An Update on NASA’s Space-Based and Related Research Activities Michael J. Kurylo – UMBC / GEST Kenneth W. Jucks – NASA HQ Ernest W. Hilsenrath – UMBC.

An Update on NASAs Space-Based and Related Research Activities Michael J. Kurylo UMBC / GEST Kenneth W. Jucks NASA HQ Ernest W. Hilsenrath UMBC / JCET & NASA HQ WCRP SPARC Scientific Steering Group 17 th Session Kyoto, Japan 26-30 October 2009 1

NASAs Operating Satellites NASAs Earth Science Division recently completed its biennial Senior Review to determine those missions that will continue to be funded for operation beyond their primary design life. Nearly all of NASAs Earth Science satellites fell under this review, including Aura, CALIPSO, Aqua (i.e, missions with some sensitivity in the UTLS). All received highly positive ratings and the missions were extended for 2 years with a provisional additional 2 years (pending the next senior review). Aura presently has 3 operating instruments producing forefront science. HIRDLS is not operating and most likely will not work again. MLS is working nominally; a few channels no longer operate Other channels will cease operation in time, the rate is difficult to predict. TES is operating with a lower duty cycle to extend the lifetime if the interferometer mechanism. OMI has an external blockage that is affecting roughly 1/3 of its FOV. The blockage slowly changes with time. 2

NASAs Operating/Forthcoming Satellites Stratospheric science Atmospheric science NASA Missions in Formulation: OCO lost 2.23.09 NPP 12.2010 LDCM 12.2012 SMAP 2013 ICESat-II - 2014 3

NRC Earth Science Decadal Survey Missions Plus: Venture Class Stratospheric Science Atmospheric Science 4

Data sets encapsulating the behaviour of the Earth system are one of the greatest technological achievements of our age and one of the most deserving of future investment. [Nature, vol. 450, Dec. 2007, pg. 761] The MEaSUREs GOZCARDS project focuses on patching together a stratospheric view of key chemical species (O 3, HCl, ClO, ClO x, HF, H 2 O, CH 4, N 2 O, NO, NO 2, NO x, HNO 3, zonal and equivalent latitude average profiles ) from the 1980s into the current decade of global satellite observations (and beyond?). When publicly available, this data record should lead to a better characterization and understanding of - the changing state of the stratosphere, as well as - improvements in global atmospheric and climate models, including predictive capabilities. Projects under the NASA MEaSUREs Program Making Earth Science Data Records for Use in Research Environments

6 Stratospheric ProductsPlanned Satellite Datasets / Main investigators O 3 (zonal mean time series): profiles & strat. cols SAGE I, SAGE II, HALOE, UARS MLS, ACE-FTS, Aura MLS, POAMs [RW, JA, LF, RF] HCl (zonal mean series)HALOE,ACE-FTS, Aura MLS [LF, JA] ClO (zonal mean series)UARS MLS, Aura MLS [LF/MSa + B. Connor / G. Nedoluha] ClO x (zonal mean series)UARS MLS, Aura MLS [RS/TC + LF, MSa, RF] HNO 3 (zonal mean series)UARS MLS, ACE-FTS, Aura MLS, Odin/SMR [LF/MSa + I. Fiorucci / G. Muscari] H 2 O (zonal mean series)SAGE II, HALOE, UARS MLS, POAM III, ACE-FTS, Aura MLS [JA, RW, LF, RF] N 2 O (zonal mean series)ACE-FTS, Aura MLS [LF] NO 2 (zonal mean series)SAGE II, HALOE, POAM II & III, ACE-FTS [RW, JA, LF] NO (zonal mean series)HALOE, ACE-FTS [JA, LF] NO x (zonal mean series)SAGE II, HALOE, POAM II & III, ACE-FTS [RS/TC, RW, JA, LF] CH 4 (zonal mean series)HALOE, ACE-FTS [JA, LF] HF (zonal mean series)HALOE, ACE-FTS [JA, LF] T (zonal mean series)GMAO MERRA reanalysis [MSc, VP, GM, LF] EqL/ binned productsAll of the above [LF, RF, GM, MSa, MSc] Co-investigators - M. Santee (JPL) - M. Schwartz (JPL) - J. Anderson (Hmpt. U.) - R. Wang (GA Tech) - R. Salawitch (UMCP) Collaborators - - P. Bernath (York Univ.) - T. Canty (UMCP) - D. Cunnold (GA Tech) [Rest in Peace] - K. Hoppel (NRL) - N. Livesey (JPL) - G. Manney (JPL) - S. Pawson (GSFC) - J. Russell (Hmptn. U.) - I. Fiorucci, G. Muscari, - B. Connor, G. Nedoluha - K. Walker + other JPL (RF, VP) MEaSUREs GOZCARDS Products/Team Long-term Data Records: MEaSUREs GOZCARDS Products & Investigators

Agreement between various zonal means for O 3 is generally very good (mostly < 5%). We will provide latitudinal and vertical dependence of offsets between datasets Such offsets can be used to make adjustments to datasets and produce a merged product. 22 hPa Latitude O 3 Diff. (%) Satellite Data Records for the Stratosphere: Ozone (UMLS-SAGE2)/SAGE2 (HALOE-SAGE2)/SAGE2 (AMLS-SAGE2)/SAGE2

Original ozone time seriesAfter adjustments Original ozone time seriesAfter adjustments UARS MLS O 3 data after May 1997 have been removed. UARS MLS/HALOE ozone data can fill missing data from SAGE-2 after Pinatubo eruption (mid-1991). HALOE, UMLS and AMLS O3 data have been adjusted offsets (relative to SAGE-2) Monthly zonal mean ozone from SAGE-I/II, UARS-MLS, HALOE, Aura MLS Satellite Data Records for the Stratosphere: Ozone 8

Existing and Planned Atmospheric Chemistry Missions ( Red = Concern Green = Good News ) Serious gap in ozone and chemical profile measurements from 2015 through 2029 Earliest Atm. Chem. GEO launch is 2017. NASA last in series No LEO profiling missions current with GEO. Ideal Constellation would be 3 GEO (103 apart + 1 LEO for UT and stratospheric profiles) Gap in aerosol profiles (CALIPSO-like) 2016 - 2021 No stratospheric aerosols (SAGE III-like) Continuity in global (LEO) column ozone and aerosols; Metop, FY-3 (China), Sentinel Precursor, NPOESS, Sentinal-5, ACE 9

Chemical and Aerosol Sounding Satellite (CASS) Proposed joint NASA-CSA effort Mission carries ACE-FTS and SAGE-III Scheduled to fill gap between Aura/Envisat/SciSat-1 and GACM US Congressional mandate to study ozone change Not in NAS Decadal Survey queue, but explicitly wanted to avoid gap. Strongly endorsed by science community New science capability UT/LS Hydration Lightning contribution to UT/LS NO2 Biomass chemistry contribution to UT/LS CO2 variability in UT/LS Variability of sub-visble clouds 10

CASS Status NASA SAGE III inspected in lab Preliminary payload design Developed cost estimates Potential approval for s/c RFI CSA Submitted requisition for FTS rebuild and improvements Submitted requisition for spacecraft December completion expected 11

2009 2010 2011 2012 GloPac: Global Hawk long-range flights (30 hr capability) mainly in situ O 3, H 2 O, T, aerosols + cloud info (lidar) + UV/Vis + GC (1) N 2 O, SF 6 ; (2) CO, H 2, CH 4 or F11, F12, Halon-1211, Large Balloon(s) Ft. Sumner, NM Fall 2010 Recent and Forthcoming NASA Campaigns You are here Western Pacific mission (TC4-type) Investigate transport of short-lived gases, pollutants, and aerosols in western tropical Pacific. Late winter and late summer Plans/funding still TBD Earth Venture Class 1 Suborbital campaigns - Proposals due in Nov. - Selection: Spring 2010 - 5 yr program - re-solicited every 2 years MOHAVE 2009 H 2 O, O 3 lidars, wave, FTIR, & sondes; TMF, CA Oct. 12-26, 2009 12 MACPEx: Midlatitude Airborne Cirrus Properties Experiment WB-57: cloud/aerosol science (+ H 2 O, others TBD) Houston-based, ~ May 2010

Longer-term Validation: Some Plans (and Issues) Future validation studies will need to move from averaged coincidences (or other averaged comparisons) for short time periods to a validation of seasonal, interannual, and secular changes - whether comparing to in situ, ground-based data, or to other satellite data Similar plots exist for O 3, but there are many ozonesonde sites and files (& different formats) Validation data (& data access) issues remain for making such comparisons for a global view. - somewhat time-consuming & problematic [for data source, format, quality, screening issues]. Need to move from here to here (avg. profiles or columns) (time series) H 2 O / ppmv Pressure / hPa Costa Rica Boulder H 2 O CFH data courtesy of H. Vmel [plots from Bill Read] L. Froidevaux, N. Livesey, and the MLS Team 13

Lidar -MOHAVE Campaign for Water Vapor Measurements -Hohenpeienberg Ozone Profiling Experiment -Stratospheric Temperature Trends: Randell, Keckhut, et al. UV/Vis -CINDI Campaign to Validate Tropospheric NO 2 from Satellites -WMO/GAW Assessment of DOAS/SAOZ Total Ozone -BrO Trends; Centralized BrO processing at BIRA prior to Data Archiving FTIR -Water Vapor Measurements (1% precision in total column; vertical profile in troposphere up to UTLS; isotopologue distinction) -Cly / Fy Trends -Close Coordination with TCCON Working Group on Water Vapor -Book in progress on Ground-Based Remote Sensing and In Situ Methods for Monitoring Atmospheric Water Vapor NDACC /GAW / IGACO Ozone Theme Meetings -1 st meeting (2008) focused on instrument capabilities -2 nd meeting (2009) focused on ozone absorption cross sections NDACC Activities Pertinent to SPARC Just A Few Examples

MOHAVE Campaign: October 2009 Measurements of Humidity in the Atmosphere and Validation Experiments Builds on MOHAVE I and II campaigns that primarily validated the lidar measurements Intercomparison and validation of various instruments including AIRS and Aura Additional Objectives Identify and quantify UT Humidity (UTH) changes associated with transport processes in the vicinity of the Sub-Tropical Jet Estimate the capability of the Raman lidar in detecting such UTH changes Provide continuous water vapor profiles from the ground to the mesosphere by combining the measurements of the various participating instruments and techniques Participating instruments and organizations will include: 3 water vapor Raman lidars (JPL/Leblanc-McDermid, GSFC/McGee and GSFC/Whiteman) [0-20 km] 15 CFH launches (JPL and GSFC) [0-30 km] 3 NOAA Frost-point Hygrometer (FPH) launches (NOAA/Oltmans) [0-30 km] 50 RS92 launches (JPL) [0-12 km] 2 improved microwave radiometers (NRL/Nedoluha and Univ. Bern/Kampfer) [20-80 km] 2 ground-based GPS receivers (GSFC/Whiteman and JPL) [column] 1 FTIR (JPL/Toon) [column] High resolution PV forecasts and analysis MIMOSA-PV and MIMOSA-UTLS (JPL & CNRS/France)

Steinbrecht et al., Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 125-145, 2009 Intercomparison of Stratospheric Ozone and Temperature Profiles during the October 2005 Hohenpeienberg Ozone Profiling Experiment (HOPE)

The Cabauw Intercomparison campaign of Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments June-July 2009, Cabauw, The Netherlands Main objectives: Intercompare NO 2 measuring instruments that can be used for validation of tropospheric NO 2 from satellites Give estimate of accuracy of NO 2 tropospheric columns and profiles for different atmospheric conditions (clouds/aerosols) and viewing geometries Give recommendations for harmonization / standardization of instruments settings and retrieval algorithms Secondary objectives: Study effect of horizontal distribution within satellite pixels Intercompare other tropospheric measurements, like aerosol, HCHO, CHOCHO, BrO, HONO, SO 2, O 3

Conclusions from the WMO SAG Meeting on DOAS/SAOZ Total Ozone Measurements Helsinki 29-30 June 2009 Significant progress with V2 processing following NDACC WG recommendations. SAOZ / DOAS of same class as Dobson and Brewer. SAOZ better at polar latitude (V. Fioletov) Most of the seasonality differences with Dobson and (likely) with satellites attributed to the temperature dependence of cross-sections in the UV. Difference between Dobson and SAOZ removed after correcting Dobson. Since it is insensitive to temperature, SAOZ can serve as a potential reference (Bob Evans)

Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Changes (NDACC): Observational Capabilities 19

An Update on NASA’s Space-Based and Related Research Activities Michael J. Kurylo – UMBC / GEST Kenneth W. Jucks – NASA HQ Ernest W. Hilsenrath – UMBC.

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