An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations

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AN INVESTIGATION INTOPOLITENESS STRATEGIES USED INCONVERSATIONS IN THE BOOK“REAL LISTENING AND SPEAKING

3”

Student: Bui Anh Duong

Class: 62A

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Tran XuanDiep


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OUTLINE • PART I: INTRODUCTION

o RATIONALE, AIMS, SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

• PART II: DEVELOPMENT o CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW

• SPEECH ACTS

• POLITENESS

• PREVIOUS RELATED STUDIES

o CHAPTER II: METHODOLOGY

• DATA COLLECTION, RESEARCH METHOD, PROCEDURE

o CHAPTER III: FINDINGS

• PRESENT AND DISCUSS THE POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED IN

CONVERSATIONS IN THE SELECTED BOOK THROUGH THEIR FREQUENCY

• PART III CONCLUSIONo RECAPITULATION

o LIMITATION

o SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES


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PART I:INTRODUCTION

I. ATI!"A#$:

POLITENESS PLAYS A DOMINANT ROLE IN COMUNICATION, ESPECIALLY

CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION.

LANGUAGE LEARNERS SOMETIMES CANNOT COMMUNICATE

EFFECTIVELY AND APPROPRIATELY BECAUSE OF:

THE LACK OF UNDERSTANDING OF POLITENESS

THE TRADITIONAL WAY OF TEACHING: LANGUAGE IS TAUGHT

WITHOUT ANY CONNECTION WITH ITS CULTURE.


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PART I:INTRODUCTION

II. AI%S !& T'$ ST(D)

1. AIMS RAISING ENGLISH LEARNERS’ AWARENESS OF THE ROLE OF

POLITENESS

PUTTING FORWARD SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR LEARNING AND TEACHING

. OB!ECTIVES E"PLORING WHAT KINDS OF POLITENESS STRATEGIES ARE USED

DESCRIBING THEIR FREQUENCY

#. RESEARCH QUESTIONS WHAT KINDS OF POLITE STRATEGIES ARE USED IN CONVERSATIONS IN

THE CHOSEN MATERIAL$

HOW FREQUENTLY ARE THE IDENTIFIED STRATEGIES USED$


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PART I:INTRODUCTION

III. SC!P$ !& T'$ ST(D):MAIN FOCUS: POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SPEECH ACTS IN

CONVERSATIONS. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION: MODEL OF

POLITENESS PROPOSED BY BROWN ANDLEVINSON

ANALYSIS BASED ON TRANSCIPTION %& TONE, INTONATION, NOVERBAL ASPECTSARE OUT OF THE SCOPE.


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PART II:

DEVELOPMENT

C'APT$ I: #IT$AT($ $*I$+


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I. SPEECH ACT

THEORY


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WHAT IS SPEECH

ACT• &IST#) P!P!S$D B) A(STI" ,-62/: B)

SA)I"0 S!%$T'I"01 +$ D! S!%$T'I"0

• )(#$ ,-6/: ACTI!"S *IA (TT$A"C$S

• SP$$C' ACTS C!"SIST !& T'$$ $#AT$D

ACTS: #!C(TI!"A) ACT1 I##!C(TI!"A)

ACT1 P$#!C(TI!"A) ACT


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WHAT IS SPEECH ACT

LOCUTIONARY ACT• THE ACT OF PRODUCING A MEANINGFUL

LINGUSTIC E"PRESSION


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WHAT IS SPEECH ACT

ILLOCUTIONARY ACT• THE INTENDED MESSAGE OF THE SPEAKER

'ILLOCUTIONARY FORCE(

• HOW TO RECOGNIZE ILLOCUTIONARY FORCE IFID) 'ILLOCUTIONARY FORCE INDICATING DEVICES

PERFORMATIVE VERBS: I PROMISE THAT*, I PREDICT THAT WORD ORDER, STRESS, INTONATION

FELICITY CONDITIONS

APPROPRIATE CIRCUMSTANCES FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF ASPEECH ACT TO BE RECOGNIZED AS INTENDED

+ TYPES OF FELICITY CONDITIONS 'ACCORDING TO YULE(

GENERAL PREPOSITIONAL CONTENT

PREPARATORY

SINCERITY

ESSENTIAL


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WHAT IS SPEECH ACT

PERLOCTIONARY ACT• T'$ $&&$CT T'AT A" (TT$A"C$ 'AS !"

T'$ #IST$"$S T'!(0'TS1 &$$#I"0 !ATTIT(D$S.


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WHAT IS SPEECH

ACT• locutionary act

• illocutionary act

• perlocutionary act

⇒

# DIMENSIONS OF A SPEECH ACT⇒CAN’T BE SEPARATED

⇒FOUND IN ANY UTTERANCES

S C C


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SPEECH ACTCLASSIFICATION

• ACCORDING TO THE FUNCTIONS PERFORMED:

• THERE’RE + TYPES OF SPEECH ACTS

o )/0023)

o

425023)o 56772))23)

o 8))23)

o 459023)

http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/%23action%3Fjump=nextslidehttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/%23action%3Fjump=nextslide


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REPRESENTATIVES• T ); ))0) 66)2026/ 06 >50), ))026/), 56/59=)26/)*

• T ); 7;) ?64) @0 0 ?694

• E8:

o T 0 6) 6=/4 0 )=/.

o I0 2/) 960 2/ 02) .


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DIRECTIVES• 0 ); 02) 06 7; 0 46

)6702/

• C677/4), 64), =)0), )=)026/)*

• T ); 7;) ?64 @0 0 ?694.

• E8:

o

G23 7 0


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COMMISSIVES• 0 ); 567720) 27)9> '6 )9>( 06

'>=0=( 56=) 6> 5026/

• T0/), ?/2/), >=)9)*

• T ); 2) )6/)26 7;2/ ?64) @0

0 ?694.

•

8:o I ?6/’0 23 6= / 76/.

o I’99


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EXPRESSIVES• 0 ); 8))) / 0020=4 06 6 2)

• T )00) 5=)4


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DECLARATIONS• 0 ); 90) 0 80/9 )00=) 6 56/42026/

6> / 6


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DIRECT AND

INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS• CLASSIFY SPEECH ACTS ACCORDING TO THEIR

BASIC STRUCTURE

DIRECT SPEECH ACTS

INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS

DIRECT SPEECH


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DIRECT SPEECH

ACTS• A DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE

FUNCTION OF A SPEECH ACT WITH ITSSTRUCTURAL FORM

• # TYPES OF DIRECT SPEECH ACTS

SPEECH ACT SENTENCE TYPE FUNCTION

ASSERTIONS DECLARATIVE CONVEY INFO

QUESTIONS INTERROGATIVE ELECIT INFO

ORDER AND REQUESTS IMPERATIVE GET OTHERS TO

BEHAVE IN CERTAIN

WAYS


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INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS

• NO DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A

STRUCTURE AND A FUNCTION

• AN UTTERANCE CONTAINING AN IFID FOR ONE

KIND OF ILLOCUTION BUT FUNTIONING AS

ANOTHER


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II. POLITENESS

WHAT IS


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WHAT IS

POLITENESS?• B6?/ /4 L32/)6/: 0252/0) 3

0/4/5 06 72/02/ 0 >5 6> 6/ /60

• Y=9: 7/) 7964 06 )6? ?/)) 6>

/60’) >5

THE NOTION OF


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THE NOTION OF

FACE• Y=9: >5’ 2) 0 =-27 00 36/

850) 60) 06 56/2J

• B6?/ /4 L32/)6/: >5’ 2) )6702/

76026/99 2/3)04, /4 00 5/


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THE NOTION OF

FACE• F5 56/)2)0) 6> 0?6 904 )50):

• N023 >5: 0 4)2 >6 >467 6> 5026/ /4

>467 >67 276)2026/

• P6)2023 >5: 0 4)2 >6 52026/ /4 639

5 ?/0)


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POLITENESSSTRATEGIES

• U)4 06 )3 0 ’) >5 6 3624 >5

00/2/ 50)

• 0) 6> 6920/)) )002) 'B6?/ /4 L32/)6/(

B94 O/ R564

N023 P6920/))

P6)2023 P6920/))

O-R564-2/4250


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BALD-ON RECORD• 46) /602/ 06 72/272J 00) 06 0 )

>5

• M20202/ 4325): ?6=94 6=9) %& )6>0/

0 47/4.

• C062J4 2/06 0?6 0) ' /6/-72/272J026/ 6> 0 >5 00

C)) 6> FTA-62/04


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BALD-ON RECORD• E":

• L/4 7 6= /

• I ?/0 06 =) 6= /.


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POLITENESSSTRATEGY

• 56/2J) ’) >5

• 4720) 00 S 2) 2/ )67 ? 276)2/ 6/

• 56/5/) ?20 42)0/5 /4 >67920C6=94 6= 9/4 7 /$

I’7 )6 06


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POLITENESSSTRATEGY

• )6?) S 56/2J 00 0 ) >5 062/49 /48))) 6= 526520

• E8: I) 20 O.K. 2> I =) 6/ 6> 6= /)$

H6? 6= /)$


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OFF-RECORD• S 02) /60 06 42509 276) 0

• 0 2/>) 0 2792504 7/2/ 2/ 02=00/5)

• S’) 2/0/026/ 720 0 7 / 0 67.

I0 )7) I’3 96)0 7 /.

H77, I ?6/4 ? I =0 7 /.


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THE CHOICE OF

STRATEGIES• 0 5625 2/3693) 0 0 >6996?2/ >506):

0 )6529 42)0/5,

0 9023 6?,

0 /;2/ 6> 276)2026/).


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SOCIAL DISTANCE• 0 9026/)2 )6529 42)0/5 %& 0 =) 6>

76 >679 9/=

E85=) 7 )2, 5/ 6= 892/ 02) 06 =)$

H, 099 7 ?0 02) 7/)


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POWER• 5 )6/ 2/ )6520 ) 42/0 /; 6>

6?

• T 76 6? / 2/42324=9 ), 0 76)50 00 )6/ 5/ / >67 0

)=6=/42/)

• 0 @3 0) 6> 6?: '55642/ 06 T67) !(:R?4 6?

C6523 6? L20270 6?

R>/0 6?

E80 6?

THE SIZE OF


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THE SIZE OFIMPOSITION

• 0 2760/5 6 4 6> 425=90 2/ 0

)20=026/

• T 2 0 )2J 6> 276)2026/ %& 0 76

6920 S 2) 8504 06


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III. PREVIOUS

RELATED STUDIES

PREVIOUS RELATED


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PREVIOUS RELATEDSTUDIES

• L5, B6?/ /4 L32/)6/: >76=) >6 02)0=42) 6/ 6920/))

• M/ )0=42) 904 06 6920/))


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PREVIOUS RELATEDSTUDIES

• I36/ B)63 '(, 8964 6920/)))002) 7964 06 56/3 5026/ 2/ 0?642/0 5=90=), A725/ /4 !/)

• L2= P/, L2/92/ C2, /4 "2/=/ T/ '1( 424

R)5 6/ C699 T5) P6920/))S002) 2/ EFL C9))667)

• N=/ M2 N T/ '1( 424 )5 06567 6920/)) )002) =)4


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CHAPTER 2:

METHODOLOGY


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TYPE OF RESEARCH• =/020023 /4 =920023 7064

o =920023 7064: 0 40 =00/5) 0;2/ 0

>67 6> ?64) /4 )/0/5)

o =/020023 7064: )/0)2J2/ 56/3)026/) /4

4072/2/ 0 >=/5 6> 6920/)) )002)

SOURCE OF DATA AND


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SOURCE OF DATA AND

DATA COLLECTION• SOURCE: 0 0/)52026/ 6> 56/3)026/)

2/ 2/ 92)0/2/ )5026/ 2/ 0 0


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DATA ANALYSIS• T >6996?2/ )0) 56/4=504 06 872/ 0

40:

• C9))2> =00/5) >67 0 56/3)026/) 2/ 0 29965=026/ 50)

• D)52=/5 6> 6920/)) )002)66)4 29965=026/ 50).

• D? 56/59=)26/): ?25 ;2/4 6> 6920/))

)002) 2) 0 76)0 6>0/ =)4 2/ 5 ;2/4 6>)5 50) /4 2/ 0609

NO ILLOCUTIONARYACT TYPESOFPOLITENESSSTRATEGIES


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NO. ILLOCUTIONARY ACT TYPES OF POLITENESS STRATEGIES

B O P N

1 REPRESENTATIVES

1

2

2 DIRECTIVES

1

23 COMMISISVES

1

2

4 EXPRESSIVES

1

2

5 DECLARATIVES

1


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CHAPTER 3:

FINDINGS

+, , ,


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*)+,!&! #/!0,! ,&#!*#!!&/,1!

No.Types of PT Number Percentage

1 Bald-on record 40 32.26%

2 Positive 45 36.29%3 Negative 39 31.45%

4 Off-record 0 0

Total: 124 100%

*)+,!&! #/!0,!


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*)+,!&! #/!0,!,& ,#!',1!

No.Types of PT Number Percentage


2 Positive 67 40.12%

3 Negative 30 17.97%

4 Off-record 6 3.59%

Total 167 100%

*)+,!&! #/!0,! ,&


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*)+,!&! #/!0,! ,&!*#!,1!

No. Types of PT Number Percent


2 Positive 12 46.15%

3 Negative 8 30.77%

4 Off-record 0 0%Total: 26 100%

*)+,!&! #/!0,! ,&


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*)+,!&! #/!0,! ,&')44,,1!

No.Types of politeness strategies Number Percent

1 Bald-on record strategy 3 13.64%

2 Positive politeness strategy 15 68.18%

3 Negative politeness strategy 4 18.18%

4 Off-record strategy 0 0%

Total: 22 100%

*)+,!&! #/!0,! ,&


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*)+,!&! #/!0,! ,&!'+/#/,1!

• /6 459023 )5 50) >6=/4

)" *)+,!&!


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)" *)+,!&!#/!0,!

No. Types of PT Number Percentage

1 Bald-on record strategy 113 33.34%

2 Positive politeness 139 41%

3 Negative politeness 81 23.89%

4 Off-record strategy 6 1.77%

Total 339 100%


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PART 3:

CONCLUSION


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SUMMARY • IN THIS PAPER, THE AUTHOR AIMS AT

o D2)5632/ ?0 0) 6> 6920/)) )002) 924 2/ /9 /4 2/ 502/ 0) 6> )5 50) 2/56/3)026/) 2/ 92)0/2/ )5026/ 6> 0 0 )002)

• MAIN FINDINGS:o A99 6920/)) )002) 2/ B6?/ /4 L32/)6/’) 7649

=)4 76/ 07 6)2023 6920/)) )00 2) 0

76)0 4672//0.o I/ 425023), S;) =) 99 0) 6> )002).

H6?3, 2/ )/0023), 8))23) /456772))23), 6-564 )00 2) /60 896204.


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SUMMARY • IMPLICATIONS:

o =2 )0=4/0) ?20 / =/4)0/42/ 6> 56))-5=90=9

5677=/25026/ /4 0 69 6> 6920/)) )002)

o 052/ 9/= )6=94 =/5026/) 0 0/ >65=) 066 7=5 6/

)0=50=


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LIMITATIONS• 02) )0=4 >65=)) 6/9 6/ 2/3)0202/ 0 6920/))

)002) 66)4


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S%00!,)& ")# "%#!#

%,!• A/9)2)


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T'A"3 )!( &!

)!(#IST$"I"0

An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations

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