Analysis, Design and Rating of Reinforced Concrete Box Culverts

Analysis, Design and Rating

of Reinforced Concrete Box Culverts

BRASS - CULVERT™

Version 2.2.8

User ManualMarch 2009

Copyright © 2009 Wyoming Department of Transportation

TM

8/08 User Manual i BRASS-CULVERT™

CONTENTS

Disclaimer..........................................................................................................................................iiiAASHTO Specification.....................................................................................................................iiiAdditional Information and Technical Assistance............................................................................iiiWelcome to BRASS-CULVERT™....................................................................................................iv

BRASS-CULVERT™ Manuals..........................................................................................ivThe BRASS™ Suite.............................................................................................................v

Installing BRASS-CULVERT™ .........................................................................................................viLocal Drive Installation ..........................................................................................................viNetwork Drive Installation .....................................................................................................viiNetworking Issues ................................................................................................................xiPost Installation Steps ........................................................................................................xi

Uninstalling BRASS-CULVERT™ ...................................................................................................xii Chapter 1: The User Interface..........................................................................................................1.1

Creating a New GUI File.......................................................................................................1.1Opening an Existing GUI File...............................................................................................1.2Opening the Routing Dialog..............................................................................................1.2Saving a Data File..............................................................................................................1.2Defining the Problem.............................................................................................................1.3The GUI Windows.............................................................................................................1.3Edit Input Windows............................................................................................................1.4View Input Windows......................................................................................................... 1.4Plot Output Window...........................................................................................................1.5Analyzing the Structure..........................................................................................................1.6Viewing Output..................................................................................................................1.6Redirecting Output Files....................................................................................................1.7

Chapter 2: Job Description Tab......................................................................................................2.1

Chapter 3: Analysis Control Tab......................................................................................................3.1

Chapter 4: Design Control Tab.......................................................................................................4.1

Chapter 5: Output Control Tab.........................................................................................................5.1

Chapter 6: Material Properties Tab.................................................................................................6.1

Chapter 7: Box Geometry Tab........................................................................................................7.1

Chapter 8: Skew Tab......................................................................................................................8.1

Chapter 9: Haunches Tab....................................................................................................................9.1

Chapter 10: Concrete Cover Tab...................................................................................................10.1

Chapter 11: Reinf. Review Tab......................................................................................................11.1

Chapter 12: Dead Loads Tab........................................................................................................12.1

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Chapter 13: Live Loads Tab..........................................................................................................13.1

Chapter 14: XML Output Report.................................................................................................14.1

Chapter 15: Routing Dialog.........................................................................................................15.1Input Files Tab..................................................................................................................15.2Vehicles Tab.....................................................................................................................15.3

Chapter 16: BRASS™ Library Utility...........................................................................................16.1

Chapter 17: Performing a Parametric Analysis............................................................................17.1

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Disclaimer

Portions of this system were developed cooperatively by the Wyoming Department ofTransportation, the Federal Highway Administration, the New York State TransportationDepartment, the North Carolina Department of Transportation, and the University of Wyoming.These organizations assume no liability or responsibility for and make no representations orwarranties as to applicability or suitability of this computer system. Anyone making use thereof orrelying thereon assumes all responsibility and liability arising from such use or reliance. Thissoftware is a tool for the design, analysis, or rating of structures. The engineer using this softwareis responsible for verification of the reasonableness of the results produced by BRASS-CULVERT™.

AASHTO Specification

The BRASS-CULVERT™ program is current with the AASHTO Standard Specifications forHighway Bridges, 17th Edition, 2002 and the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, FourthEdition, 2007. Both the US and SI units versions of the specifications are incorporated in thisprogram.

Additional Information and Technical Assistance

Additional information may be obtained from:

Gregg C. Fredrick, P.E.State Bridge EngineerWyoming Department of Transportation5300 Bishop BoulevardCheyenne, WY 82009-3340Telephone: (307) 777-4427Fax: (307) 777-4279E-mail: [email protected] Page: http://www.dot.state.wy.us/Default.jsp?sCode=hwybaFTP Site: ftp://brass:[email protected]

Technical assistance may be obtained from:

Micheal J. Watters, P.E.Principal Bridge EngineerTelephone: (307) 777-4382E-mail: [email protected]

When requesting technical assistance, please mail (or e-mail) your data file (InputFileName.cus file)and mail (or FAX) a description of the problem, any error messages, any bridge drawings, and anyhand computations, which illustrate the concern. A Problem Log number will be assigned to trackthe progress of resolving the problem. You may check the status of the Problem Log by visitinghttp://www.dot.state.wy.us/brass/BRASSProbLog.jsp

http://www.dot.state.wy.us/brass/BRASSProbLog.jsp

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Welcome to BRASS-CULVERT™

BRASS-CULVERT™ is designed to assist a bridge engineer in the design, analysis and rating ofcast-in-place and precast reinforced concrete box culverts. Several manuals are provided to aid inthe use of the program.

BRASS-CULVERT™ Manuals

User Manual Provides a definition for each entry in the user interface and how theuser interface is used to develop and execute a data file.

Technical Manual Provides an overview of the program and explains technicalinformation and aspects of the program.

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The BRASS™ Suite

BRASS™ is a suite of programs that assist the engineer in many aspects of bridge design and rating.These programs are described below:

Program Description

BRASS-GIRDER™ A new version of BRASS-GIRDER which combines Load and™

Resistance Factor Design and Load Factor Design analysis and ratinginto a single program. Performs a design review and/or rating of steeland composite steel girders using plane frame analysis and theAASHTO specifications. Reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete,and timber girders will be added in upcoming releases.

BRASS-GIRDER(LRFD)™A comprehensive system for the design and/or rating of highwaybridges decks and girders using finite element theory of analysis andcurrent AASHTO LRFD Specifications.

BRASS-GIRDER (STD) Performs a design review and/or rating of highway bridges decks andgirders using plane frame analysis and the AASHTO StandardSpecifications. Load factor and working stress computations areperformed.

BRASS-PIER™ Performs an analysis of a bridge transverse section at pier locations. Theprogram provides a comprehensive analysis of bridge decks, piers, andselected foundation types. All AASHTO loads and group loads areconsidered. Live load is automatically positioned for maximum actions.Load factor and working stress computations are performed.

BRASS-PIER(LRFD)™ Performs an analysis of a bridge transverse section at pier locations.Provides a comprehensive analysis of bridge decks, piers, and selectedfoundation types. All AASHTO (LRFD) loads and group loads areconsidered. Live load is automatically positioned for maximum actions.

BRASS-TRUSS™ Performs a comprehensive working stress analysis and rating of simple orcontinuous truss or girder floorbeam stringer type bridges.

BRASS-SPLICE™ Performs the design of field splices for rolled beam or welded plate steelgirders. Design criteria are in compliance with the AASHTO Load FactorDesign Standard Specifications and WYDOT design practice.

BRASS-POLE™ Performs a working stress analysis of cantilever sign, luminaire and signalsupport structures. Round or polygonal steel poles may be analyzedaccording to the AASHTO Standard Specifications.

BRASS-DIST™ Performs a finite-strip element analysis to determine the factor for wheelload distribution for any axle spacing or width and any tire configurationof a truck placed at any position on the bridge deck. Standard trucks mayalso be used. NOTE: AASHTO formulas are based on empirical data andare applicable to six-foot axle widths. BRASS-DIST™ will also giveresults for a simple beam “deck-to-girder” analysis for dead loads.

BRASS-PAD™ Performs analysis and design of steel or fabric reinforced elastomericbearing pads according to the AASHTO Standard or LRFDSpecifications.

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INSTALLING BRASS-CULVERT™

The setup programs for all the BRASS™ programs are loaded on a single CD-ROM. Passwordsare required to install each program.

Listed below are the necessary system requirements to install BRASS-CULVERT™ on a local ornetwork drive. It is permissible but not desirable to load BRASS™ on a network. Note: BRASS is tested and verified on the Windows XP operating system only. The program has™ ™

not been tested on Microsoft Windows Vista™.

Local Drive Installation

System Requirements

Operating System: Microsoft Windows XP, Service Pack 2TM

Microprocessor: Pentium IV or higherMemory: 512 MB required, more is betterHard Disk Space: Approximately 8 MB

Installing BRASS-CULVERT™

! If you have installed this program before and have modified the library files, first back up these files. They will be overwritten during installation.! Close all open applications.! Insert the BRASS™ CD.! Select the Windows Start button. Then select Run.! In the Run dialog, do one of the following:

• Type the letter of the drive containing the installation CD, followed by a colon, theword culvert, and the word \setup. For example, type e:\culvert\setup.

OR• Select the Browse button, navigate to the directory named CULVERT on the CD,

and select setup.exe.

! Choose the OK button then follow the instructions on the screen. Setup does the following:

• Prompts you to supply the application directory path where the program files willbe installed. It is recommended that any BRASS-CULVERT™ structure datafiles created by the user be saved to directories other than the applicationdirectory or its sub-directories, e.g., C:\BRASS \CULVERT\Exe.

• Prompts you to supply a program folder name in the Windows Start > Programsmenu.

NOTE: The Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 or higher MUST be installed on your computer forBRASS-CULVERT™ to run. The BRASS-CULVERT™ installation program automaticallyinstalls The Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0.

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XML Output File

In order to view output files you must follow the steps outlined in the section Post InstallationSteps on Page xi below. These steps must be followed even when updating to a newer version.

Network Drive Installation

Installing BRASS™ and Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0

First, follow the steps above for installing BRASS™ and Microsoft Framework 2.0 on a localPC. When prompted for an installation location, enter your network drive installation directory. Next, install the Microsoft SDK Framework.

Installing Microsoft SDK Framework

Microsoft's .NET framework has new security features which limit a user's ability to run programsfrom a local network or the internet. This security feature is designed to limit the ability of viruses,Trojan horses, spyware, or any other harmful code which could damage a computer.

In order to run BRASS-CULVERT™ and the BRASS™ Library Utility, the .NET frameworksecurity settings must be changed to allow BRASS™ applications to run across a network.

Because the basic Microsoft .NET framework redistributable package no longer contains the utilityfor changing security settings, follow these procedures for installing the utility and updating thesecurity settings:

! When you are returned to the web page, under "Recommended Downloads",select "Microsoft .Net Framework Software Development Kit". Scroll down toselect ".Net Framework 2.0 Software Development Kit (SDK) (x86)". Select theDownload button and select Run. After it downloads, select Run again to install it.

! Once the .NET Framework 2.0 SDK installation is complete, open the .NETFramework 2.0 security configuration tool – Start Menu->Settings->ControlPanel->Administrative Tools->Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 Configuration

! In the configuration tool, navigate to My Computer->Runtime Security Policy->Machine->Code Groups->All_Code

! Right-click on the All_Code item, and select New....

! The following dialog should appear – enter the name and description of a newcode group and click Next

http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/Search.aspx?displaylang=en

8/08 User Manual viii BRASS-CULVERT™

! Next, select Strong Name as the condition for this code group as shown below, and click the Import button to find the program you wish to run across the network.

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! Navigate to the program you wish to run, or any of the BRASS™ programs listed above, and open the file with the file selection tool, for example:

! The utility will populate the Public Key, Name, and Version fields automatically. Leave the Name and Version boxes unchecked to allow all BRASS™ programs to run using this key.

8/08 User Manual x BRASS-CULVERT™

! Click Next and select Full Trust from the Use Existing Permission Set drop down selector:

! Click Next and Finish:

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Networking Issues

If you are installing BRASS-CULVERT™ on a networked server which has it’s own C:\ drive,such as a Citrix server, you may encounter issues with the vehicle and bar spacing libraries.

It is recommended that any user-defined vehicle and bar spacing libraries be placed on the samedrive as the BRASS-CULVERT™ application itself. If users need their own vehicle and/or barspacing libraries, two possible scenarios are available:

The vehicle and bar spacing libraries may be specified on the Libraries tab of the Control form. If the User Interface file is moved from the user's local drive to a Citrix server (or vice-versa), thelink to the libraries will be broken. Both the user's local drive and the Citrix server can use thesame drive letter, e.g., C:. In this case, the libraries will need to be re-referenced. Generally, theuser's local drive (C:), can be mapped to a drive letter on the Citrix server such as V:\ .

If the application is being run from a Citrix server and the User Interface file contains a referenceto a library located on the user's local drive (mapped to say the V: drive), then care must be takenwhen another user tries to run this same User Interface file. The second user must obtain thelibraries from the first user. Then, if the second user's local drive is mapped to a different driveletter (say the W: drive) than the first user's, the libraries must be re-referenced in the UserInterface.

Post Installation Steps

In order to view BRASS results in the XML output file, you must declare a file associationfollowing the steps below. If you do not follow these steps, you will receive this error message:

To create an association: 1. Open Folder Options in Control Panel. Select the File Types tab.

2. Select XML Document and select the Change... button.

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3. This screen will appear. Select Internet Explorer or a browser of

your choice.4. Ensure the box “Always use the selected program to open this kind of file.5. Select OK.

During Setup, shortcuts to the BRASS Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) and help files are addedto the Windows Start > Programs > BRASS menu.

However, desktop shortcuts to these same files may be created, if desired, once Setup iscomplete:

1. Right click on the “Start” button and select “Open”.2. Double click the “Programs” icon, double click the “Brass” icon, and double click the BRASS-CULVERT icon.3. Right click on the “GUI” icon and select “Copy”.4. Right click on the Desktop and select “Paste”.5. You may want to rename the “GUI” icon to “BRASS-CULVERT”.

Once the files have been installed, some modifications may have to be made to some of the fileproperties. If the program was not installed in the default directory during setup, you may needto change the path to the executables or working directory. From the Start menu, right click onthe “BRASS-CULVERT” icon, select “Properties”, and edit the paths. The Local Preferencesdefaults in BRASS-CULVERT may also need to be modified. Open BRASS-CULVERT andselect View from the toolbar, select Local Preferences. Modify the path in “Output Directory” toreflect the user specified installation directory.

For information on creating desktop shortcuts, consult your Windows O/S help by clicking thedesktop background and then pressing F1. When the help index appears, enter the keyword“shortcuts”. There are several options within this area. Select the topic applicable to your needsand follow the resulting instructions. Other keywords of interest include “Start menu” and“Programs menu”.

Uninstalling Previous Versions of BRASS-CULVERT™

Before performing any uninstallation, create back up copies of your bar spacing library, vehicle library, and any other user files. You may lose any directories and files duringinstallation of a new version.

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Uninstall versions 1.0 through 2.2.6 of BRASS-CULVERT™ from the Start menu prior toinstalling versions 2.2.7 and beyond. Starting with version 2.2.7, browse to the Installationdrive:\BRASS\CULVERT\EXE and double click “Uninstall BRASS-CULVERT.exe”.you mustuninstall version 2.2.7 prior to installing later versions of BRASS-CULVERT™. Though filessaved to directories created by the installation or by the application will not be deleted whenuninstalling this application, it is still safe to make back up copies..

To uninstall the BRASS-LibraryUtility, browse to the Installation drive:\BRASS\LibraryUtility\EXE and double click “Uninstall BRASS-LibraryUtility.exe”.

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8/08 User Manual 1.1 BRASS-CULVERT™

1. THE USER INTERFACE

The graphical user interface (GUI) is used to describe the structure’s geometry, material properties,and loads as well as design and design review information. This information is stored in a binaryGUI file, so it cannot be viewed using a word processor. The user interface file is given a .cusextension. The GUI can also be used to view the structure drawn to scale. Once the structure hasbeen analyzed, the GUI shows action diagrams for several loadings applicable to culverts.

NOTE: Because BRASS-PIER(LRFD) uses XML to generate output files, the use of certain "specialcharacters" should not be used when entering text into a field. These special characters are <, >, &,%, ", ', \ , :, and ?

Creating a New GUI File

Use one of the following methods to create a new GUI file:

• Select the File>New menu item• Press Ctrl+N using the keyboard• Click the New button on the Main Toolbar:


When the ‘New File Defaults’ dialog appears, select the base units and design method for the newfile and select OK. The base units and design method are only used to set the program defaults.Because BRASS-CULVERT™ allows input of both US and SI units, some hard-converted valuesare set as defaults. For instance, a 60 ksi yield strength soft-converted to SI units is 413.7 MPa, butactual SI value used in practice is 400 MPa.

Opening an Existing GUI File

Use of the following methods to open an existing GUI file:

• Select the File>Open menu item

• Press Ctrl+O using the keyboard

• Double-click the .CUS file icon in a folder

• Click the Open button on the Main Toolbar:

When the ‘Open’ dialog appears, select the desired directory and file and select Open. The data fromthis file is loaded into the GUI dialogs.

Opening the Routing Dialog

Use of the following methods to open the routing dialog:

• Select the File>Routing menu item

• Press Ctrl+R using the keyboard

When the ‘Routing’ dialog appears, input files and vehicles can be manually specified or loadedfrom an external file. See the Routing Dialog topic for further details.

Saving a Data File

When you wish to create and save a *.cus data set, select File from the tool bar and select Save. Ifyou wish to save existing data files which have been changed or save data files to a differentlocation, select Save As... The *.cus input file, the XML output file, and intermediate files will besaved at the location you specify. You may also use the Local Preferences dialog (see page 1.7) toset up a default destination directory for saving output files.

Other methods for saving a GUI file are:

• Press Ctrl+S using the keyboard

• Press Ctrl+A using the keyboard (for “Save As...”)


• Click the Save button on the Main Toolbar:

Defining the Problem

To describe the structure’s geometry, material properties, and loads as well as design and designreview information, select the Culvert>Edit Input menu item. The ‘Edit Input’ tabbed dialogappears. Enter the applicable data on each tab and select OK or Apply to store the data and updatethe culvert graphic in the view windows.

If the Input Units on the Job Description tab are changed, the appropriate data throughout the GUIis converted using conversion factors. The ‘Toggle Units’ button on the Program Bar performs thesame task. The other buttons on the Program Bar open the ‘Edit Input’ tabbed dialog to thecorresponding tab.

The GUI Windows

The GUI contains three view windows, each displaying a different view of the culvert:

• Edit Input Window - Illustrates the culvert geometry (drawn to scale), soil information, andloads.

• View Input Window - Similar to the Edit Input window, except it only displays informationthat has been entered.

• Plot Output Window - Displays the action diagrams for several loadings applicable toculverts.

The Main Toolbar contains a button for each of the view windows, so the views can be easilytoggled.


Edit Input Window

The Edit Input window illustrates the culvert geometry (drawn to scale), soil information, and loads.Each of these components is color-coded to help differentiate them. The graphic also indicatesdimensions, loads, etc. for the input units specified. If the text is red, the corresponding data has notbeen entered in the GUI and if the text is blue, it has.

The red and blue text may also be clicked with the mouse to open the ‘Edit Input’ tabbed dialog tothe corresponding tab and field. Note that when the cursor is positioned over this text, the cursorchanges to a "hand".

View Input Window

The View Input window is similar to the Edit Input window, except it only displays informationthat has been entered. For instance, if no fill depth has been specified, the fill will not bedisplayed on the graphic.


Plot Output Window

The Plot Output window displays the action diagrams for several loadings applicable to culverts. The loadings may be chosen from the Graph Filter:

The diagram is plotted on the structure, however, no magnitudes are shown:

No diagrams are shown if an analysis has not been performed:

To view a detailed graph of the actions for the top or bottom slab or one of the walls, position thecursor over one of these locations on the culvert and click the mouse. Note that when the cursoris positioned over these locations , the cursor changes to a "hand". The Detailed Graph dialog is


then displayed. The Detailed Graph dialog indicates the action and loading:

The data points for the graph are shown and may be clicked with the mouse to obtain the exactaction value:

Analyzing the Structure

Use one of the following methods to analyze the structure:

• Select the Execute>BRASS-CULVERT menu item

• Click the Execute button on the Main Toolbar:

IMPORTANT: This GUI does not require that the GUI file be closed to run an analysis.Once the analysis has begun, a DOS window appears to display the progress of the design orreview. When the analysis has completed, an Execution Status dialog appears and indicates ifthe analysis was successful or not. If the analysis was unsuccessful, the dialog lists errormessages.

Viewing Output

Output files are viewed by selecting the applicable file from the Output menu. The XML outputfile will be opened with a browser. An editor is not recommended for viewing the XML outputfile.


Redirecting Output Files

Often, users wish to place BRASS-CULVERT™ output files (*.XML, *.OUT, etc.) into adifferent location than the default location (C:\BRASS\Culvert\Examples). To do this, the userneeds to identify this location in the local preferences dialog.

Output Directory: In BRASS-CULVERT™, select View from the tool bar and select LocalPreferences. Enter the Output Directory path by either typing in the full path or select the browsebutton (...) and browse to the new location. Use the [C] button to clear the directory path.



2. JOB DESCRIPTION TAB

The Edit Input dialog can be opened directly to the Job Description tab by click on the JobDescription button on the toolbar:

Use the Job Description tab to define the job description aspects for identification and inventory,and to declare input and output units.

NOTE: Because BRASS-PIER(LRFD) uses XML to generate output files, the use of certain "specialcharacters" should not be used when entering text into a field. These special characters are <, >, &,%, ", ', \ , :, and ?

Title: Enter the job name or culvert description to help identify the output. Up to 68 characters maybe used.

Structure ID: Enter a structure identification used for inventory or any other agency numberingrequirement. Up to 15 characters may be used.

Agency: Enter the name of the agency or company that is running the program. Up to six charactersmay be used.


Input Units: Select the type of units to be used for the input.

Output Units: Select the type of units to be used for the output.

Comments: Enter comments to document an input file. Up to 68 characters may be used per line.


3. ANALYSIS CONTROL TAB

The Edit Input dialog can be opened directly to the Analysis Control tab by click on the AnalysisControl button on the toolbar:

Use the Analysis Control tab to define analysis control parameters.

Construction Type: Select the culvert construction type.

Design/Review: Select the type of design/review to perform. If a design review (load rating) isdesired, the fields on the Reinf. Review tab are required.

Reinforcement Input Method: Select the type of reinforcement input method for a design review.If a design review (load rating) is desired, the fields on the Reinf. Review tab are required. Thisoption is not available for design.

Reinforcement Type (Diameter Method only): Select the type of reinforcement for a designreview in which the diameter input method was selected. This will be used to determine theminimum cover requirement per Articles 16.6.3 and 16.7.3 in the AASHTO Standard Specificationsor Articles 5.12.3 and 12.11.4.4 in the AASHTO LRFD Specifications. This option is not availablefor design.

Welded wire reinforcement should be entered using wire diameter and spacing. The programhandles welded wire reinforcement in the same manner as other reinforcement entered by diameterand spacing, except that the specific checks for cover of welded wire reinforcement are performed.A warning message is written if the checks fail.


Floor Type: Select the floor type. A conventional four-sided box culvert would have a full bottomslab, however the program is capable of analyzing and designing prismatic member rigid frames (nobottom slab) with either fixed or hinged base supports.

Negative Moment Position: Enter the negative moment position for design as a percent from 0 to100. The up and down arrows respectively increase or decrease the negative moment position. Theposition for design negative moment is defined by a percent from zero to 100, where zero percentrepresents the centerline of the wall or slab, 50% represents half the distance between the center ofthe wall or slab and the face of wall or slab, and 100% represents the face of the wall or slab.

Moment Continuity: Select the type of moment continuity for the top and bottom joints of theculvert.

Consider haunches in analysis: Check to consider haunches in the analysis. If checked, haunchdimensions input on the Haunches tab are considered in the analysis for effective span lengthcalculations in accordance with AASHTO Article 8.8.2. Otherwise, BRASS™ will design themember using a moment value at the geometric center of members, regardless of the haunchdimensions input on the Haunches tab. This will provide the most conservative design.

Use epoxy coated bars in the top mat of reinforcement in the top slab: Check to use epoxycoated bars in the top mat of reinforcement in the top slab. The development length for bars A1 andA300 is affected. See AASHTO 8.25.2.3.

Design Method: Select the design method: Load Factor, Service Load, or LRFD.

Load Factors: Load factors are only available for the Load Factor method.

bD: Enter the dead load multiplier for Load Factor Design from AASHTO Table 3.22.1A.

bL: Enter the live load multiplier for Load Factor Design from AASHTO Table 3.22.1A.

Strength Reduction Factors: Strength reduction factors are only available for the Load Factormethod. BRASS™ assumes precast boxed are constructed using a wet-cast method. Therefore,BRASS™ defaults the strength reduction factors to 0.9 for moment and 0.85 for shear as describedin AASHTO 8.16.1.2.2. AASHTO 17.7.4.6 lists strength reduction factors for machine-made boxes,however, AASHTO 17.7.1 indicates that machine-made is typically a dry-cast vibrating method.

fM: Enter the strength reduction factor for moment for Load Factor Design.

fV: Enter the strength reduction factor for shear for Load Factor Design.

Strip Location: Select the strip location for analysis. This selection will determine which articleis to be used to determine the live load distribution factor. Available for the LRFD method only.

Interior Strip - For spans less than or equal to 15 ft or a fill depth greater than or equal to 2 ft, LRFD4.6.2.1.3 applies. For spans greater than 15 ft with a fill depth less than 2 ft, LRFD 4.6.2.3 applies.

Exterior Strip - LRFD 4.6.2.1.4b applies.


4. DESIGN CONTROL TAB

The Edit Input dialog can be opened directly to the Design Control tab by click on the DesignControl button on the toolbar:

Use the Design Control tab to define design control parameters.

Design Slabs: Select the design method to indicate if the same design for top and bottom slabs isdesired. The Same method designs the top and bottom slabs the same.

Design Walls: Select the design method to indicate if the same design for interior and exterior wallsis desired. The Same method designs the interior and exterior walls the same.

Round-up Increment: Enter the increments used to "round up" the following thicknesses.

Slab Thickness: Enter the increment used to "round up" the slab thickness.

Wall Thickness: Enter the increment used to "round up" the wall thickness.

Rebar Design: Enter the maximum and minimum bar sizes and bar spacings to be used in design.


Maximum US Bar Size: Enter the maximum US bar size to be used in design. BRASS™ does notsupport SI bar sizes.

Maximum Bar Spacing: Enter the maximum allowable bar spacing in design.

Minimum US Bar Size: Enter the minimum US bar size to be used in design. BRASS™ does notsupport SI bar sizes.

Maximum Bar Spacing: Enter the minimum allowable bar spacing in design.

Bar Spacing Increment: Select the steel design bar spacing increment to be used for rounding.

Maximum Steel Ratio: Enter the maximum ratio of area of steel to area of concrete (As/bd) indecimal form.

Bar Spacing File: Select the type of bar spacing file to be used for design. The options include:

• Standard BRASS-BarSpacing-Std.blb

• WYDOT BRASS-BarSpacing-WYDOT.blb

• User BRASS-BarSpacing-User.blb

It is recommended that an agency customize the BRASS-BarSpacing-User.blb file for its designpractice.


5. OUTPUT CONTROL TAB

The Edit Input dialog can be opened directly to the Output Control tab by click on the OutputControl button on the toolbar:

Use the Output Control tab to define the output that will be produced.

Actions at tenth points: Check to output moment, shear, and axial forces at the tenth points. Theseare factored actions for ultimate strength design.

Bar schedule: Check to produce the bar schedule. BRASS-CULVERT™ assumes that allreinforcing steel entered for a review or selected by the program for a design is fully developed. TheBar Schedule in the output does not include any lengths for embedment. It is left to the Engineer todetermine this length.

Live load influence ordinates: Check to produce live load influence ordinates output. This is avery extensive report for multiple cell culverts and should therefore only be requested whennecessary.

Live load moment envelope (w/o DF or IM): Check to produce intermediate output of the liveload moment maximum and minimum envelope. See file (*.OLL).


Default output: Check to output default values used by BRASS™.

Intermediate design iteration computations: Check to output the intermediate designiterations.

Intermediate computations: Check to produce the intermediate computations file (*.OOO). This option produces a large amount of intermediate computations during the course of a run.

Drawing file: Check to create the drawing generation file (*.DRW). This option is currentlyunavailable.


6. MATERIAL PROPERTIES TAB

The Edit Input dialog can be opened directly to the Material Properties tab by click on theMaterial Properties button on the toolbar:

Use the Material Properties tab to define material properties for steel, concrete, wearing surface,and soil.

Concrete

f 'c: Enter the 28 day compressive strength of the concrete.

Ec: Enter the modulus of elasticity of the concrete.

Compute: Check the compute box to have BRASS™ compute the modulus of elasticity ofconcrete based on the following AASHTO equations:

US Units:33000 * (Weight Density - 0.005 kcf)^1.5 * SQRT(f 'c)


SI Units:0.043 * (Mass Density - 80 kg/m^3)^1.5 * SQRT(f 'c)

If these equations are not satisfactory, uncheck the Compute box and enter Ec manually.

Z: Enter the crack width parameter. See AASHTO 16.6.4.7 and AASHTO 16.7.4.7 forcast-in-place and precast culverts, respectively.

While this value is no longer necessary for LRFD as of the 2005 Interims to the AASHTO LRFDSpecifications, this option is being retained. See AASHTO LRFD 5.7.3.4 (prior to 2005 Interims).

Ignore Crack Control: Check this box for BRASS™ to ignore crack control. The crackcontrol parameter (Z) will be set to a large value and the maximum allowable service stress willbe set to 0.95 Fy (normally 0.6 Fy). Under these parameters, crack control checks should notcontrol the design. Setting the limiting stress to 0.95 Fy should mitigate any yield deformationunder service-level loading. The Z value entered in the GUI will not be replaced by the largevalue and will not be available for input until this box is unchecked. The 0.95 value cannot bechanged, if the ignore option is employed.

Exposure Factor

Enter the exposure factor for crack control. See AASHTO LRFD 5.7.3.4.

Weights/Mass Densities

Concrete: Enter the weight/mass density of the concrete.

Soil: Enter the weight/mass density of the soil fill. BRASS™ uses 100% of soil weight for allculverts.

Wearing Surface: Enter the weight/mass density of the wearing surface.

Steel

fy: Enter the yield strength of the reinforcing steel.

n: Enter the modular ratio of steel to concrete (Es / Ec).

Check the compute box to have BRASS™ compute the modular ratio based on the modulus ofelasticity of 29,000,000 psi (200,000 MPa) for steel and the modulus of elasticity of concrete.

Allowable Stresses

vc: Enter the allowable concrete shear stress. This stress defaults to AASHTO 8.16 if 0.0 isentered.

vc (w/ stirrups): Enter the allowable concrete shear stress when stirrups are used.fs: Enter the allowable stress of the reinforcing steel.


7. BOX GEOMETRY TAB

The Edit Input dialog can be opened directly to the Box Geometry tab by click on the BoxGeometry button on the toolbar:

Use the Box Geometry tab to define the geometry of the box culvert.

Cell Information - Enter the cell geometry for a box culvert.

Number of Cells: Choose the number of cells.

The program analyzes multiple cell culverts assuming continuity between the adjacent cells. This continuity will cause negative bending moments to develop in the top and bottom slabs overthe interior walls for which reinforcement must be adequately provided. If multiple cell culvertsare poured or cast so as to form continuity between cells, two, three, or four cells should beselected as applicable. However, if no continuity exists between adjacent cells and units aresimply placed side by side, one cell should be selected.

Clear Span: Enter the clear span of the cells. All cells have the same span.


Clear Height: Enter the clear height of the cells. All cells have the same height.

Length: Precast - Enter the laying length of a single culvert section measured along the culvertcenterline. Reinforcing steel is output for a single unit only.

Cast-in-Place - Enter the total laying length of the culvert measured along the culvert centerline. Reinforcing steel is output for the total length of the culvert.

The different lengths obtain the correct live load distribution and allow the reinforcing steel barschedule to output the correct lengths and quantities of reinforcing steel for the type ofconstruction.

Bridge Width: Enter the out-to-out width of the structure. This field is only available for theLRFD method.

Clear Bridge Width: Enter the clear travelway width between curbs, parapets, and/or railing. This field is only available for the LRFD method to establish the maximum number of lanesloaded.

Slab and Wall Information - Enter the slab and wall geometry for a box culvert.

Thickness: Enter the thickness for the specified components:

• Top Slab

• Bottom Slab

• Exterior Wall

• Interior Wall

If no bottom slab exists, define this configuration in the Floor Type options on the AnalysisControl tab.

Unless a thickness is specified as a Fixed value under Thickness Design Control, BRASS™ usesthis thickness as a minimum thickness.

Thickness Design Control: Select the thickness design control code for the specifiedcomponents:

• Top Slab

• Bottom Slab

• Exterior Wall

• Interior Wall

Fixed: BRASS™ uses the corresponding thickness as an actual thickness.

Variable: BRASS™ uses the corresponding thickness as a minimum thickness.


8. SKEW TAB

The Edit Input dialog can be opened directly to the Skew tab by click on the Skew button on thetoolbar:

Use the Skew tab to define culvert skews.

Skew Angles

The left end and right end skew angles are relative to the centerline of the culvert. They are inputvariables for cast-in-place culverts only. The angle is measured from the edgebeam lineclockwise to the centerline of the culvert. This information is used solely for the reinforcing steelbar schedule to determine the "cut" bar lengths in the skewed ends of cast-in-place culverts.

If the culvert ends are not skewed, the left end and right end skew angles should both be input as90 degrees.

For precast culverts, the left end and right end skew angles are set to 90 degrees.

Enter positive angles only.


Centerline: Enter the culvert skew angle relative to the centerline of the over roadway. Thisangle is used to compute the appropriate distribution width, E, for concentrated wheel loads onskewed culverts.

Left Opening: Enter the skew angle for the left opening of cast-in-place culverts only.

Right Opening: Enter the skew angle for the right opening of cast-in-place culverts only.


9. HAUNCHES TAB

The Edit Input dialog can be opened directly to the Haunches tab by click on the Haunchesbutton on the toolbar:

Use the Haunches tab to define culvert haunches.

Haunch(es) Exist: Check this box if one or more haunches exist. The haunch dimension editfields are only editable when this box is checked.

Haunch Dimensions: A haunch dimension should be input for an accurate concrete estimate,which is produced in the output. However, zero (0) may have to be input for analysis reasons. See the Analysis Control tab for analysis considerations pertaining to haunches.

Top Haunch: Enter the top haunch (fillet) dimension.

Bottom Haunch: Enter the bottom haunch (fillet) dimension.



10. CONCRETE COVER TAB

The Edit Input dialog can be opened directly to the Concrete Cover tab by click on the ConcreteCover button on the toolbar:

Use the Concrete Cover tab to define the depth of concrete cover for reinforcement.

Top Slab: Enter the distance from the face of the steel bars to the face of the concrete for the topsteel of the top slab.

Exterior Walls: Enter the distance from the face of the steel bars to the exterior face of theexterior walls.

Interior Faces: Enter the distance from the face of the steel bars to the face of the concrete forthe interior faces of slabs and walls.

Bottom Slab: Enter the distance from the face of the steel bars to the face of the concrete for thebottom steel of the bottom slab.



11. REINF. REVIEW TAB

The Edit Input dialog can be opened directly to the Reinf. Review tab by click on the Reinf.Review button on the toolbar:

Use this tab to designate the reinforcement and spacings used for design review. The reinforcementmay be input in terms of US bar sizes or generic diameters as specified on the Analysis Control tab.The diameter method is useful when alternating bar sizes are present or in the case of welded wirereinforcement.

Bar Sizes - Select US bar sizes for the specified components:

• Top corner bar

• Exterior wall-outside face vertical bar

• Exterior wall-inside face vertical bar

• Bottom corner bar

• Top slab-outside face transverse bar

• Top slab-inside face transverse bar

• Bottom slab-inside face transverse bar

• Bottom slab-outside face transverse bar

• Interior wall-vertical bar


Note that (none) indicates that there is no bar present at the specified location. BRASS™ does notsupport SI bar sizes.

Diameters - For weld wire reinforcement, the wire diameter and spacing should be entered. The program will

automatically compute the area of steel as required and perform the required cover checks.

Enter the US diameter of the reinforcement (mild or welded-wire) for the specified components:

• Top corner bar










Spacings - Enter the spacing of the reinforcement used for design review. The spacing will

show “N/A” until a bar size or diameter is input.

• Top corner bar











12. DEAD LOADS TAB

The Edit Input dialog can be opened directly to the Dead Loads tab by click on the Dead Loads

button on the toolbar:

Use the Dead Loads tab to define earth pressures, water pressures, a uniform dead load, and up to

three superimposed concentrated dead loads applied at top slab.

Concentrated Loads - Enter up to three superimposed concentrated dead loads that are appliedto the top slab.

Magnitude: Enter the magnitude of each concentrated dead load.

Location: Enter the location of each concentrated dead load measured from the centerline ofleft-most wall of the culvert.

Pressures - Enter soil and water pressures.

Maximum Soil: Enter the maximum soil equivalent fluid pressure for lateral earth pressurecalculations. Standard maximum is 30 pcf (480 kg/m3) by AASHTO 6.2.1 - embankmentinstallations. Trench installations cannot be input.


Minimum Soil: Enter the minimum soil equivalent fluid pressure for lateral earth pressurecalculations. A minimum of 15 pcf (240 kg/m3) is used for checking positive moments unlessotherwise defined.

Water: Enter the unit weight of water (62.4 pcf or 1000 kg/m3 standard). When considered,BRASS™ uses full height of water and no water as two loading cases.

Uniform Load: Enter the magnitude of the uniform dead load applied at the top slab. Uniformdead loads are applied to the entire cross section.

Wearing Surface: Enter the depth of the wearing surface to be used for calculating the effectsof lateral earth pressure.

Fill Height: Enter the design fill height measured from the top of the top slab to the top of thepavement.

The Tire Application Model options on the Live Load tab will be disabled when the fill depth isless than 2 ft (0.6096 m). See Article 6.4.2 in the AASHTO Standard Specifications or Article3.6.1.2.6 in the AASHTO LRFD Specifications.

Interaction Factor(s) - The interaction factor fields are provided depending on the designmethod selected.

Fill Interaction Factor: Enter the fill interaction factor. Available for the LRFD method only.

Soil-structure Interaction Method: Enter the method used to determine the soil-structureinteraction factor. Available for the LFD and LRFD methods only.

Soil-structure Interaction Factor: Enter the soil-structure interaction factor. Available for theLFD and LRFD methods only.


13. LIVE LOADS TAB

The Edit Input dialog can be opened directly to the Live Loads tab by click on the Live Loadsbutton on the toolbar:

Use the Live Loads tab to define the standard truck loads and live load surcharge.

Vehicle Designation: Select standard vehicle designations from one or more of the list boxes. Note that (none) indicates that there is no live load. Each vehicle will be analyzed as a live load.

To combine the truck load with the lane load, both the DES-HL-93 and the LAN-HL-93 trucksmust be selected. When both are input, the program automatically combines them in accordancewith AASHTO LRFD articles 3.6.1.3.3. The distribution factors are then computed based onAASHTO LRFD articles 3.6.1.2.6 and 4.6.2.10, which deal with distribution of live loads forfills greater than or equal to two feet and fills less than two feet, respectively.

All vehicles are stored in a truck library consisting of AASHTO vehicles for load rating anddesign as well as many agency specific vehicles. As many as nine vehicles may be specified inthe data file.


Tire Application Model: Select the tire application model (concentrated load or patch load) forapplying axle loads to the culvert/soil model. See AASHTO 3.30. This option is not availablewhen the fill depth is less than 2 ft (0.6096 m). See Fill Height on the Dead Loads tab.

Neglect live load based on # of cells and fill depth: Check to neglect live load based on thefollowing criteria as specified in AASHTO 6.4.2:

Single-cell Culverts - If the fill depth is more than eight feet and exceeds the culvert span length,the live load may be neglected.

Multiple-cell Culverts - The live load may be neglected if the fill depth exceeds the distancebetween end supports or abutments.

Live Load Surcharge

Compute based on LRFD Specification: Check to compute surcharge height based on LRFDSpecification. This field is only available for the LRFD method.

Surcharge Depth: Enter the depth of the live load surcharge to be used for calculating theeffects of lateral earth pressure. Surcharge load is applied as a uniform load on the exterior wallsand is calculated as the depth of surcharge times the maximum or minimum soil pressure asapplicable.

The live load surcharge option should only be used for fill heights less than 2 ft (0.61 m).

Live Load Distribution to Bottom Slab: Select method for which live load is to be distributedto the bottom slab.

Standard Specification (CIP) - This option permits that the live load be further distributed fromthe top to bottom slab on a 1:2 slope (one vertical to two horizontal). This lighter loading issignificantly different than the LRFD and Standard Specification option and will have a largeeffect on the bottom slab actions. See AASHTO 17.6.4.3. This does not affect the distributionto the top slab (see AASHTO 3.24 or 6.4).

LRFD and Standard Specification (Precast) - This option uses the same distribution factor for thebottom slab as the top. This option may be useful for both the Standard specification designwhere office practice suggests the same distribution, comparison of LRFD bottom-slabdistribution with LFD design, and of course, the LRFD specification. This option is available forall design check methods. See LRFD 12.11.2.2.

Number of Lanes: Select one of the options for number of traffic lanes. This field is onlyavailable for the LRFD method.


14. XML OUTPUT REPORT

The XML output report is tailored to the type of analysis performed. In general, the output reportprovides the following information in the order given:

• Echo of input data• Description of live loads applied• Description of dead loads applied• Culvert analysis results including member actions from the following loads:

• Dead Load• Maximum Soil Pressure• Minimum Soil Pressure• Live Load Surcharge• Water Pressure• Positive Live Load Envelope• Negative Live Load Envelope

• Fatigue checks• Rebar sizes, spacings, and area per foot• Analysis results at critical locations including applied loads/stresses, resistances, and rating

factors• Load rating summary



15. ROUTING DIALOG

Use this dialog to perform the batch analysis of a route of structures. The steps for performingthis analysis are:

1. Specify input files as described in the Input Files topic.

2. Specify vehicles as described in the Vehicles topic.

3. Press the [Process Route] button and wait for the batch analysis to finish.

4. Press the [View Route Report] button to view rating results.

Routing File: This read-only edit field displays the path and name of the routing file to utilizefor a route analysis. This file is a list of input files. See the Input Files topic for details forspecifying and/or editing this file.

Vehicle File: This read-only edit field displays the path and name of the vehicle file to utilize fora route analysis. This file is a list of vehicles that reference vehicles in the Vehicle Library. Seethe Vehicles topic for details for specifying and/or editing this file.

Vehicle Library: This read-only edit field displays the path and name of the vehicle library,which contains the vehicle description, uniform lane load, vehicle weight, axle weights andspacings, and other information for a wide variety of vehicles. This file may not be edited in thisGUI, but a separate Library Utility GUI is provided for this purpose.


ROUTING DIALOG - INPUT FILES TAB

Use this tab to specify and/or edit the routing file, which contains a list of input files.

Routing File

New: Press to clear the list of input files and start a new routing file.

Open: Press to open an existing routing file. When the ‘Open’ dialog appears, select the desireddirectory and file and select Open. The data from this file is loaded into the input file grid. Thelist of files may be edited.

Save: Press to save the current routing file.

Save As: Press to save the current routing file after specifying a path and name.

Include Impact: Check to include impact in the analysis of all input files. Ignoring impact maybe desired if an overload truck is to be moved over the structures at a very slow speed.

Input Files Grid - Use this grid to specify input files and review rating factors from a processedroute.

Add a New Record: To add a new record to the grid, type or click in the Input File Name fieldon the row with the * symbol in the record selector column.

Delete a Record: To delete a record from the grid, select the record selector for the record to bedeleted and press the Delete key on the keyboard.

Note: The record selectors are in the gray column at the left side of the grid.

Input File Name: Specify the path and name for one or more input files using the keyboard orby pressing the […] button at the right of the column and selecting a file from the hard-drive.


Status: This read-only column displays a graphical code indicating the status of the analysis forthe input file on the corresponding record in the grid.

Code Meaning

Analysis was completed. This does not imply that the ratings are satisfactory.

Analysis was not completed due to errors.

Inventory RF: This read-only column displays the critical inventory rating factor of all vehiclesresulting from the analysis for the input file on the corresponding record in the grid. The criticalrating factor for each vehicle can be obtained from the route report (press the [View RouteReport] button).

Operating RF: This read-only column displays the critical operating rating factor of all vehiclesresulting from the analysis for the input file on the corresponding record in the grid. The criticalrating factor for each vehicle can be obtained from the route report (press the [View RouteReport] button).

ROUTING DIALOG - VEHICLES TAB

Use this tab to specify and/or edit the vehicles file, which contains a list of vehicles to apply tothe structures along a route.

Vehicle File

New: Press to clear the list of vehicles and start a new vehicle file.

Open: Press to open an existing vehicle file. When the ‘Open’ dialog appears, select the desireddirectory and file and select Open. The data from this file is loaded into the Routing Vehicleslist. The list of vehicles may be edited.


Save: Press to save the current vehicle file.

Save As: Press to save the current vehicle file after specifying a path and name.

Vehicle Library Contents: This read-only list displays the contents of the vehicle library.

Routing Vehicles: This list displays the vehicles that will be applied to the structures along aroute.

Adding Items to Routing Vehicles List

The following methods may be used to add vehicles to the routing vehicles list:

• Double-click on a vehicle item in the Vehicle Library Contents

• Select a vehicle item in the Vehicle Library Contents and click the [>] button.

Vehicles that are present in this list are removed from the Vehicle File Contents list.

Removing Items from Routing Vehicles List

The following methods may be used to remove vehicles from this list:

• Double-click on a vehicle item in this list

• Select a vehicle item in this list and click the [<] button.

• Click the [<<] button to remove all vehicles from this list.

As vehicles are removed from this list, they will be made available again in the Vehicle FileContents list.

Routing Dialog Buttons

Process Route…: Once the input files and vehicles are specified, press this button to process(analyze) the route.

Each input file will be opened in the GUI background. Then, that structure will be analyzed forthe list of vehicles specified on the Vehicles tab. Any vehicles specified within the input fileswill be ignored during the routing process. Once the analysis is complete and rating factors aredetermined, the input file will be closed.

View Route Report: Once a route has been processed (analyzed), press this button to view ashort report summarizing the critical ratings of the structures analyzed. The locations of thecritical rating factors are also provided. This report is in an XML format, which is displayed in abrowser.

Close: Press to close the Routing dialog and prompt the user to save any unsaved files.


16. THE BRASS™ LIBRARY UTILITY

The BRASS™ Library Utility assists the engineer in maintaining the BRASS vehicle, section,TM

and bar spacing libraries. These libraries contain the descriptive data for the standard and user-defined vehicles, as well as bar spacing, area, and size used by BRASS-CULVERT .TM

The Graphical User Interface

The Graphical User Interface (GUI) is used to add new items, edit existing items, delete existingitems, move existing items in the libraries, or print the contents of the libraries. Each action canbe accessed from the main menu, toolbar buttons, and/or a pop-up menu obtained by rightclicking the mouse. To access the Library Utility GUI, select “Start” ÷ “Programs” ÷ “BRASS”÷ “BRASS Library Utility” ÷ “GUI”.

Opening a Library File

Use one of the following methods to open a library file:

• Select the File>Open menu item• Click the Open button on the Toolbar• Press Ctrl+O using the keyboard

When the ‘Open’ dialog appears, select the desired directory and file and select Open. The datafrom this file is loaded into the GUI forms (dialogs). Note that this capability may not beavailable in other BRASS™ GUIs.

Before the file is opened, a backup is made of the original. For example, the backup file for avehicle library file named “BRASS-Vehicles.BLV” would be named “Backup of BRASS-Vehicles.BLV”. Any existing backup file is overwritten.

Saving a Library File

Use one of the following methods to save a library file:

• Select the File>Save menu item• Click the Save button on the Toolbar• Press Ctrl+S using the keyboard

For new files, the ‘Save As’ dialog appears. Select the directory, enter the desired file name, andselect Save. For existing files, the data is saved to a file.

Use one of the following methods to save the library file to a different file name:

• Select the File>Save As menu item.• Click the Save As button on the Toolbar• Press Ctrl+A using the keyboard


Printing a Library File

Use of the following methods to print a report of the library file contents:

• Select the File>Print menu item• Click the Print button on the Toolbar• Press Ctrl+P using the keyboard

Use the File>Print Setup menu item to adjust the printer, paper size, and page orientation. Usethe File>Print Preview menu item to view the report of the library file contents.

Controlling Library ItemsA number of operations may be performed on the library items. The following sectionsillustrate how to perform these item operations using the main menu. Note that the toolbarbuttons and right-click menu could also be utilized.

Opening a Library Item

To open a library item, select the desired library item with the mouse or keyboard. Then, selectthe Edit>Open Item menu item. A library item may also be opened by double-clicking the itemwith the mouse. When the form appears, modify the desired information and select OK orApply.

Adding a Library Item

To add a new library item, select the Edit>Add Item menu item. When the ‘Units’ form appears,select the units for the new item and select OK. When the form appears, enter the requestedinformation and select OK or Apply. This item will be added to the end of the list.

Inserting a Library Item

To insert a new library item, select the desired library item (for which the new item will beinserted above) with the mouse or keyboard. Then, select the Edit>Insert Item menu item.When the ‘Units’ form appears, select the units for the new item and select OK. When the formappears, enter the requested information and select OK or Apply.

Duplicating a Library Item

To duplicate a library item, select the desired library item with the mouse or keyboard. Then,select the Edit>Duplicate Item menu item. When the form appears, modify the desiredinformation, and select OK or Apply.

Deleting a Library Item

To delete library item(s), select the desired library item(s) with the mouse or keyboard. Then,select the Edit>Delete Item menu item. Any items marked for deletion will be permanentlydeleted when the library file is saved and closed. If the library file has been saved but notclosed, the library items can be undeleted.


Undeleting a Library Item

To undelete library item(s), select the desired library items(s) with the mouse or keyboard. Then, select the Edit>Undelete Item menu item.

Shifting a Library Item

To shift a library item, select the desired library item with the mouse or keyboard. Then, selectthe Edit>Shift Item Up or Edit>Shift Item Down menu item. The shift item feature moves thelibrary item up or down one level in the list.

Library File Extensions

An extension is associated with each type of library file. The following table summarizes theBRASS™ library file extensions.

Library Extension

Vehicle BLV

Section BLS

Bar Spacing BLB

Library IconsAn icon is associated with each library item. The color of the icon indicates the status of theitem and is summarized in the following table.

Color Item Status

Green Old item

Blue Modified item

Red Deleted item

Yellow Pending item

Vehicle Library (*.BLV)

The vehicle library stores the vehicle description, uniform lane load, vehicle weight, axleweights and spacings, and other information. This library uses a BLV file extension (BRASSLibrary Vehicle). The vehicle library is not order-dependent and there is no limit to the numberof vehicles that can be stored in this library. See the Controlling Library Items section fordetails on adding, inserting, etc. library items.


The vehicle library is shown in the GUI using three columns, where:

• column one indicates the Vehicle I.D., i.e., a unique identifier,• column two indicates the Units, i.e., US or SI, and• column three indicates the Vehicle Description

Two vehicles may share the same name if they are not input in the same units. For example, theaxle weights and spacings for the AASHTO LRFD HL-93 Design Truck cannot be directlyconverted from US units to SI units due to a hard-conversion. The US and SI units vehicles canbe both be assigned a Vehicle ID of DES-HL-93.

Vehicle Form

Use this form to review or edit the vehicle library item.

Vehicle ID

Enter up to 12 alpha numeric characters to uniquely identify the vehicle for the associated units.


Description Enter up to 40 characters to describe the vehicle.

Uniform Lane Load (kips/ft, N/mm)Enter the uniform lane load.

Vehicle Weight (kips, kN)Enter the total weight of the vehicle.

Compute Vehicle Weight Button

Select the Compute Vehicle Weight button to automatically compute the vehicle weight basedon the sum of the axle weights.

Units Displays the units (US or SI) for which the vehicle data is entered.

Concentrated Load for:Enter the following concentrated loads for the entire lane and NOT one wheel line.

Shear (kips, kN)Enter the concentrated load for shear.

Moment (kips, kN)Enter the concentrated load for moment.

Axle DataEnter the following axle data for up to 24 axles. If describing a lane, the axle data is notapplicable.

Axle #Displays the axle number.

Weight (kips, kN)Enter the weight of the axle.

Spacing (ft, m)Enter the distance from the previous axle to this axle. For the first axle, zero is automatically entered.


Draw Vehicle Button

Select the Draw Vehicle button to graphically display the vehicle axle weights and spacings. The drawing is automatically updated when the axle weights and spacings are changed.

Bar Spacing Library (*.BLB)

The bar spacing library stores bar spacings, areas, and sizes. This library uses a BLB fileextension (BRASS Library Bar Spacing).

Unlike the other libraries, the bar spacing library is order-dependent and the user isresponsible for maintaining the order of the items. BRASS™ will select the first itemencountered in the library that has an area of steel that is greater than that required by all limits. Therefore, place the bar combinations in the preferred order, in the order of increasing areas. Bar records will not be selected if it has an area of steel less than the item above it in the library. Bar combinations that are not desired by the user under any circumstance may be deleted. Placement of such items at the bottom of the file essentially inactivates them but keeps theitems available for possible future use. The maximum number of bar spacing items that can bestored in this library is 200. See the Controlling Library Items section for details on adding,editing, etc. library items.


The bar spacing library is shown in the GUI using four columns, where:

• column one indicates the Area,• column two indicates the Spacing,• column three indicates the Bar Size, and• column four indicates the Units, i.e., US or SI.

Bar Spacing Form

Use this form to review or edit the bar spacing library item.

Spacing (in,mm)Enter the typical bar spacing.

Bar SizeSelect the typical bar size. Currently, only imperial (US units) bar sizes are available.

UnitsSelect the units (US or SI) for which the bar spacing data is entered. Currently, data may onlybe specified in US units.


Area (in , mm )2 2

Enter the area of reinforcement within a one-foot (US units) or one-meter (SI units) width ofconcrete.

Compute Area ButtonSelect the Compute Area button to automatically compute the area of reinforcement within aone-foot (US units) or one-meter (SI units) width.


17. PERFORMING A PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS

IntroductionBRASS-CULVERT has the capability to perform parametric analysis using the input files andthe console program executable files (either “Culvert(LRFD).exe” or “Culvert(STD).exe”). The modifications to the input set to generate the parametric results must be made to the .DATfile. The program allows the user to vary 4 basic parameters for the definition of a culvert. Thefour parameters are:

· The number of boxes,

· The box span (all boxes will have the same span),

· The culvert height, and

· The depth of fill.

Creating a .DAT File and the .TMP FileThe easiest way to create a .dat file in order to generate parametric results for culverts is to enterthe basic geometry and loadings for the culvert using the program GUI. Once the culvert hasbeen defined using the GUI, save the file and execute the program. After the program has run, a.DAT file will be created in the same directory that the GUI file was saved in.

The .DAT file will have the following commands:

• NBOX• NSPAN • NHITE • NFILL

These commands correspond to the parameters listed in the introduction. The numbersfollowing them will represent the data entered in the GUI. These are the four parameters thatcan be varied automatically.

In order to have the program perform the automatic parametric variation, three parametersshould be entered behind each command. The first parameter is the beginning value, the secondis the last value, and the third is the value that will be used to increment between the first two. For example, NSPAN 10, 14, 2 will have the program analyze culverts with spans of 10, 12,and 14 feet.

Enter the bounds for the desired parametric study and save the file. Next, execute the file fromthe DOS command line:


For this example the .exe file and the .dat file are in the same directory. Also note that thequotation marks are required because the file name contains parentheses.In addition to the usual results files, a file with the .tmp extension will be produced. This filecontains columns of data, which are repeated for each culvert analyzed and each live loadspecified. The data is reported by member number and tenth point. The members arenumbered as follows:

1. Exterior wall2. Top slab3. Interior wall4. Bottom slab5. Top slab, middle span for 3 span culvert6. Interior wall, center interior wall for a 4 span culvert7. Bottom slab, middle span for 3 span culvert

The .tmp file can be imported into Microsoft Excel or another spreadsheet program. Using thefilter and graphing tools within the spreadsheet, the data can be examined.

Analysis, Design and Rating of Reinforced Concrete Box Culverts

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