ANALYSIS OF BRIDGE DECK Ms. Kshitija S. Balwan 1 , Mr. Vishal D. Sakhare 2 1 Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, DKTE’s Textile & Engineering Institute, Ichalkaranji 2 Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, DKTE’s Textile & Engineering Institute, Ichalkaranji ABSTRACT The main objective of this study was to develop three-dimensional finite element modelling (3D-FEM) of bridge deck. The accuracy of the results obtained from bridge deck analysis is validated by comparing it with analytical solution. For analytical method the influence line diagram method was used. In this work parameters considered as maximum bending moment and maximum shear force which is future check with software result. Key wards: Bridge deck, Influence line diagram, CSI Bridge software. INTRODUCTION Transportation needs to commensurate with infrastructural development demand of shortest routes to cover distances. Such short routes require crossing of number of obstacles. Bridge structures are the solutions for such problems. Bridges are very special type of structures. They are characterized by their simplicity in geometry and loading conditions. The bridges usually carried uniformly distributed dead load, vehicular live load to its surface and transfers same to the support by flexure, shear and torsion. Newly designed bridges are often skew. This is due to space constraints in congested urban areas. It can be also needed due to geographical constraints such as mountainous terrains. However, force flow in skew bridges is much more complicated than straight bridges. Therefore, careful investigation and numerical analysis needs to be performed, in which a skew bridge can be modelled in several ways [7]. Bridges are essential and vital elements of any road network. Bridges form vital links in the communication system and with man’s increasing mobility, it calls for the solution of a multitude of engineering problems. Hence bridges with complex features such as heavy skew, edge stiffening, deep haunches over support etc. are being analysed, designed and constructed [8]. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 1. Literature Review-Bridge Deck Bridge decks are developing today as fast as they have at any time since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Methods of analysis of bridge decks have been developed and in the last thirty years progress has been particularly significant. Hand methods of load distribution and more recently the application of digital computers have enabled engineers to analyse decks with complex cross sections and complicated skew, curved and continuous spans. This design method demands a considerable amount of theoretical and experimental research to improve and test their reliability. However, several have now been developed to such usable JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations Volume V, Issue XII, December/2018 ISSN NO: 1076-5131 Page No:2213
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ANALYSIS OF BRIDGE DECK · Courbon’s Method Orthotropic Plate Theory Finite Difference Method Method of Harmonic Analysis Grillage Analogy Folded Plate Analysis Finite Element Method
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ANALYSIS OF BRIDGE DECK
Ms. Kshitija S. Balwan 1, Mr. Vishal D. Sakhare2
1 Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, DKTE’s Textile & Engineering Institute, Ichalkaranji
2 Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, DKTE’s Textile & Engineering Institute, Ichalkaranji
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this study was to develop three-dimensional finite element modelling
(3D-FEM) of bridge deck. The accuracy of the results obtained from bridge deck analysis is
validated by comparing it with analytical solution. For analytical method the influence line
diagram method was used. In this work parameters considered as maximum bending moment
and maximum shear force which is future check with software result.
Key wards: Bridge deck, Influence line diagram, CSI Bridge software.
INTRODUCTION
Transportation needs to commensurate with infrastructural development demand of
shortest routes to cover distances. Such short routes require crossing of number of obstacles.
Bridge structures are the solutions for such problems.
Bridges are very special type of structures. They are characterized by their simplicity in
geometry and loading conditions. The bridges usually carried uniformly distributed dead load,
vehicular live load to its surface and transfers same to the support by flexure, shear and torsion.
Newly designed bridges are often skew. This is due to space constraints in congested urban
areas. It can be also needed due to geographical constraints such as mountainous terrains.
However, force flow in skew bridges is much more complicated than straight bridges.
Therefore, careful investigation and numerical analysis needs to be performed, in which a skew
bridge can be modelled in several ways [7].
Bridges are essential and vital elements of any road network. Bridges form vital links in
the communication system and with man’s increasing mobility, it calls for the solution of a
multitude of engineering problems. Hence bridges with complex features such as heavy skew,
edge stiffening, deep haunches over support etc. are being analysed, designed and constructed
[8].
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1. Literature Review-Bridge Deck
Bridge decks are developing today as fast as they have at any time since the beginning
of the industrial revolution. Methods of analysis of bridge decks have been developed and in
the last thirty years progress has been particularly significant. Hand methods of load
distribution and more recently the application of digital computers have enabled engineers to
analyse decks with complex cross sections and complicated skew, curved and continuous
spans.
This design method demands a considerable amount of theoretical and experimental research
to improve and test their reliability. However, several have now been developed to such usable
JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations
Volume V, Issue XII, December/2018
ISSN NO: 1076-5131
Page No:2213
form that with an understanding of physical behaviour designers can analyse complex decks
without recourse to complicated mathematical theory [8]. The structural forms of bridge decks are usually divided into following five types:
Beam decks
Grid decks
Slab decks
Beam-and-slab decks
Cellular decks
2. Methods of Bridge Deck Analysis
Introduction
Extensive research into behaviour of bridge decks under loading had been carried out over the
past five decades and a number of methods of bridge deck analysis were evolved from time to
time. Prior to the general use of the computer-aided analysis, hand computation methods and
charts based on some approximations and idealizations, provided convenient methods of load
distribution. These were reasonably accurate for design purposes. However, with the advent of
digital computers, many computer-aided methods have been developed and are in use although
some of these methods are highly numerical and expensive [2].
Methods of Analysis
Different techniques commonly in use for the analysis of bridge decks of various types and
configurations are
Courbon’s Method
Orthotropic Plate Theory
Finite Difference Method
Method of Harmonic Analysis
Grillage Analogy
Folded Plate Analysis
Finite Element Method
Finite Strip Method
Computer aided analysis.
Each of the above techniques is more suited to a particular type or types of bridge decks
depending upon the closeness of the actual structure with the assumptions of the method. The
applicability of the methods to various types of bridges is illustrated in table. It may be evident
that one particular type of bridge deck can be analyzed by more than one method and in such
cases, the choice rests with the designer depending upon the facility, time available, economy
and of course his familiarity with the method.
3. Literature on Box Girder
General Remarks
Bridges systems form an important part of much of the modern highways across the
world. In recent years, the use of the reinforced box girder is very much increased. This increase
is primarily due to the box girder’s pleasing aesthetic appearance, its structural efficiency and
its favourable economic position as contractors have become familiar with its construction.
A box girder bridge consists of a top and bottom slab connected by vertical webs to
form a cellular structure. An analytical solution of the true response of a box girder bridge
JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations
Volume V, Issue XII, December/2018
ISSN NO: 1076-5131
Page No:2214
under load is complicated by the usual factors common to other reinforced concrete structural
systems. It is a highly indeterminate structure and is generally made of two materials, concrete
and steel [6].
Evolution of Box Girder
The spanning of bridges started with simple slabs. As the spans increased, the design depth of
the slab also increased. It is known that the material near the centre of gravity contributes very
little for flexure and hence could be removed. This leads to the beam-and-slab type systems.
The reinforcement in the bottom bulb of the beam provided capacity for tensile forces and the
top slab concrete, the capacity to resist the compression. They formed a couple to resist flexure
(bending moment).
As the width of the deck is increased, more number of longitudinal beams are required
leading to a reduction of stiffness in the transverse direction and relatively high transverse
curvature. The webs of the beams get opened out spreading radially from the top slab. Under
high transverse bending (curvature), they cannot maintain their relative position. To keep the
webs in their original position, the bottom bulb of the webs is required to be tied together. This
leads to the evolution of box girder. For longer spans and wider decks, box girders are found
to suitable cross section. Long span wide decks and eccentric loading on the cross section suffer
high curvature both in longitudinal and transverse direction causing heavy distortion of the
cross section. Hence such bridge decks require high torsional rigidity to keep the effect of
distortion of the deck to be a minimum [6].
METHODOLOGY A proposed research work comprises a study of response of bridge deck for analytical
analysis and software analysis in terms of bending moment and support reaction. The model
will be developed using software.
For achieving the objectives of the study will be conducted in following phases -
• Preparation of model of bridge deck by using relevant software.
• Analyse it in that software and find the responses in terms of bending moment and
support reaction.
• Validate it by comparing it with the analytical solution in term of bending moment,
support reaction.
INPUT PARAMETERS
The bridge under study is a simply supported single cell reinforced concrete box girder. It is a
single-lane National Highway bridge without footpath. It is having a reinforced concrete deck
slab 250 mm in depth. The span of the bridge is 30.00 m in the direction of the traffic. The
effective span of the bridge is 30.00 m. The carriageway width is 8.5 m and the overall width
of the deck is 9.5 m. The overall depth of the box section is 2.5 m. Grade of concrete used is
M40. [4]
JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations
Volume V, Issue XII, December/2018
ISSN NO: 1076-5131
Page No:2215
Cross Section of Box Girder (Model in CSI Bridge)
a) Analysis of deck by Analytical Method
Running Section and Calculation of Sectional Properties:
Running cross section of deck Various Elements of Box Girders
Element Area (m²)
1 0.345
2 0.75
3 1.475
4 1.95
5 0.75
6 0.345
Total area of section = 5.67
Loading Calculations
Due to dead load (DL):
Density of reinforced concrete = 25 kN/m³.
JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations
Volume V, Issue XII, December/2018
ISSN NO: 1076-5131
Page No:2216
Total area of support section = 5.67m²
Therefore, self-weight of support section = 5.67 x 25 =141.75 kN/m.
Analysis of Box Girder Right Bridge Deck
Validation of model for dead load
Since the length of the bridge deck is exceeding its width by a considerable amount, the
above box bridge deck can be analysed as beams to determine the distribution of longitudinal
bending moments. Single cell box girder is considered in this example. Both the webs of the
box girder are being analysed.
Due to dead load (DL):
Dead Load Distribution on Bridge Deck
�� = �� = (w x l)/2
= (141.75 x 30)/2
= 2126.25 kN
�� = (w x l²)/8
= (141.75 x 30²)/8
= 16000 kNm
Due to live load (LL):
a) Calculation of maximum bending moment First of all compute the center of gravity of loads from first point load 78.45 kN [3]