-
Analysis and Designof Integrated CircuitAntenna Modules
Analysis and Design of Integrated CircuitAntenna Modules.Edited
by K.C. Gupta, Peter S. Hall
Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.ISBNs: 0-471-19044-6
(Hardback); 0-471-21667-4 (Electronic)
-
Analysis and Designof Integrated CircuitAntenna Modules
Edited by
K. C. GUPTAUniversity of Colorado
PETER S. HALLUniversity of Birmingham
A WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
NEW YORK/CHICHESTER /WEINHEIM /BRISBANE /SINGAPORE /TORONTO
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Contributors
Eric W. Bryerton, Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering,University of Colorado at Boulder, Campus Box 425,
Boulder, CO 80309-0425
Jacques Citerne, LCST, INSA Rennes, CNRS UPRES A6075, 20 Avenue
desButtes de Coesmes, 3043 Rennes, France
Martin J. Cryan, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Electtronica e
dellInformazione,Universita` degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia,
Italy
Mhamed Drissi, LCST, INSA Rennes, CNRS UPRES A6075, 20 Avenue
desButtes de Coesmes, 3043 Rennes, France
Vincent F. Fusco, Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering,Queens University of Belfast, Ashby Building,
Stranmillis Road, BelfastBT7 1NN, UK
Hooshang Ghafouri-Shiraz, School of Electronic and Electrical
Engineering,The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15
2TT, UK
Raphael Gillard, LCST, INSA Rennes, CNRS UPRES A6075, 20 Avenue
desButtes de Coesmes, 3043 Rennes, France
K. C. Gupta, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Universityof Colorado at Boulder, Campus Box 425, Boulder, CO
80309-0425
Peter S. Hall, School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,
The Universityof Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Tatsuo Itoh, Center for High Frequency Electronics, Department
of Elec-tronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, 405 Hilgard
Avenue, Universityof California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
Rajan P. Parrikar, Space Systems=LORAL, 3825 Fabian Way, Palo
Alto, CA94303
Zoya Popovic, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Univer-sity of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0425
Yongxi Qian, Center for High Frequency Electronics, Department
of Elec-tronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, 405 Hilgard
Avenue, Universityof California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
v
-
Wayne A. Shiroma, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2540
Dole Street,University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822
Lawrence R. Whicker, LRW Associates, P.O. Box 2530, Matthews, NC
28106
Robert A. York, Department of Electrical Engineering, University
of Califor-nia, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
vi CONTRIBUTORS
-
Contents
1 Introduction 1
Peter S. Hall and K. C. Gupta
1.1 Development of CircuitAntenna Modules 1
1.2 Terminology Used in CircuitAntenna Modules 3
1.3 Applications of CircuitAntenna Modules 4
1.4 Glossary of CircuitAntenna Module Types 6
1.5 Levels of Integration 6
1.6 The Design Process 14
1.7 Analytical Outcomes and CircuitAntenna Module
Performance
Parameters 16
1.8 Overview of the Book 17
References 20
2 Review of the CAD Process 23
K. C. Gupta and Peter S. Hall
2.1 The Design Process 23
2.2 CAD for Microwave Circuits 29
2.3 CAD for Printed Microwave Antennas 47
2.4 CAD Considerations for Integrated CircuitAntenna Modules
61
2.5 Summary 67
References 67
3 Circuit Simulator Based Methods 72
Peter S. Hall, Vincent F. Fusco, and Martin J. Cryan
3.1 Introduction to Equivalent Circuit Simulation 72
3.2 Linear Simulation Using Equivalent Circuit Models 83
3.3 Nonlinear Simulation Using Equivalent Circuit Models 97
3.4 Conclusions 116
References 117
vii
-
4 Multiport Network Method 121
K. C. Gupta and Rajan P. Parrikar
4.1 Introduction: Network Modeling of Antennas 121
4.2 Multiport Network Model (MNM) for Microstrip Patches 122
4.3 MNM for Two-Layer Microstrip Antennas 147
4.4 MNM for Integrated CircuitAntenna Modules 161
4.5 Summary and Remarks 167
References 168
5 Full Wave Analysis in the Frequency Domain 172
Raphael Gillard, Mhamed Drissi, and Jacques Citerne
5.1 Introduction 172
5.2 Lumped Elements in the Method of Moments 174
5.3 Analysis of Active Linear Circuits and Antennas 189
5.4 Extension of the Approach to Nonlinear Devices 211
5.5 Conclusion 217
References 219
6 Full Wave Electromagnetic Analysis in the Time Domain 222
Yongxi Qian and Tatsuo Itoh
6.1 Introduction 222
6.2 FDTD Fundamentals and Implementation Issues 224
6.3 FDTD Analysis of Passive Circuits and Antennas 241
6.4 Extended FDTD for Active Circuits and Integrated Antennas
249
References 256
7 Phase-Locking Dynamics in Integrated Antenna Arrays 259
Robert A. York
7.1 Introduction 259
7.2 Systems of Coupled Oscillators 260
7.3 Scanning by Edge Detuning 272
7.4 Externally Locked Arays 280
7.5 Phase Noise in Oscillator Arrays 283
7.6 PLL Techniques 291
7.7 Perspective 295
Appendix: Kurokawas Substitution 296
References 298
viii CONTENTS
-
8 Analysis and Design of Oscillator Grids and Arrays 301
Wayne A. Shiroma, Eric W. Bryerton, and Zoya Popovic
8.1 Introduction 301
8.2 Full-Wave Modeling of Planar Grids 304
8.3 Grid Oscillator Analysis 308
8.4 Synthesis of the Optimum Grid Equivalent Circuit 314
8.5 Benchmarking Grid Oscillator Performance 317
8.6 Optimizing Grid Performance 320
8.7 Oscillator Design Using Power Amplifier Techniques 323
8.8 Conclusion 328
References 330
9 Analysis and Design Considerations for Monolithic
MicrowaveCircuit TransmitReceive (TR) Modules 333
Lawrence R. Whicker
9.1 Introduction 333
9.2 Present Developments on Active TR Modules 341
9.3 TR Module Design Considerations 342
9.4 Present Trends and Future Directions 350
References 357
10 Integrated TransmitReceive CircuitAntenna Modules forRadio on
Fiber Systems 358
Hooshang Ghafouri-Shiraz
10.1 System Requirements for Radio on Fiber 359
10.2 Optical Generation of Millimeter-Wave Signals 360
10.3 Optical Detection of Millimeter-Wave Signals 369
10.4 New Configurations for Radios on Fiber Systems 372
10.5 Design of DiplexerAntenna Unit 375
10.6 PhotoHBTPatch Antenna Integration 386
10.7 RF TransmitReceive Module for the Radio on Fiber System
394
10.8 Summary and Concluding Remarks 404
References 407
11 Conclusions 410
Peter S. Hall and K. C. Gupta
11.1 Introduction 410
11.2 Overview of Analytical Methods 411
11.3 The Future 415
References 416
Index 419
CONTENTS ix
-
Preface
The latest breakthrough in the continuing miniaturization of
electronic systems is
made possible by the integration of circuit functions and
radiating elements into
single modules. In a typical system implementation, electronic
circuits and antenna
subsystems are often provided by different equipment vendors.
Traditionally,
electronic circuits and antenna systems have been designed by
different groups of
designers using different types of design tools, working
independently on either side
of a well-defined interface, very often with very little
interaction. This approach
leads to separately packaged circuit and antenna subsystems,
connected by appro-
priate cables or waveguides.
Integration of circuits and antennas into single modules has
been made possible
by the common technological features of radio frequency (RF) and
microwave
circuits and printed microstrip antennas. The basic microstrip
technology used for
the design of microstrip lines and other planar transmission
structures (used
extensively in hybrid and monolithic microwave integrated
circuits) has been the
cornerstone for the development of microstrip antennas. Using
the commonality in
technology to combine circuit and antenna functions in single
modules represents a
significant step in further miniaturization of RF and microwave
modules for a variety
of applications including active phased arrays and wireless
communication systems.
So-called quasi-optic systems that are used by grid arrays to
generate high powers at
millimeter wavelengths are another important example. In several
of these areas, the
use of circuitantenna modules is sufficiently well developed
that designers are now
requiring computer based tools for analysis, synthesis, and
simulation. The need for
a book bringing these aspects together is thus apparent and we
hope that this volume
is a timely contribution.
Traditionally, microwave circuit designers and antenna designers
have used
different types of design tools. However, the design of
integrated circuitantenna
modules calls for concurrent design of both the circuit and
antenna functions. Such
design requires a new set of design tools applicable to both
domains or a hybrid
combination of tools so far used separately for circuit and
antenna designs.
Analysis of circuitantenna modules requires an appreciation of
the various
analytical methods and their application, but also some
understanding of the
xi
-
technology types and their application. In addressing these two
needs, it is necessary
first to set the scene and to lay some foundation, then to give
a detailed account of
analytic methods, and finally to review some operational and
technology types that
have very specific and somewhat different analytical needs. This
is the framework we
have adopted in putting this book together. After the
introductory chapter, the CAD
process is reviewed. Four types of analysis methods are then
described in detail.
Although not exhaustive, these chapters are representative of
the various methods
currently being studied. Two chapters are then devoted to an
analysis of very specific
configurations, namely, injection locked oscillator arrays and
grid based structures.
The following two chapters indicate some important applications.
They are devoted
to monolithic based modules and modules incorporating optical
control. The book is
then drawn together in a concluding chapter.
Chapter 1 serves to set the context of the analysis of
circuitantenna modules.
The development of such modules is described together with some
explanation of
the terminology currently used. A glossary of types is
presented. This chapter aims
to show the range of configurations currently being studied and
to highlight the
design challenges. The likely design parameters are then given,
together with a
review of the design process for which analysis tools have to be
developed. Finally,
an overview of the book chapters is given.
In order to develop designs for integrated circuitantenna
modules, an apprecia-
tion of the computer-aided design process is necessary. Chapter
2 starts with a
discussion of the design process in general. Conventional
design, computer-aided
design, and knowledge based design approaches are outlined.
Separate CAD
procedures for microwave circuits and printed microstrip
antennas, as practiced
conventionally, are described. Then the discussion converges on
CAD considerations
for integrated circuitantenna modules implemented at various
levels of integration
(nonintegrated, partially integrated, and fully integrated).
Simulations based on equivalent circuit analysis methods can
provide fast results
with sufficient accuracy for first-pass designs. Chapter 3 gives
an introduction to
equivalent circuit modeling of circuits and antennas. Both
linear and nonlinear
simulations are described with examples including oscillating
patch antennas,
amplified patches, frequency doubling transponders, and
oscillator locking.
The multiport network method offers enhanced accuracy compared
with simple
equivalent circuit methods and can be integrated with active
device models. Chapter
4 introduces the concept of the multiport network model as
developed for single-
layer and two-layer microstrip patch antennas. Applications of
the multiport network
method to integrated circuitantenna modules are discussed.
The field integral equation solved by the method of moments is
now a well-
established tool for antenna and passive circuit analysis. The
inclusion of lumped
elements has been described some time ago. In Chapter 5, the
description is
extended to nonlinear structures such as diodes and transistors,
with results showing
good agreement with measurements. The transmission line matrix
(TLM) and the
finite difference time domain (FDTD) method are two numerical
techniques that
overcome the need for the large matrix inversion necessary for
the method of
xii PREFACE
-
moments. Of the two, the FDTD method is extremely simple to
implement and very
flexible. Chapter 6 outlines the method and its extension to
active integrated
antennas.
Injection locked integrated antenna arrays possess dynamic
characteristics that
are attractive for many applications, such as simple beam
scanning and reduced
phase noise. Their behavior cannot be easily analyzed using the
above methods, so
simplified equivalent circuit methods have to be used. In
Chapter 7, the dynamic
behavior is comprehensively described using such methods.
Grid structures now offer the possibility of providing most of
the functionality of
transmitter and receiver components in a distributed array form
with interconnec-
tions by quasi-optical beams. The advantages are very efficient
power combining,
graceful degradation, increased dynamic range, and reduced noise
figures. In
Chapter 8, analysis using full wave methods combined with
equivalent circuit
device models is described. By way of example, oscillator
synthesis and grid
optimization are successfully performed.
One of the major challenges for circuitantenna modules is the
phased array
element fabricated entirely in monolithic technology, in which
the transceiver and
antenna are both contained on the same chip. This poses what is
perhaps the ultimate
test of an analysis or simulation tool. To set the scene for
further research and
development in this area, the requirements for phased array
modules are reviewed in
Chapter 9. The coverage ranges from conventional phased arrays
with separate
transceiver and antenna to more recent integrated
configurations.
Circuitantenna modules can form a low cost component in the
wireless local
access into fiber optic based networks, to provide high capacity
services to domestic
or office users. Chapter 10 reviews this important application
area and gives
examples of the analysis challenges inherent in their design.
One such challenge
is the accurate design of filters for separation of the local
oscillator from the signal,
in the presence of the antenna. In this work the equivalent
circuit based methods,
described in Chapter 3, are used and the strengths and
weaknesses of this approach
are noted.
A short chapter in which some conclusions are drawn completes
the book. The
current status of computer-aided design tools is summarized from
the earlier
chapters. Some thoughts on the likely future challenges that
analysis will face are
then given. The chapter concludes with comments on what now
remains to be done
to present designers with a full and flexible array of software
to facilitate fast and
accurate design.
Recognition of the need for preparing a book on this topic
emerged out of the two
workshops on this subject organized by the two editors of this
book and presented at
the 1995 IEEE International Microwave Symposium in Orlando and
the 1995 IEEE
International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation held at
Newport Beach.
Both of these workshops were very well received and discussion
brought out the
need for making a book on the analysis and design of integrated
circuitantenna
modules available to a wider audience. The present book is the
result of those
suggestions.
PREFACE xiii
-
This book results from the joint efforts of the sixteen
contributors in eleven
different institutions in the United States and Europe. A book
on an emerging topic
like integrated circuitantenna modules would not have been
possible without such
collaboration. We are grateful to colleagues and the
administrations in these
institutions for the support needed for such a project.
Specifically, at the University
of Colorado, we thank Ms. Ann Geesaman who very efficiently
handled the
administrative chores involved.
K. C. GUPTAPETER S. HALL
University of Colorado at BoulderUniversity of Birmingham,
UK
xiv PREFACE
-
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Gunn diode. With this value of impedance and frequency, the
design problem
reduces to finding the patch dimensions and the location
underneath the patch that
will yield the desired value of impedance. The MNM approach
provides both the
answers to the design problem.
Table 4.3 shows the simulation results using MNM for a radiating
patch to be
designed for an oscillation frequency of 6 GHz using the
characterization for a
MA49139 Gunn diode in Fig. 4.41 for the configuration shown in
Fig. 4.40. The
width b of the patch is kept constant at 2 cm; the dielectric
constant er 2:2 and thesubstrate height h 62 mils.
From Table 4.3, it is seen that the location obtained from the
simulation results is
not centered around the patch width. Hitherto, the practice
(using transmission line
model) has been to center the Gunn diode along the patch width
and then vary its
FIGURE 4.41 Typical impedance characterization plot for Gunn
diodes. (From MA-COMSemiconductor Products Master Catalogue, SP101,
pp. 910, # 1988 M=A-COM; reprintedwith permission.)
TABLE 4.3 Design Example Using MNM for GunnDiodePatch
Integration
Pout (mW) Zin (W) a (cm) x (cm) y (cm)
100 25 j0 2.17 0.52 1.27600 15 j5 1.53 0.50 1.32
4.4 MNM FOR INTEGRATED CIRCUITANTENNA MODULES 165
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Analysis and Design of Integrated CircuitAntenna Modules.Edited
by K.C. Gupta, Peter S. Hall
Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.ISBNs: 0-471-19044-6
(Hardback); 0-471-21667-4 (Electronic)
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