Anabolic Steroids • Steroids vs. anabolic steroids • Probably first appeared at 1952/54 Olympics • 1976 Olympics - limited steroid testing – 4 days • 1980 no athlete tested +ve for steroids but abnormal peaks detected (later identified as unusually high levels of testosterone) – use of natural rather than synthetic hormones. • 1982 Testosterone joined list of banned drugs • 1988 Mass spectrometers reduced time for testing to 24-36 hrs • 2003 Designer steroids (THG), (DMT 2005)
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Anabolic Steroids Steroids vs. anabolic steroids Probably first appeared at 1952/54 Olympics 1976 Olympics - limited steroid testing – 4 days 1980 no athlete.
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Anabolic Steroids
• Steroids vs. anabolic steroids
• Probably first appeared at 1952/54 Olympics
• 1976 Olympics - limited steroid testing – 4 days
• 1980 no athlete tested +ve for steroids but abnormal peaks detected (later identified as unusually high levels of testosterone) – use of natural rather than synthetic hormones.
• 1982 Testosterone joined list of banned drugs
• 1988 Mass spectrometers reduced time for testing to 24-36 hrs
• 2003 Designer steroids (THG), (DMT 2005)
Tetrahydrogestrinone(THG)
• Designer drug• 19 nor-steroid –
substitution of –H for methyl group at position C-19
• Structurally related to gestrinone (used tx of endometriosis) – apparently with addition 4 x H
Use in sport• Androgenic (mascularising) effect and anabolic (muscle-
building) effect
• Increase erythropoiesis, Hb and Hct
• Increase lbm, bone mineral density
• Increase muscle strength, power, endurance
• Increase glycogen storage
• Decrease body fat (increased lipolysis)
• Increased neural transmission
• Reduced muscle damage and increased pain tolerance
• Enhance recovery from training/injury
• Increase aggressiveness
Saudan et al., 2006
Mechanism of Steroids
Steroid biochemical effects
• Androgenic:– due to dihydrotestosterone – formed by conversion of testosterone by 5α-
reductase enzyme – high in testicles, skin, prostate.• Anabolic:
– muscles, bone, heart – little 5α-reductase activity – anabolic effects prevail here ie.protein synthesis, erythropoiesis
• Anti-catabolic effect – anabolic hormones displace glucocorticoids from receptors
• Strength training increases steroid effects:maybe increases number of receptors?
• Difficult to hold onto effects when stop training?• Also faster recovery times?
– Baume et al., (2006) no evidence in endurance runners on markers of physical stress, or on performance
Patterns of Administration
• Cycling(6-8 weeks on, 6-8 weeks off)Prevent side-effects
• PyramidingGradual to peak and then withdrawFewer mood changes compared to coming right off
• Stacking– > 1 steroid at a time, avoid plateauing– Increases potency– Oral and parenteral routes– evidence increased muscle fibre size (Hartgens et al., 2002)
Use by athletes
• Information sparse;• Bodybuilders – doses range from 250 to
3500mg/week – 40x recommended therapeutic dose
• Testosterone, 19-nortestosterone (or precursors), stanozolol, and methandienone are anabolic steroids most frequently found in athlete samples
Evidence on strength effects• Freed et al. (1975) greater effect on strength in placebo
group, though wt increased in drug treated group.
• Ryan (1981) reviewed 37 studies 1968-77. Only good design in 13 – no substantial evidence for increase lbm or muscle strength
• Haupt and Rovere (1984) summarised criteria required to increase strength:
– Intensive training immediately prior to regime and continue intensive training throughout regime
– High protein diet
– Query dose ???
Other effects
• Aerobic Performance
• Muscle repair
• Tendon damage (side effect)
• Behaviour
Side effects• Can divide into categories: CV, hepatic, endocrine/reproductive,
psychological, tendon injury• Females – masculinization – body and facial hair, voice changes
(irreversible), menstrual disturbances, reduction body fat, cliteromegaly;
• Marketed as testosterone enhancing, and muscle building• However no evidence of anabolic or ergogenic effects in
men;• May see effect in older men, or in certain individuals
(‘responders’);• Possible that higher doses may have an effect;• Increases serum [estrogen] in men• Increases [testosterone] in women• Widely used despite lack of evidence• Currently no well-accepted technique for detecting
prohormone supplement use
Brown et al., (2006)
Refs
• Saudan et al., (2006) Testosterone and doping control. Br J Sports Med 40 (Suppl I):i21-i24
• Franke and Berendonk (1997) Hormonal and androgenization of athletes: a secret program of the German Democratic Republic government. Clin Chem 43(7): 1262 - 1279
• Brown et al., (2006) Testosterone prohormone supplements. Med Sci Sports Exerc 38: (8) 1451 - 1461