•http://www.ieagreen.org.uk An Overview of CO An Overview of CO 2 2 Capture Technologies Capture Technologies What are the Challenges Ahead? What are the Challenges Ahead? by: Stanley Santos IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Presented at: Workshop on Capture and Sequestration of CO2 (CCS) 10th July 2008 Mexico City •*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
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An Overview of COAn Overview of CO22 Capture TechnologiesCapture Technologies What are the Challenges Ahead?What are the Challenges Ahead?
by:
Stanley SantosIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme
Presented at:
Workshop on Capture and Sequestration of CO2 (CCS)10th July 2008
Briefly summarise international policy developments and regulatory developments
•
Overview of CO2
capture technologies for power generationo Post-Combustion Captureo Oxy-Combustion Captureo Pre-Combustion Capture
•
What challenges, issues and future development in the three leading CO2
capture technologies.
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Brief Introduction toBrief Introduction to
IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D ProgrammeIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEAGHG)(IEAGHG)
http://www.ieagreen.org.uk
IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D ProgrammeIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme•
A collaborative research programme founded in 1991
•
Aim is to:Provide members with definitive information on the role that technology can play in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
•
Funding approximately 2.5 million $/year.•
Activities:-
Studies (>100), international research networks ,
facilitating and focussing R&D and demonstration activities•
Producing information that is:
o Objective, trustworthy, independento Policy relevant but NOT policy prescriptiveo Reviewed by external Expert Reviewerso Subject to review of policy implications by Members
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IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D ProgrammeIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Our Relation to the International Energy AgencyOur Relation to the International Energy Agency
IEA GHG is one of 40 organisations having
an implementing agreement with IEA
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Technology and Market InformationTechnology and Market InformationTechnical AssessmentsImplementation Support
Methodology for CCS projects under CDMGuidelines for CCS site characterisationCCS Project FinancingRegional capacity for CO2 storage in India
Improved solvent scrubbing processes for CO2 captureCapture of CO2 from medium scale installationsImproved Oxygen production processesCollection of CO2 from distributed sourcesCO2 Capture in the cement industryCo-production of hydrogen and electricityRemediation of leakage from geological storageFuel Cells for CHPCO2 Pipeline transmission costs
Regulatory SupportRisk assessment and regulatory needsEnvironmental impact assessment for CCSCapture-ready power plantMonitoring Selection Tool
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IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D ProgrammeIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme•
Provide a forum for Governments and Industry to cooperate
•
Collaborate with other international bodieso International Energy Agency & G8o CSLF and APEC
GHGT-916th – 19th November 2008
Washington D.C.http://mit.edu/ghgt9
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Development of CCSDevelopment of CCS (Brief summary of International Policy Development)(Brief summary of International Policy Development)
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International Policy DevelopmentsInternational Policy Developments•
International acceptance of CCS was seen as a major barrier to CCS deployment 2/3 years ago
o Situation has changed significantly in previous yearo Main International Environmental Treaty is the Kyoto Protocol
CCS accepted as a mitigation option in 2007
o Remaining Barrier: Acceptance of CCS to be included in CDMAwaiting decision under COP/MOP4 meeting in Poland (Dec. 2008)
•
Key International Marine Treaties (i.e. London Convention / OSPAR) adopted amendments to allow CCS in sub sea geological structureso Established guidelines for risk assessment and management
for CO2
storage in sub sea geological structures
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Role of CCS in climate change mitigation?Role of CCS in climate change mitigation?
•
IPCC Special Report (2005) –
CCS contributing 15-55% of CO2 mitigation to 2100
•
IEA Technology Perspectives (2006) –
CCS 20-28% of mitigation to 2050. Second only to energy efficiency.
•
Stern Report (2006) –
CCS ~10% mitigation by 2025, ~20% by 2050. Marginal mitigation costs without CCS increase by ~60%.
•
EC/Shell (2007) -
7 yrs delay CCS = 90GT CO2 to 2050 = 3 yrs global emissions = 10ppm
•
World Energy Outlook 2007. “CCS is one of the most promising routes for mitigating emissions in the longer term and could reconcile continued coal burning with the need to cut emissions in the longer term”.
o Regenerator (Stripper): CO2 release & solvent regeneration (100-120 oC)
o Efficiency: Up to 95+% CO2 removal from flue gas
o CO2 product: 99+% CO2
(capability to achieve food grade CO2)
o Energy requirements: Sourced from the steam from turbine
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PostPost--Combustion COCombustion CO22 CaptureCapture (Bellingham, MA, USA)(Bellingham, MA, USA)
•
350 TPD Liquid CO2
Plant using Econamine FG SM* (proprietary MEA based solvent)
•
CO2
is captured from the flue gas of a gas turbine (a cogen facility) having 4% O2
in the flue gas.•
Operated by the Suez Energy Generation
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COCO22 Based Solvent ScrubbingBased Solvent Scrubbing•
Use of Amine scrubbing to capture CO2
is the most mature among the 3 mostly considered capture technology options for the power generation.
•
Amine based solvent is currently the commonly used for CO2
captureo widely used in food processing (ie. carbonated drinks) and chemical
industries (ie. Urea plant)o Many large scale storage demonstration (> 1 MT/yr of scale) –
mostly in oil and gas fields applications (For example in Sleipner, Salah and Snohvit)
•
Current R&D Focuso Improvement to current solvento Development on column design and packingo Development for scaling up (from < 1000 TPD to ~5000 TPD per unit)o Development of new type of solventso Development is also on-going for application to coal fired power plant
•<Experience and R&D Facilities>
•22
MHI’s Evolution Development of Flue Gas CO2 Recovery Plant•00 •01
•Vattenfall’s CCS demo project at Nordjyllandsværket
On February 6, 2008 Vattenfall On February 6, 2008 Vattenfall Nordic Thermal Power Nordic Thermal Power Generation announced the Generation announced the intention to develop a fullintention to develop a full--scale scale Carbon Capture & Storage Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) demonstration project(CCS) demonstration project
•IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme 11th MEETING of the INTERNATIONAL POST-COMBUSTION CO2 CAPTURE NETWORK 20th-21st May, 2008, Vienna, Austria
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•
Development in new novel solvento CANSOLV Processo Alstom Chilled Ammonia Processo Powerspan ECO2
Ammonia process
•
Other Large Scale Demonstration Projecto UK BERR Competition (currently 4 consortium
shortlisted)o Germany -
Vattenfall’s Janschwalde Project
Other DevelopmentsOther Developments
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Oxy Fuel Combustion with COOxy Fuel Combustion with CO22
CaptureCapture
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OxyOxy--Coal Combustion with COCoal Combustion with CO22 CaptureCapture
Fuel Boiler Purification/ compression
Cooling (+FGD)
Air separation
Air
Power
Oxygen
CO2
VentRecycled flue gas
Steam turbine
Steam
•30
HP HEATER
MILL
HP PUMP
LP HEATER
STACK (START
UP)
ESP
ID FAN
DEAERATOR
COAL
HP
IP
LP
CONDENSOR
COLD FD FAN
LP PUMP
AIR IN
ADVANCED SUPERCRITICAL BOILER
FGD
•
Radiant Section of the Boiler•
heat transfer profile•
slagging issue•
fireside corrosion issue
Convective Section of the boiler•
heat transfer profile•
ash deposition and fouling issue•
Burner design issue•
Ignition•
flame stability•
devolatilisation & char burnout
Prior to any retrofit of carbon capture technology,
it is essential to repower the plant in order to achieve
the highest possible efficiency
•31
HP HEATER
MILL
3
HP PUMP
LP HEATER
1 - IP STEAM BLEED 2 - HEAT FROM ASU ADIABATIC MAC 3 - CO2 COMPRESSOR STAGE HEAT 4 – FLUE GAS FEEDWATER HEATING
Record for IGCC’s availability has been poor but improving.
•
Complexity of the plant could be a turn off to prospective investors or power generation company
•
Cost is another issue
•Source: EPRI
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PrePre--Combustion Capture: Combustion Capture: Key Development AreaKey Development Area
•
Development in Gasifier Technology
•
Development in Shift Reactor○
Choice of Sour vs Sweet Shift Reaction
•
Development in Separation of CO2
using Physical Absorption technology
•
Development in the Gas Turbine technology○
Development of gas turbine firing H2 rich fuel using the current
DLN technology
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What are the current trend of development in What are the current trend of development in IGCC Based TechnologyIGCC Based Technology……
•
New fleet taking advantage of 10+ years of operation in the U.S. and Europeo Materials of constructiono Spare equipmento Gasifier refractory / membrane wallo Burner design
•
Range of suppliers to choose from, for a wide variety of coals and other feedstocks
•
EPC alliances can provide important guarantees58
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GE GE BechtelBechtel Reference PlantReference Plant
59
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Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Post-comb
IGCCslurry
IGCC dry Oxyfuel Post-comb
Oxyfuel
Without capture With capture
61
Power Generation Efficiency Power Generation Efficiency Efficiency, % LHV
•Source: IEA GHG studies
Coal Natural gas
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
PostFluor
PostMHI
IGCCslurry
IGCCdry
Oxyfuel PostFluor
PostMHI
Oxyfuel
Without capture With capture
Capital CostCapital Cost
•Source: IEA GHG studies
US $/kW
Coal Natural gas•Based on 1 US $/Euro
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Cost of Capture and StorageCost of Capture and Storage
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Fuel cost, $/GJ (LHV)
PF-CCS
IGCC-CCS
NGCC-CCS
PF
IGCC
NGCC
•Electricity cost, US c/kWh
•Basis: 10% DCF, 25 year life, 85% load factor, $8/t CO2
stored
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Summary•
CCS is one of the important measures that will make a significant impact on reducing CO2
emissions•
CCS implementation is picking up pace internationally
o Several activities have been initiated worldwide in the development of CO2
Capture for Power Generation industry.•
There are two set of horse race among the three leading CO2
capture options for newly build and retrofit power plant.
o There is no clear winner at the moment!•
We need large scale demonstration of the carbon capture technology to build the confidence necessary for a rapid deployment.
•
We also need to build our technical capacity base and encourage students to see CCS as their future career path