18/05/22 1 Anna Mavroudi
An introduction to ontologies
Dec 08, 2014
this is a presenation about ontologies and their relationship with requirements engineering
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10/04/231Anna Mavroudi
quando sarò grande voglio diven
tare una brava attrice
???
quand je serai grand je
vais devenir une bonne
actrice
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What if they knew English??
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Same language, but different words for the same thing
“The printer near me” What does “near” means to “me”?
“X is at the bank” › river bank?› financial institution?(paradigm taken by ‘Cyc 101 Tutorial’, OpenCyc.org)
“Y is running”› Changing location?› Operating?(paradigm taken by ‘Cyc 101 Tutorial’, OpenCyc.org)
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…accessing heterogeneous data and information sources
.. input in natural language and output in machine-readable language
…increasing interoperability between systems
…clearly defined semantics
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Semantic Web – Web 3.0 Taxonomies Folksonomies Thesauri Controlled vocabularies Metadata
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Philosophy: the study of being (Plato, 400BC approx; Aristotle, 350 BC approx.)
Computer science: a formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualisation (Gruber, 1993)
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Languages› Representation
Web Ontology Language (OWL) Resource Description Framework (RDF) Rule Interchange Format (RIF) CycL
› Markup eXtensible Markup Language (XML)
› Querying ARQL SPAQL
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Protege: ontology editor & knowledge-base framework › Languages: RDF, OWL, XML schema› http://protege.stanford.edu/
OpenCyc : the open source version of the Cyc Knowledge Base› Language: CycL› http://www.opencyc.org
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Classes, sub-classes Properties (attributes) Individuals (instances)
In order to model the domain knowledge
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Figure taken by protégé OWL tutorial
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Figures taken by protégé OWL tutorial
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An ontology explains: What the domain concepts are How they are related Why they are related
ReasoningInference
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…are continuously evolving and might be complex & conflicting
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…need to be well-documented
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Requirements descriptions should be:
ConsistentStructurally complete
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Treceability Readability while maintaining Consistency
in requirements specification
Ontologies provide a mechanism of automated support of propagation of changes
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specification change management Specification Traceability Conflicts Impact analysis
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World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)http://www.w3.org/
Semantic Webhttp://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/
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The ‘Amigo ICCS’ ontology, part of ‘Service Description Vocabulary Ontologies’, Amigo projecthttps://gforge.inria.fr/frs/?group_id=160
The ‘DP-1.29’ ontology, Nokiahttp://sw.nokia.com/schemas/nokia/DP-1.29.owl
The ‘Travel’, ontology, Protégé Ontology libraryhttp://protege.cim3.net/file/pub/ontologies/travel/travel.owl
The ‘ExecutionRequirements’ ontologyhttp://www.isi.edu/ikcap/Wingse/executionRequirements.owl
The ‘Requirements’ ontology, part of the ‘Engineering Ontologies’http://protegewiki.stanford.edu/wiki/Engineering_ontologies
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All comics are taken by Dilbert, http://www.dilbert.com/
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