ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON ON THE PHOTO VOLTAIC VERSUS SIAM SOLAR DISH SYSTEM FOR IMPLICATION TO THAILAND SOFTLAND AND POOR SOLAR INSOLATION NATURE

Analysis and Comparison on The Photovoltaic Analysis and Comparison on The Photovoltaic Versus Siam Solar Dish System for Implication Versus Siam Solar Dish System for Implication

to Thailand Softto Thailand Soft--land and Poor Insolation land and Poor Insolation Nature .Nature .

The 12th International Stirling Engine Conferences 2005 Durham University, School of Engineering

United KingdomSeptember 7 – 9, 2005

EngEng’’rr SuravutSuravut, SNIDVONGS, SNIDVONGSNaraesuan University, Naraesuan University, PhitsanulokPhitsanulok, Thailand., Thailand.

ASIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION FOUNDATIONASIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION FOUNDATION

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 22

Research By:Research By: EngEng’’rr SuravutSuravut, SNIDVONGS, EIT, SNIDVONGS, EITSupervisor:Supervisor: Dr. Dr. SirinuchSirinuch, CHINDARUKSA, CHINDARUKSACo Supervisors:Co Supervisors: Dr. Dr. ChavalitChavalit, THISAYAKORN, IEEE, EIT, THISAYAKORN, IEEE, EIT

Dr. Dr. WattanapongWattanapong, RAKWICHIAN, RAKWICHIANDr. Dr. VichitVichit, YAMBOONRUNG, PTT, YAMBOONRUNG, PTTDr. Dr. MathaneeMathanee, SANGUANSERMSRI, SANGUANSERMSRI

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 33

ASIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ASIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT

AND PROMOTION FOUNDATIONAND PROMOTION FOUNDATION

ObjectivesObjectives

1.1. Promote renewable energy to people by set up exhibition, trainiPromote renewable energy to people by set up exhibition, training, ng, explaining.explaining.

2. Support researchers, students, poor people for educations2. Support researchers, students, poor people for educations, experiments, , experiments, researchers and developments.researchers and developments.

3. Not involved with politics.3. Not involved with politics.4. Corporate with foundations inside and outside Thailand.4. Corporate with foundations inside and outside Thailand.

AREF

211/2 V.S.S Bldg, 211/2 V.S.S Bldg, RatchadaphisekRatchadaphisek Rd., DinRd., Din--DaengDaeng, Bangkok, 10310, Thailand email , Bangkok, 10310, Thailand email [email protected]@turbo.cscoms.com

Tel 662 276 7908Tel 662 276 7908--9 Fax 662 276 79139 Fax 662 276 7913

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 44

ContentsContents

1. Introduction2. Location and Physical Characteristic3. Climate4. Solar Radiation Data5. System Specifications6. Components Specifications7. System Comparison8. Pictures9. Summary

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 55

IntroductionIntroductionThis paper is one part of the dissertation development research project on the

Solar Thermal Dish Stirling system for a 10 kW power plant with lead acid battery storage, named “Siam Solar Dish I” research project.

Due to the sharp economic growth rate in Thailand for more than a few decades continuingly from the past, has thus forced Thailand’s electricity demand to climb very sharply to the present. By the year 2010, it has been projected that close to 35,000 MWt will be required to meet the eletricity needs of Thailand’s economy. This prediction has been prepared by Electrical Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT). Presently, Thailand has installed an over all power plant capacity at 22,000 MWt from year 1997 where Peak Demand were merely 17,000 MWt Current Consumption Increasing Rate forecasted by EGAT are to be:

1. Prediction during I.M.F period 4 %/yr2. Actual demand during I.M.F period 8 %/yr3. Prediction during sound economy 16 %/yr

The Salawin Hydro Power Plant could be completed in the next 50 years under heavy investment problems encountered on both parties, Thailand and Burma.

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 66

Location and Physical Characteristics

Figure 1. Map of ThailandSource: Meteorological Department, Thailand

Thailand, centrally located in the Indochina Peninsula, is one of the most developed and wealthiest countries in Southeast Asia.

It is bordered by Cambodia and Laos on the east, Laos and Myanmar on the north, Myanmar on the west and Malaysia and Gulf of Thailand on the south. It is bounded between 50 40’ and 200 30’ North latitudes and 900 70’and 1050 45’ East longitudes (Fig. 1).

The total area of Thailand is 513,115 sq. Kms.

Physiographical, the country has been divided into six regions viz. Central plain, Southeast coast, Northeast plateau, Central highlands, North and West continental highlands and Peninsular Thailand.

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 77

ClimateClimateThailand has a tropical monsoon climate; temperatures normally range

from an average annual high of 38 ºC to a low of 19 ºC. Southwest monsoons that arrive between May and July (except in the

South) signal the advent of the rainy season, which lasts into October. November and December mark the onset of the dry season. Temperatures begin to climb in January, and a hot sun parches the landscape.

The dry season is shortest in the South because of the proximity of the sea to all parts of the Malay Peninsula. With only minor exceptions, every area of the country receives adequate rainfall, but the duration of the rainy season and the amount of rain vary substantially from region to region and with altitude.

The Northeast experiences a long dry season, and its red, porous (laterite) soils retain water poorly, which limits their agricultural potential.

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 88

Solar Radiation DataLatitude 14.08 N, Longitude 100.62 E

Month Year Diffuse MJ/ m2 Direct MJ/ m2 Total MJ/ m2

Jun 2003 8.89 12.81 18.63

Jul 2003 8.34 10.26 16.22

Aug 2003 9.56 8.78 16.85

Sept 2003 9.44 6.81 16.00

Oct 2003 7.29 11.97 17.94

Nov 2003 6.16 15.87 19.66

Dec 2003 5.22 17.67 19.71

Jan 2004 5.96 13.31 17.27

Feb 2004 6.54 14.81 19.07

Mar 2004 8.21 12.46 19.07

Apr 2004 7.42 15.48 19.72

May 2004 7.90 9.67 15.90

Jun 2004 8.92 8.33 15.51

Jul 2004 10.02 8.94 17.47

Aug 2004 9.74 8.56 17.56

Sep 2004 8.74 7.61 15.77Source:Meteorological Station, Energy Laboratory, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand [8]

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 99

Solar Insolation of Thailand

0

5

10

15

20

25

Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Month

MJ/

m2

Diffuse

Direct

Total

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 1010

PARABOLIC DISH WITH 2 - AXISES TRACKER

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 1111

TEMPERATURE MORE THAN 600 C

Temperature tested at focus point through a stagnation

temperature test with no heatSource: AREF, Thailand, April 2003.

The parabolic dish easily reach the temperature 550 ºC or more.Source: AREF, Thailand, April 2003.

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 1212

Solar Dish at Naraesuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 1313

Stirling Engine 10 kW at Naraesuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 1414

System Specifications

Dish StructureType Delta TrussDiameter (m) 8.4Number of Sections 64Maximum Wind Load (Km/hr) 160Normal Working Wind Load (Km/hr) 65Life Load (Kg/m2) 50Service Load (Kg/m2) 15Engine Load (Kg) 300Foundation Type Concrete

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 1515

System Specifications

Solar Concentrator

Type Fixed focus facets

Area 55 m2

Number of Facets 64

Reflective Surface 0.5 mm Aluminum MIRO-SUN

Reflective < 95 %

System Height (m) 10

Dish Diameter (m) 8.4

Focus 4 m

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 1616

Stirling Engine

Type Double-Acting, Kinematics Stirling Engine

Working Gas Helium/ Nitrogen/ Air

Max. Expansion space gas temp 600 C (+/- 5 C)

Compression space gas temp 40 – 80 C (+/- 5 C)

Thermal Efficiency 40 %

Power Control Variable Pressure

No. of Cylinders 4

Means Pressure 0.25, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 MPa

Maximum Pressure 2.5 Mpa

Engine Displacement, cc. 1300 x 4

Bore, mm. 150

Stroke, mm. 50

Speed, rpm 500 - 1500

Cooling type Oil Cooling

Output Power 10.5 kW

Receiver Direct Illumination

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 1717

Tracking System

Tracking System H-Bridge 2 axis

Power to Track 0.746 x 2 Kw

Speed Control Mitsubishi Inverter

Gear Ratio 1:7200

Motor speed 900 rpm

Generator

Type Asynchronous alternator

Voltage 3 Ø 380 V 50 Hz

Poles 6

R.P.M 900

Efficiency 95 %

Power Generate 10 kW

Solar Dish/Stirling System

Average Solar Insolation in Thailand 500 W/m2

Availability (W/m2) Whenever the sun exceeds 200

Peak Power 10 kW

Target Peak Efficiency 20 %

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 1818

System Characteristics and Specifications of ADDSCharacteristics and Specifications Mod 1

Overall Diameter (m) 8.8

Focus (m) 5.448

Mirror projected area (m2) 64

Elevation Tracking range -20 to 84 degrees

Elevation & Azimuth Drive Speed 38 degrees/min

Tracking structure weight 1,275 kg

Pedestal & Azimuth Drive Assy. 831 kg

SOLO 161 Weight 455 kg*

Foundation and (aperture) weight 3,320 kg (71.55 kg/m2)

Operation Wind Up to 56 km/hr

Operating Temperature Range -29 ºC to 50 ºC

Operating Humidity 100 %

Survival Wind any dish Attitude Up to 80.5 km/hr

Survival Wind at stow position Up to 145 km/hr

Survival humidity 100 %

Site conditions Windy, Rain, Hot* Includes PCU and mounting facilities.Source: The Advanced Dish Development System Project, Proceeding of Solar Forum 2001, Solar Energy, April 21-25, 2001, Washington, DC.

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 1919

Component Specifications

Descriptions Materials ReasonsPower Piston Aluminum Light weight, easy to machine, low pricePower Piston Seal Synthetic

RubberStronger, Withstand friction, low price

Piston Rod Arc chrome Steel

Hardened, Withstand friction, reasonable Price

Power Piston Housing Stainless No Rust, High Pressure, easy to machine, low price

Engine Base Steel Easy to machine, very low priceSwash Plate Steel Easy to machine, very low price, strongEngine Shaft Steel Easy to machine, very low price, strongCooler Bronze Good heat transfer, reasonable priceDisplacer end Aluminum Light weight, easy to machine, low price

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 2020

Component Specifications

Displacer Stainless High Temperature, easy to machine, low price

Displacer seal Teflon Low Temperature, good lubricate with out oil

Regenerator Stainless High Temperature, easy to find, low price

Displacer Housing Stainless High Temperature, easy to find, low price

Heater Stainless High Temperature, easy to find, low price

Piston Rod Seal Synthetic Rubber

Stronger, Withstand friction, low price

Solar Cavity Stainless High Temperature, easy to find, low price

Fly Wheel Steel Good mass, easy to find, low price

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 2121

Gross system output of the “Siam Solar Dish System” on December 2004, projected from a 4x 5 kW electric heater tests as data to predict for Solar test

mode.

Power Output VS Insolation

02468

1012141618

0 250 500 750 1000Solar Insolation (W/m2)

Pow

er O

utpu

t (kW

)

Design ValueTest Value

Source: AREF, Thailand, March 2005.

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 2222

Stirling Engine at AREF laboratory

Source: AREF, Thailand, March 2005-03-31

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 2323AREF ISEC

Actual construction costs for small solar thermal dish Stirling 10 kW system with lead acid battery.

Descriptions Bht US $

Designing Fee 100,000.00 2,500.00

Foundation 250,000.00 6,250.00

Space Frame Structure 200,000.00 5,000.00

Reflector Material 60,000.00 1,500.00

Tracking System 150,000.00 3,750.00

Stirling Engine 400,000.00 10,000.00

Generator 10 kW 50,000.00 1,250.00

Control System 100,000.00 2,500.00

Lead Acid Battery 60 kW 150,000.00 3,750.00

Inverter System 10 kW 50,000.00 1,250.00

Wiring System 50,000.00 1,250.00

Total 1,560,000.00 39,000.00

/kWe 156,000.00 3,900.00

Notes: 1 US Dollar = 40 Baht, March 2005Source: AREF, Thailand, March 2005.

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 2424

Actual construction costs for single crystalline photovoltaic 10kW systems with lead acid battery.

Descriptions Bht US $Designing Fee 100,000.00 2,500.00Foundation 50,000.00 1,250.00Steel Structure 200,000.00 5,000.00Single Crystalline Photovoltaic 10 kW 2,000,000.00 50,000.00Charge Controller System 150,000.00 3,750.00Lead Acid Battery 60 kW 150,000.00 3,750.00Inverter System 10 kW 50,000.00 1,250.00Wiring System 50,000.00 1,250.00Total 2,750,000.00 68,750.00/ kWe 275,000.00 6,875.00

Notes: 1 US Dollar = 40 Baht, March 2005Source: AREF, Thailand, March 2005.

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 2525

Actual construction costs for single crystalline photovoltaic 10 kW systems with lead acid battery.

Descriptions Bht US $Designing Fee 100,000.00 2,500.00Foundation 50,000.00 1,250.00Steel Structure 200,000.00 5,000.00Single Crystalline Photovoltaic 10 kW 2,000,000.00 50,000.00Charge Controller System 150,000.00 3,750.00Lead Acid Battery 60 kW 150,000.00 3,750.00Inverter System 10 kW 50,000.00 1,250.00Wiring System 50,000.00 1,250.00Total 2,750,000.00 68,750.00/ kWe 275,000.00 6,875.00

Notes: 1 US Dollar = 40 Baht, March 2005 Source: AREF, Thailand, March 2005.

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 2626

Operating Costs and Production Costs/ kWh for solar thermal dish Stirling 10 kW

with lead acid battery for 10 years period in Thailand.

Descriptions Bht/ kWh US $/ kWhPower Plant Cost 1.78 0.0445Operation Cost 10 % * 0.178 0.0044Inflation 7 %* 0.125 0.0031Interested 15 %* 0.27 0.0067Maintenance Cost 15 %* 0.27 0.0067Electrical Cost 2.62 0.0655

Notes: 1 US Dollar = 40 Baht, March 2005, *Thai’s standard Source: AREF, Thailand, March 2005.

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 2727

Operating Costs and Production Costs/ kWh for Single CrystallinePhotovoltaic 10 kW with lead acid battery

for 10 years period in Thailand.

Descriptions Bht/ kWh US $/ kWhPower Plant Cost 3.02 0.0755Operation Cost 10 %* 0.30 0.0075Inflation 7 %* 0.21 0.0053Interested 15 %* 0.45 0.0113Maintenance Cost 30 %* 0.91 0.0227Electrical Cost 4.89 0.1223

Notes: 1 US Dollar = 40 Baht, March 2005, *Thai’s standard Source: AREF, Thailand, March 2005.

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 2828

Solar dish power technology projected cost.

Descriptions US $Power Plant Cost / kW 2,900O&M / kWh 0.02LEC year 2000 - 2010 / kWh 0.086- 0.13 to 0.04-0.06

Source: Sun Lab DOE/GO-10098-563, April 1998 [14]

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 2929

Comparison between PV versus Solar Dish 10 kW power plant for 24 hrs/dayoperation with lead acid battery in Thailand

Descriptions Solar Dish Stirling Photovoltaic

Land Area m2 120.00 120.00

Operation Area m2 50.00 100.00

Hour of Operation/ year 8,760.00 8,760.00

Efficiency % 25.00 10.00

Battery Efficiency % 60.00 60.00

Inverter Efficiency % 95.00 95.00

Total Efficiency 14.25 8.55

Cost / kWe 156,000.00 275,000.00

Electric Price B/ kWh 2.62 4.89

Technology 90 % made in Thailand High Technology, just assembly in Thailand

Production energy same same

Stand Alone Unit same same

Energy receiver Direct Diffuse

Method of conversion Concentration Non- Concentration

Direct Pollution Impact None None

Indirect Pollution Impact Some SomeSource: Frequently Asked Question about Solar Cells NSTDA, [16] and AREF, Thailand, March 2005.

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 3030AREF ISEC

Energy capture by PV versus Solar Dish with same land area

Diffuse Direct

MJ/ m2 kWh/ m2 MJ/ m2 kWh/ m2

Jun 8.89 2.47 0.21 12.81 3.56 0.50Jul 8.34 2.32 0.20 10.26 2.85 0.41Aug 9.56 2.66 0.23 8.78 2.44 0.35Sep 9.44 2.62 0.22 6.81 1.89 0.27Oct 7.29 2.03 0.17 11.97 3.33 0.47Nov 6.16 1.71 0.15 15.87 4.41 0.63Dec 5.22 1.45 0.12 17.67 4.91 0.70Jan 5.96 1.66 0.14 13.31 3.70 0.53Feb 6.54 1.82 0.16 14.81 4.11 0.59Mar 8.21 2.28 0.19 12.46 3.46 0.49Apr 7.42 2.06 0.18 15.48 4.30 0.61May 7.90 2.19 0.19 9.67 2.69 0.38

Dish @ 14.25% kWh/ m2

PV@ 8.55% kWh/ m2Mon

Remark: Data from year 2003– 2004Source: AREF, Thailand, March 2005.

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 3131

Figure 15. Solar Dish VS Solar Cell with same collector area

PV

Solar Dish

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May

Month

kW/m

2

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 3232

Total energy capture by PV and Solar Dish

PV Solar Dish

kWh/ m2 kW kWh/ m2 kW

Jun 0.21 126 0.50 150

Jul 0.20 120 0.41 123

Aug 0.23 138 0.35 105

Sep 0.22 132 0.27 81

Oct 0.17 102 0.47 141

Nov 0.15 90 0.63 189

Dec 0.12 72 0.70 210

Jan 0.14 84 0.53 159

Feb 0.16 96 0.59 177

Mar 0.19 114 0.49 147

Apr 0.18 108 0.61 183

May 0.19 114 0.38 114

Average 108 148.25

Battery 60 % 180 247.08

Month

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 3333

Figure 16. Total Energy Capture by PV and Solar Dish

PV

Solar Dish

050

100150200250300350

Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May

Month

Kw

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 3434

The comparison between Solar dish with solar cell in Thailand.

Descriptions Solar Dish Solar Cell

Technology 90% made in Thailand Imported high technology, not ready to make in Thailand, Only assembly.

Production energy Electric Electric

Stand Alone Unit Large Small

Energy receiver Direct Diffuse

Method of conversion Concentration Non-Concentration

Pollution None None

Electricity A.C. D.C

Inverter None Needed

Construction Cost Normal Very High

Operation Medium Easy

Maintenance Cost Low High

B/ kWh 2.62 4.89

Source: AREF, Thailand, March 2005.

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 3535

Summary

1. Siam Solar Dish System (SSDS) was designed to meet Thailand weather environment, such as humidity, solar insolation, soft-land and wind load.2. The construction cost, maintenance cost, interest rate, inflation rate, operating cost, used in the calculation work in the research project.3. Design Target Characteristics of Siam Solar Dish show peak efficiency 20 % at maximum insolation 1000 w/m2 and min 200 w/m2. As Thailand has poor insolation level, the engine can be started at 250 w/m2 to 555 w/m2, actual power output varying from 2.8 to 8.2 kW. Actual efficiency of this engine is 14.5 %.

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 3636

Solar Dish Drawing

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 3737

Pictures

AREF ISEC

09/08/200509/08/2005 JW0021JW0021 3838

Questions / AnswersQuestions / Answers

Thank You

AREF ISEC