ANALYSIS OF BLOOD FLOW IN 3D HEART VALVE MODEL UNDER STEADY STATE CONDITION MOHAMMAD ISKANDAR BIN OTHMAN Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG JUNE 2012
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ANALYSIS OF BLOOD FLOW IN 3D HEART VALVE MODEL
UNDER STEADY STATE CONDITION
MOHAMMAD ISKANDAR BIN OTHMAN
Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
JUNE 2012
viii
ABSTRACT
Mitral valve (MV) and Aortic valve (AV) are very important in circulatory blood inside
the heart which function as a gate for the blood flow. Since the heart valves not working
properly, the normal flow of blood inside the heart will be interrupeted. Malfunctioning
Mitral Valve and Aortic Valve will cause death if it not immediately detected. The aims
of this study are to investigate the blood flow pattern for MV and AV in 3D view which
developed by ADINA-FSI application. All the parameter of blood obtained from the
previous studies. Both of valve models have been implemented without ventricles and
presented as a Newtonian fluid flow in steady condition. The simulation from this study
will cover the blood flow pattern in term of velocity, effective stress on the leaflets,
strain occurred in the critical area of both heart valves and the nodal pressure pattern
flow during the systolic process phase. Moreover, these studies enable to investigate
performance characteristics such as effective stress and strain which are very difficult to
evaluate experimentally. The findings showed, the velocity and nodal pressure are linear
correlation with the blood pressure increased during systole process. Effective stress
and strain results showed the critical area region and maximum values with fix Young
Modulus 2MPa. The significant simulation results from this study were very useful to
give a clear view to the medical practitioners about the pattern of blood flow through
MV and AV. Furthermore, these models can be used to investigate heart valve failure
and subsequent surgical repair treatment.
ix
ABSTRAK
Injap Mitral dan Injap Aortic merupakan bahagian penting yang berfungsi sebagai pintu
untuk proses keluar masuk bagi peredaran darah di dalam jantung. Sekiranya injap ini
mengalami kerosakan atau tidak berada dalam keadaan baik, maka peredaran darah
akan mengalami gangguan dan seterusnya akan menyebabkan komplikasi pada jantung.
Objektif untuk projek ini adalah untuk mengkaji bentuk atau illustrasi peredaran darah
dalam 3 dimensi yang melalui injap Mitral dan injap Aortic dengan penggunaan aplikasi
perisian ADINA-FSI. Parameter bagi darah diperolehi dari sumber kajian.Kedua-dua
injap yang dihasilkan adalah tanpa mengambil kira ventricles dan dikategorikan sebagai
bendalir Newtonian serta sistem berada dalam keadaan yang stabil.Simulasi dari projek
ini akan menghasilkan keputusan peredaran darah dalam konteks halaju, kesan tekanan
yang berlaku pada injap, kesan terikan dan tekanan darah yang mengalir dalam sistem
jantung pada proses fasa tekanan tinggi.Tambahan, untuk mengkaji kemampuan bagi
kesan tekanan dan terikan adalah merupakan satu perkara yang agak sukar di lakukan
atau di terjermahkan melalui eksperimen. Berdasarkan keputusan yang di analisa dari
applikasi ADINA-FSI, keputusan menunjukkan halaju dan tekanan darah yang mengalir
melalui kedua-dua injap ini adalah berkadar terus dengan tekanan yang di berikan
kepada sistem. Signifikasi analisa bagi projek ini, keputusan yang di perolehi dapat
digunakan oleh pakar perubatan untuk memberi gambaran jelas kepada mereka
berkaitan dengan bentuk peredaran darah yang melalui kedua-dua injap ini berdasarkan
parameter. Malah keputusan dari projek ini dapat di gunakan untuk mengkaji tahap
kemampuan sistem injap jantung serta di gunakan untuk mengesan sekiranya
berlakunya kerosakan pada injap jantung dan rawatan pembolehbaikan di dalam
pembedahan.
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE i
BORANG STATUS THESIS ii
EXAMINER DECLARATION iii
SUPERVISOR DECLARATION iv
STUDENT DECLARATION v
DEDICATION vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vii
ABSTARCT viii
ABSTRAK ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS x-xv
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiii-xv
LIST OF APPENDICES xvi
LIST OF SYMBOLS xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xviii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background 1-2
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objectives 3
1.4 Scopes 3
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Human Heart 4
2.2 Heart Valve Disease 5
2.2.1 Regurgitation 5-6
2.2.2 Stenosis Problem 7
2.2.3 Infection Endocarditic 7-8
2.2.4 Rheumatic Fever 8-9
2.3 Mitral Valve (MV) 9
2.3.1 Mitral Valve Prolapsed (MVP) 9-10
2.4 Aortic Valve (AV) 10-11
2.4.1 Aortic Valve Stenosis 11
2.4.2 Aortic Valve Regurgitation 11
2.5 Fluid Theory 12
2.5.1 Incompressible Flow 12
2.5.2 Navier Stokes Equation 12
2.5.3 Continuity Equation 13
2.5.4 Momentum Equation 13
2.5.5 Newtonian Flow 13-14
2.5.6 Steady Flow 14
2.6 Flow Pattern Study 15
2.6.1 Flow Pattern inside 3D Valve model 15-18
2.6.2 Pressure versus Time 18
2.6.3 Stress strain value 18-19
1 × ENTER (1.5 line spacing)
xi
2.6.4 Theory Statement 19
2.7 Summary of Literature Review 19-25
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 26
3.2 Flow Chart 27-28
3.3 Blood Parameters 28-29
3.4 Pre-Setup Simulation Procedure For Structure Part 29-30
3.5 Pre-Setup Simulation Procedure For Fluid Part 30-31
3.6 Mitral Valve 3D Model 31
3.6.1 Geometry and Parameters Mitral Valve 32-33
3.6.2 Mitral Valve Structure Procedure 33-34
3.6.3 Mitral Valve Fluid Procedure 34
3.7 Aortic Valve 3D Model 35
3.7.1 Geometry and Parameters Aortic Valve 35
3.7.2 Aortic Valve Structure Procedure 35-38
3.7.3 Aortic Valve Fluid Procedure 38-39
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction 40
4.2 Validation 41
4.2.1 Flow Pattern inside 3D Valve model 41
4.2.2 Pressure versus Time 42
4.2.3 Theory Statement 43
4.3 Results For Aortic Valve 44
4.3.1 Velocity Analysis (Normal Size of Sinus) 44-46
4.3.2 Velocity Analysis (Small Size of Sinus) 47-49
4.3.3 Velocity Analysis (Large Size of Sinus) 49-51
4.3.4 Nodal Pressure Analysis (Normal Size of Sinus) 51-54
4.3.5 Nodal Pressure Analysis (Small Size of Sinus) 55-57
4.3.6 Nodal Pressure Analysis (Large Size of Sinus) 57-58
4.3.7 Effective Stress Analysis (Normal Size of Sinus) 59-62
4.3.8 Strain Analysis (Normal Size of Sinus) 62-65
4.4 Results For Mitral Valve 66
4.4.1 Velocity Analysis 66-68
4.4.2 Nodal Pressure Analysis 69-72
4.4.3 Effective Stress Analysis 73-75
4.4.4 Strain Analysis 76-79
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion 80
5.2 Recommendations for the Future Research 81
5.2.1 Design Shape 81
5.2.2 Manipulated More Parameter 81
REFERENCES 82-83
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page
3.1 Blood Properties Parameters 28
3.2 Mitral Valve Properties Parameters 32
3.3 Parameters of anatomy aortic valve 35
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page
2.1 Healthy Heart Cross Section 4
2.2 Valve In The Mitral Valve Position 6
2.3 View Of Heart Valve Problem Causes By Regurgitation Problem 6
2.4 The Illustrations Of Gate Valves Become Narrow 7
2.5 The Bacteria Attach At The Top Of The Heart Valve Surface 8
2.6 Scarring Of The Heart Muscle 8
2.7 Mitral Valve Structure 9
2.8 (a) Normal Valve and (b) Mitral Valve Prolapse 10
2.9 Cross Section Of Normal Heart 11
2.10 The Rate Of Deformation Of A Newtonian Fluids 14
2.11 Flow Pattern in the 3D view of Aortic Valve simulation 15
2.12 Predicted flow fields for aortic valve during mid-systole 16
2.13 Blood velocity vectors (left) and pressure field (right) for 5
different time steps
16
2.14 Configurations of the stented valve taken at 6 successive points
in time during the systolic phase
17
2.15 Graph Applied Pressure versus time 18
2.16 Graph Stress versus strain 19
3.1 Flow Chart Project Study 27
3.2 Flowchart for simulation procedure for structure part 29
3.3 Flowchart for simulation procedure for fluid part 31