overall factors affecting on labour
productivity are calculated by using RII method.
This is one of the management of tools help to
analyse by 5-scale likert factors analysis. The mean
value is found out for the various factors affecting
on labour productivity and determined ranking of the factors affecting on labour productivity. Table 9
shows
Table 9 Equipment
Equipment
Factors N Mini
mum
Maxi
mum
RII
Mea
n
Rank
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
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Delay of
arrival of
equipment/mat
erials
25 5 1 0.47
2 3
Machineries
and equipment
failure
25 5 1 0.48
8 2
Old and
insufficient
equipment/
materials
25 5 1 0.55
2 1
Figure 7 Equipment
The above figure shows the ranking of Equipment.
This shows the Old and in sufficient equipment
ranks first and Machineries and equipment ranks
second.
RANKING OF FACTORS AFFECTING ON
LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY:
The overall factors are calculated by using
RII method. This is one of the management of
tools help to analyse by 5-scale likert factors
analysis. The mean value is found out for the
various risk factors and determined ranking of
the risk factors. Table 10 shows the Dominant
risk factors mean & ranked accordingly.
Table 10 Quality
Quality
Factors N Mini
mum
Maxi
mum
RII
Mean
Rank
No proper
checking & test
of construction
materials
25 5 1 0.424 3
low quality of
materials 25 5 1 0.48 2
quality
inspection delay 25 5 4 0.56 1
Table 8 Quality
The above figure shows the ranking of Quality. This shows the Quality inspection ranks first and Low
quality ranks second.
RANKING OF FACTORS AFFECTING ON
LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY:
The overall factors affecting on labour
productivity are calculated by using RII method.
This is one of the management of tools help to
analyse by 5-scale likert factors analysis. The mean
value is found out for the various factors affecting
on labour productivity and determined ranking of
the factors affecting on labour productivity. Table 11 shows
Table 11 Dominant factors on labour
productivity
Sl.
NoFactors Mea Ran
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
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17
. n k
1 Accidents 0.696 1
2 Project size 0.648 2
3 Improper work planning 0.616 3
4 Financial difficulties of the
owner 0.608 4
5 Difficulty in recruitment of
construction works 0.6 5
6 Lack of financial motivation
systems 0.592 6
7 Labour personal problems 0.584 7
8 Poor communication 0.576 8
9 Quality inspection delay 0.568 9
10 Old and insufficient
equipment/ materials 0.552 10
11 Delay of salaries 0.536 11
12 Misuse of time schedule 0.52 12
13 Weather changes (heavy
rainfall, flood, etc.) 0.504 13
14 Machineries and equipment
failure 0.496 14
15 Low quality of materials 0.48 15
5.10CONCLUSION: The theoretical model of this study proposed
eight independent groups affecting the variation of
Labour Productivity in the construction projects
namely Manpower group, Managerial group,
Environmental group, Motivation group, Material/Equipment, Schedule group, Safety group
and quality group.In construction projects, the
contractors used to think that labour productivity is
the maximum to complete project in short time. But
at the same time due to speed execution of work,
occurrence of error is high and if that happens
considerable amount of money and time will be
wasted to set right error. Decision making such as
factors affecting on labour productivity in
construction projects is very important in the construction management. The identification and
assessment of project labour productivity are the
critical procedures for projecting success. This study
determines the dominant labour productivity in
construction sectors. The results of the questionnaire
survey shows that accidents, project size and
improper work planning among site management
people is the prominent reason for the reduction in
productivity. Hence concluded that these factors have
to be kept in mind while executing a construction
project to achieve the optimal. This approach
provides a more effective, accurate and organized
decision support tool.
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Crystal Violet dye using a semiconductor,
International Journal of Pure and Applied
Mathematics, V-116, I-18 Special Issue, PP-
209-212, 2017
35. Shanthi, E., Nalini, C., Rama, A.,
The effect of highly-available
epistemologies on hardware and
architecture, International Journal of
Pharmacy and Technology, V-8, I-3, PP-
17082-17086, 2016
36. Shanthi, E., Nalini, C., Rama, A.,
Drith: Autonomous,random communication,
International Journal of Pharmacy and
Technology, V-8, I-3, PP-17002-17006,
2016
37. Shanthi, E., Nalini, C., Rama, A., A
case for replication, International Journal of
Pharmacy and Technology, V-8, I-3, PP-
17234-17238, 2016
38. Shanthi, E., Nalini, C., Rama, A.,
Elve: A methodology for the emulation of
robots, International Journal of Pharmacy
and Technology, V-8, I-3, PP-17182-17187,
2016
39. Shanthi, E., Nalini, C., Rama, A.,
Autonomous epistemologies for 802.11
mesh networks, International Journal of
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
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17
Pharmacy and Technology, V-8, I-3, PP-
17087-17093, 2016
40. Sharavanan, R., Golden Renjith,
R.J., Design and analysis of fuel flow in
bend pipes, International Journal of Pure and
Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-15 Special
Issue, PP-59-64, 2017
41. Sharavanan, R., Jose Ananth Vino,
V., Emission analysis of C.I engine run by
diesel,sunflower oil,2 ethyl hexyl nitrate
blends, International Journal of Pure and
Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-14 Special
Issue, PP-403-408, 2017
42. Sharavanan, R., Sabarish, R., Design
of built-in hydraulic jack for light motor
vehicles, International Journal of Pure and
Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-17 Special
Issue, PP-457-460, 2017
43. Sharavanan, R., Sabarish, R., Design
and fabrication of aqua silencer using
charcoal and lime stone, International
Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics,
V-116, I-14 Special Issue, PP-513-516, 2017
44. Sharmila, G., Thooyamani, K.P.,
Kausalya, R., A schoolwork on customer
relationship management with special
reference to domain 2 host, International
Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics,
V-116, I-20 Special Issue, PP-199-203, 2017
45. Sharmila, S., Jeyanthi Rebecca, L.,
Anbuselvi, S., Kowsalya, E., Kripanand,
N.R., Tanty, D.S., Choudhary, P.,
SwathyPriya, L., GC-MS analysis of biofuel
extracted from marine algae, Der Pharmacia
Lettre, V-8, I-3, PP-204-214, 2016
46. Sidharth Raj, R.S., Sangeetha, M.,
Data embedding method using adaptive
pixel pair matching method, International
Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics,
V-116, I-15 Special Issue, PP-417-421, 2017
47. Sidharth Raj, R.S., Sangeetha, M.,
Android based industrial fault monitoring,
International Journal of Pure and Applied
Mathematics, V-116, I-15 Special Issue, PP-
423-427, 2017
48. Sidharth Raj, R.S., Sangeetha, M.,
Mobile robot system control through an
brain computer interface, International
Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics,
V-116, I-15 Special Issue, PP-413-415, 2017
49. Sivaraman, K., Sundarraj, B.,
Decisive lesion detection in digital fundus
image, International Journal of Pure and
Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-10 Special
Issue, PP-161-164, 2017
50. Sridhar, J., Sriram, M., Cloud
privacy preserving for dynamic groups,
International Journal of Pure and Applied
Mathematics, V-116, I-8 Special Issue, PP-
117-120, 2017
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue