An Overview of CO An Overview of CO2 Capture Technologies Capture Technologies What are the Challenges Ahead? What are the Challenges Ahead? •http://www.ieagreen.org.uk by: Stanley Santos IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Presented at: Workshop on Capture and Sequestration of CO2 (CCS) 10th July 2008 Mexico City •*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]
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An Overview of COAn Overview of CO 22 Capture TechnologiesCapture TechnologiesWhat are the Challenges Ahead?What are the Challenges Ahead?
•http://www.ieagreen.org.uk
by:
Stanley SantosIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme
Presented at:
Workshop on Capture and Sequestration of CO 2 (CCS)10th July 2008
Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline• IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme• Briefly summarise international policy
developments and regulatory developments• Overview of CO2 capture technologies for power
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• Overview of CO2 capture technologies for power generationo Post-Combustion Captureo Oxy-Combustion Captureo Pre-Combustion Capture
• What challenges, issues and future development in the three leading CO2 capture technologies.
Brief Introduction toBrief Introduction to
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IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D ProgrammeIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme(IEAGHG)(IEAGHG)
IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D ProgrammeIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme• A collaborative research programme founded in 1991
• Aim is to:Provide members with definitive information on the role that technology can play in reducing greenhouse gas emis sions.
• Funding approximately 2.5 million $/year.
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• Funding approximately 2.5 million $/year.
• Activities:- Studies (>100), international research networks , facilitating and focussing R&D and demonstration activities
• Producing information that is:o Objective, trustworthy, independent
o Policy relevant but NOT policy prescriptive
o Reviewed by external Expert Reviewers
o Subject to review of policy implications by Members
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IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D ProgrammeIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D ProgrammeOur Relation to the International Energy AgencyOur Relation to the International Energy Agency
IEA GHG is one of 40 organisations having
an implementing agreement with IEA
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Technology and Market InformationTechnology and Market InformationTechnical AssessmentsImplementation Support
� Methodology for CCS projects under CDM
� Guidelines for CCS site characterisation
� CCS Project Financing
� Improved solvent scrubbing processes for CO 2 capture
� Capture of CO 2 from medium scale installations
� Improved Oxygen production processes
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� CCS Project Financing� Regional capacity for CO 2 storage
in India
processes� Collection of CO 2 from
distributed sources� CO2 Capture in the cement
industry� Co-production of hydrogen
and electricity� Remediation of leakage from
geological storage� Fuel Cells for CHP� CO2 Pipeline transmission
costs
Regulatory Support� Risk assessment and regulatory
needs� Environmental impact assessment for
CCS� Capture-ready power plant� Monitoring Selection Tool
IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D ProgrammeIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme• Provide a forum for Governments and Industry to
cooperate
• Collaborate with other international bodieso International Energy Agency & G8
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o International Energy Agency & G8
o CSLF and APEC
GHGT-916th – 19th November 2008
Washington D.C.http://mit.edu/ghgt9
Development of CCSDevelopment of CCS
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Development of CCSDevelopment of CCS(Brief summary of International Policy Development)(Brief summary of International Policy Development)
International Policy DevelopmentsInternational Policy Developments• International acceptance of CCS was seen as a major
barrier to CCS deployment 2/3 years ago o Situation has changed significantly in previous year
o Main International Environmental Treaty is the Kyoto ProtocolCCS accepted as a mitigation option in 2007
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� CCS accepted as a mitigation option in 2007
o Remaining Barrier: Acceptance of CCS to be included in CDM� Awaiting decision under COP/MOP4 meeting in Poland (Dec. 2008)
• Key International Marine Treaties (i.e. London Convention / OSPAR) adopted amendments to allow CCS in sub sea geological structureso Established guidelines for risk assessment and management
for CO2 storage in sub sea geological structures
Role of CCS in climate change mitigation?Role of CCS in climate change mitigation?
• IPCC Special Report (2005) – CCS contributing 15-55% of CO2 mitigation to 2100
• IEA Technology Perspectives (2006) – CCS 20-28% of mitigation to 2050. Second only to energy efficiency.
• Stern Report (2006) – CCS ~10% mitigation by 2025, ~20% by 2050.
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• Stern Report (2006) – CCS ~10% mitigation by 2025, ~20% by 2050. Marginal mitigation costs without CCS increase by ~60%.
• EC/Shell (2007) - 7 yrs delay CCS = 90GT CO2 to 2050 = 3 yrs global emissions = 10ppm
• World Energy Outlook 2007. “CCS is one of the most promising routes for mitigating emissions in the longer term and could reconcile continued coal burning with the need to cut emissions in the longer term”.
Europe EC Draft Directive on CCS developed – focuses on regulatory development for storage component. Other areas (transport, capture) covered by existing regulations
USA IOGCC drafted guidelines for CO2 storage in geological formations where states have primacy
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formations where states have primacyUSEPA drafting overarching state guidance for CO2
storage CO2-EOR already covered by existing state and federal lawsUSDOT regulations cover transport of CO2
Canada New GHG emissions legislation being drafted will include a CCS provisionProvinces already regulate CO2 transport, CO2-EOR and acid gas disposal
Australia Federal Government to redraft oil and gas legislation to accommodate CCSState of Victoria has a consultation document for CCS
General Overview of COGeneral Overview of CO 22 CaptureCapture
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General Overview of COGeneral Overview of CO 22 CaptureCapture
CarbonReduction
Increased Efficiency
Zero EmissionsTrajectory
Key issue will be value of CO2
Current View on CCS and Efficiency IncreaseCurrent View on CCS and Efficiency Increase
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•Time
Increased EfficiencyTrajectory
Near-term Mid-term Long-term
CCS will need the most efficient plant
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PostPost --Combustion CaptureCombustion Capture
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PostPost --Combustion CaptureCombustion Capture
PostPost--Combustion CaptureCombustion Capture
Air N2, O2, H2O to atmosphere
CapturePower generation
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Fuel Boiler or gas turbine
Solvent scrubbing
(FGD/SCR)
•PowerCO2 to storageSteam
turbine
Steam
CO2compression
Chemical Absorption ProcessChemical Absorption Process
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PostPost--Combustion COCombustion CO 22 CaptureCapture(Typical Operating Parameters)(Typical Operating Parameters)
• For MEA (with 30% solution) operation:
o Absorber: CO2 removal(40-60oC)
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o Regenerator (Stripper): CO2 release & solvent regeneration(100-120 oC)
o Efficiency: Up to 95+% CO 2 removal from flue gas
o CO2 product: 99+% CO2
(capability to achieve food grade CO2)
o Energy requirements: Sourced from the steam from turbine
PostPost--Combustion COCombustion CO 22 CaptureCapture(Bellingham, MA, USA)(Bellingham, MA, USA)
• 350 TPD Liquid CO2 Plant using Econamine FG SM* (proprietary MEA based solvent)
• CO is captured from the
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• CO2 is captured from the flue gas of a gas turbine (a cogen facility) having 14% O2 in the flue gas.
• Operated by the Suez Energy Generation
COCO22 Based Solvent ScrubbingBased Solvent Scrubbing• Use of Amine scrubbing to capture CO2 is the most mature among the 3
mostly considered capture technology options for the power generation.• Amine based solvent is currently the commonly used for CO2 capture
o widely used in food processing (ie. carbonated drinks) and chemical industries (ie. Urea plant)Many large scale storage demonstration (> 1 MT/yr of scale) – mostly in oil
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o Many large scale storage demonstration (> 1 MT/yr of scale) – mostly in oil and gas fields applications (For example in Sleipner, Salah and Snohvit)
• Current R&D Focuso Improvement to current solvento Development on column design and packingo Development for scaling up (from < 1000 TPD to ~5000 TPD per unit)o Development of new type of solventso Development is also on-going for application to coal fired power plant
•<Experience and R&D Facilities>MHI’s Evolution Development of Flue Gas CO 2 Recovery Plant
On February 6, 2008 On February 6, 2008 VattenfallVattenfallNordic Thermal Power Nordic Thermal Power Generation announced the Generation announced the intention to develop a fullintention to develop a full--scale scale Carbon Capture & Storage Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) demonstration project(CCS) demonstration project
•IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme 11th MEETING of the INTERNATIONAL POST-COMBUSTION C O2 CAPTURE NETWORK20th-21st May, 2008, Vienna, Austria
• Development in new novel solvento CANSOLV Process
o Alstom Chilled Ammonia Process
Powerspan ECO Ammonia process
Other DevelopmentsOther Developments
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o Powerspan ECO2 Ammonia process
• Other Large Scale Demonstration Projecto UK BERR Competition (currently 4 consortium
shortlisted)
o Germany - Vattenfall’s Janschwalde Project
Oxy Fuel Combustion with COOxy Fuel Combustion with CO 22
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CaptureCapture
OxyOxy--Coal Combustion with COCoal Combustion with CO 22 CaptureCapture
Air separation
Air
Oxygen VentRecycled flue gas
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Fuel Boiler Purification/ compression
Cooling (+FGD)
Power
Oxygen
CO2
Steam turbine
Steam
HP HEATER
MILL STACK (START
UP)
ID FAN DEAERATOR
COAL
HP
IP
ADVANCED SUPERCRITICAL BOILER
Convective Section of the boiler• heat transfer profile• ash deposition and fouling issue
• Use of oxygen instead of air in a boiler – “Oxy-Combustion” is the least mature among the 3 mostly considered capture technology options for the power generation.
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the power generation.
• 3 key development issues○ Boiler and burner development
○ Air Separation Unit – “Cost and capacity of oxygen production”
○ CO2 processing – “Removal of impurities”
ANL ANL -- EERC StudyEERC StudyWorld’s 1World’s 1 stst OxyOxy--Coal Pilot Scale StudyCoal Pilot Scale Study
Tower Furnace (~ 3MWTower Furnace (~ 3MW thth ))
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Coal Flame Photos:Coal Flame Photos:Air Fired vs OxyAir Fired vs Oxy--FiredFired
(Courtesy of IHI)(Courtesy of IHI)
Air modeAir modeAir modeAir mode((((OOOO ::::21%21%21%21%))))
(Considering only Coal Power Plant)(Considering only Coal Power Plant)
PrePre--Combustion CaptureCombustion Capture
Coal Gasification Acid gas Shift
•CO2CO2compression
•Sulphur
H2S
CO+H2O→H2+CO2
IGCC with CO2 capture
Sulphur
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Gasification Acid gas removal
Shift conversion
Air separation
•Combined cycle
Air
Fuel gas (mainly H2)
Nitrogen Power
Oxygen
Air Air
Sulphur recovery
50
IGCC without CaptureIGCC without Capture
• 5 coal-based IGCC demonstration plant in the USA, Europe and Japan
• IGCC is not at present the preferred technology for new
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• IGCC is not at present the preferred technology for new coal-fired power plants
• Main commercial interest in IGCC is for use of petroleum residues
• Several plants built and planned at refineries
• IGCC has some intrinsic economic advantage over PC plant when CCS is added
IGCC IGCC –– Currently in OperationCurrently in Operation
•Nuon – Buggenum250 MWel
250MWe Air Blown IGCC (Fukushima, Japan)250MWe Air Blown IGCC (Fukushima, Japan)
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COCO22 Capture in IGCCCapture in IGCC• Advantages of IGCC for CO2 capture
o High CO2 concentration and high overall pressure� Lower energy consumption for CO2 separation� Compact equipment
o Proven CO2 separation technology can be used
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o Proven CO2 separation technology can be usedo Possibility of co-production of hydrogen
• Disadvantageso IGCC is unfamiliar technology for power generatorso Existing coal fired plants have low availabilityo IGCC without CO2 capture has generally higher costs than
pulverised coal combustion
IGCCIGCC
• IGCC with pre-combustion capture has been the fundamental building blocks in various programme for co-generation of electricity and hydrogen
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and hydrogen
• Some exampleso USA: FutureGen (old) Programme
o Europe: HYPOGEN Programme
o Japan: EAGLE Project
o China: GreenGen Project
PrePre--Combustion Capture: Key BarrierCombustion Capture: Key Barrier• Will reliability hinders the
deployment of IGCC?
• Record for IGCC’s availability has been poor but improving.
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has been poor but improving.
• Complexity of the plant could be a turn off to prospective investors or power generation company
• Cost is another issue
•Source: EPRI
PrePre--Combustion Capture: Combustion Capture: Key Development AreaKey Development Area
• Development in Gasifier Technology
• Development in Shift Reactor○ Choice of Sour vs Sweet Shift Reaction
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○ Choice of Sour vs Sweet Shift Reaction
• Development in Separation of CO2 using Physical Absorption technology
• Development in the Gas Turbine technology○ Development of gas turbine firing H2 rich fuel using the current
DLN technology
What are the current trend of development in What are the current trend of development in IGCC Based Technology…IGCC Based Technology…
• New fleet taking advantage of 10+ years of operation in the U.S. and Europeo Materials of construction
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o Spare equipment
o Gasifier refractory / membrane wall
o Burner design
• Range of suppliers to choose from, for a wide variety of coals and other feedstocks
• EPC alliances can provide important guarantees
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GE Bechtel Reference PlantGE Bechtel Reference Plant
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Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks
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Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks
40
50
60
Power Generation Efficiency Power Generation Efficiency Efficiency, % LHV
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0
10
20
30
Post-comb
IGCCslurry
IGCC dry Oxyfuel Post-comb
Oxyfuel
Without capture With capture
61
•Source: IEA GHG studies
Coal Natural gas
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Capital CostCapital CostUS $/kW
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
PostFluor
PostMHI
IGCCslurry
IGCCdry
Oxyfuel PostFluor
PostMHI
Oxyfuel
Without capture With capture •Source: IEA GHG studies
Coal Natural gas
•Based on 1 US $/Euro
Cost of Capture and StorageCost of Capture and Storage
6
8
10
PF-CCS
IGCC-CCS
NGCC-CCS
•Electricity cost, US c/kWh
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0
2
4
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Fuel cost, $/GJ (LHV)
NGCC-CCS
PF
IGCC
NGCC
•Basis: 10% DCF, 25 year life, 85% load factor, $8/t CO2 stored
Summary• CCS is one of the important measures that will make a significant
impact on reducing CO2 emissions
• CCS implementation is picking up pace internationallyo Several activities have been initiated worldwide in the development
of CO2 Capture for Power Generation industry.
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of CO2 Capture for Power Generation industry.
• There are two set of horse race among the three leading CO2
capture options for newly build and retrofit power plant. o There is no clear winner at the moment!
• We need large scale demonstration of the carbon capture technology to build the confidence necessary for a rapid deployment.
• We also need to build our technical capacity base and encourage students to see CCS as their future career path