ME 2105 Introduction to Material Science (for Engineers) Dr. Richard R. Lindeke, Ph.D. B Met. Eng. University of Minnesota, 1970 Master’s Studies, Met Eng. Colorado School of Mines, 1978-79 (Electro-Slag Welding of Heavy Section 2¼ Cr 1 Mo Steels) Ph.D., Ind. Eng. Penn State University, 1987 (Foundry
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ME 2105 Introduction to Material Science (for Engineers)
Dr. Richard R. Lindeke, Ph.D. B Met. Eng. University of Minnesota, 1970 Master’s Studies, Met Eng. Colorado School of Mines, 1978-79 (Electro-Slag Welding of Heavy Section 2¼ Cr 1 Mo Steels) Ph.D., Ind. Eng. Penn State University, 1987 (Foundry Engineering – CG Alloy Development)
Syllabus and Website:
Review the Syllabus Attendance is your job – come to class! Final is Common Time Thursday, Friday or Sat (Dec 17,
18 or 19) Semi-Pop Quizzes and homework/Chapter Reviews (Ch
14) – (20% of your grade!) – note, homework is suggested to prepare for quizzes and exams!
Don’t copy from others; don’t plagiarize – its just the right thing to do!!
Looking At CG Iron Alloy Development (Processing):
Looking At CG Iron Alloy Development (Processing):
CG Structure – but with great care!
Good Structure 45KSI YS; 55KSI UTS
Poor “Too Little”
Poor “Too Much”
Looking At CG Iron Alloy Development (Structures)
Looking At CG Iron Alloy Development (Results)
Our Text:
Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers
By James F. Shackelford
Seventh Edition, Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2009.
Doing Materials! Engineered Materials are a function of:
Raw Materials Elemental Control Processing History
Our Role in Engineering Materials then is to understand the application and specify the appropriate material to do the job as a function of:
Strength: yield and ultimate Ductility, flexibility Weight/density Working Environment Cost: Lifecycle expenses, Environmental impact** Economic and Environmental Factors often are
the most important when making the final decision!
Introduction
List the Major Types of MATERIALS That You Know: METALS CERAMICS/Glasses POLYMERS COMPOSITES ADVANCED MATERIALS( Nano-
materials, electronic materials)
Introduction, cont. Metals
Steel, Cast Iron, Aluminum, Copper, Titanium, many others
Ceramics Glass, Concrete,
Brick, Alumina, Zirconia, SiN, SiC
Polymers Plastics, Wood,
Cotton (rayon, nylon), “glue”
Composites Glass Fiber-
reinforced polymers, Carbon Fiber-reinforced polymers, Metal Matrix Composites, etc.
Structural Steel in Use: The Golden Gate Bridge
Periodic Table of Elements: The Metals
Structural Ceramics
Periodic table ceramic compounds are a combination of one or more metallic elements (in light color) with one or more nonmetallic elements (in dark color).
Glasses: atomic-scale structure of (a) a ceramic (crystalline) and (b) a glass (noncrystalline)
Optical Properties of Ceramic are controlled by “Grain Structure”
Grain Structure is a function of “Solidification” processing!
Polymers are typically inexpensive and are characterized by ease of formation and adequate structural properties
Periodic table with the elements associated with commercial polymers in color
Composite Materials – oh so many combinations
Fiber Glass Composite:
Thoughts about these “fundamental” Materials
Metals: Strong, ductile high thermal & electrical conductivity opaque, reflective.
Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory) – compounds of metallic & non-metallic elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)
• Thermal Conductivity of Copper: --It decreases when you add zinc!
Adapted fromFig. 19.4W, Callister 6e. (Courtesy of Lockheed Aerospace Ceramics Systems, Sunnyvale, CA)(Note: "W" denotes fig. is on CD-ROM.)
Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister 7e.(Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker, (Managing Editor), American Society for Metals, 1979, p. 315.)
Composition (wt% Zinc)
The
rmal
Con
duct
ivity
(W
/m-K
)
400
300
200
100
00 10 20 30 40
100 m
MAGNETIC Properties
• Magnetic Permeability vs. Composition: --Adding 3 atomic % Si makes Fe a
better recording medium!
Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, andA.S. Tetelman, The Principles ofEngineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9,1973. Electronically reproducedby permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Fig. 20.23, Callister 7e.(Fig. 20.23 is from J.U. Lemke, MRS Bulletin,Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 31, 1990.)
• Magnetic Storage: --Recording medium is magnetized by recording head.
Magnetic FieldM
ag
net
iza
tion Fe+3%Si
Fe
DETERIORATIVE Properties
• Stress & Saltwater... --causes cracks!
Adapted from chapter-opening photograph, Chapter 17, Callister 7e.(from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.)
4 m--material: 7150-T651 Al "alloy" (Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)Adapted from Fig. 11.26,Callister 7e. (Fig. 11.26 provided courtesy of G.H.Narayanan and A.G. Miller, Boeing CommercialAirplane Company.)
• Heat treatment: slows crack speed in salt water!
Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505, John Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source: Markus O. Speidel, Brown Boveri Co.)
“held at 160ºC for 1 hr before testing”
increasing loadcra
ck s
pe
ed
(m
/s)
“as-is”
10-10
10-8
Alloy 7178 tested in saturated aqueous NaCl solution at 23ºC
Example of Materials Engineering Work – Hip Implant
With age or certain illnesses joints deteriorate. Particularly those with large loads (such as hip).
Adapted from Fig. 22.25, Callister 7e.
Example – Hip Implant Requirements
mechanical strength (many cycles)
good lubricity biocompatibility
Adapted from Fig. 22.24, Callister 7e.
Example – Hip Implant
Adapted from Fig. 22.24, Callister 7e.
Solution – Hip Implant Key Problems to
overcome: fixation agent to hold
acetabular cup cup lubrication
material femoral stem – fixing
agent (“glue”) must avoid any debris
in cup Must hold up in body
chemistry Must be strong yet
flexible
AcetabularCup and
Liner
Ball
Femoral Stem
• Using the right material for the job.one that is most economical and
“Greenest” when life cycle usage is considered
• Understanding the relation between properties, structure, and processing.
• Recognizing new design opportunities offered by materials selection.
Course Goal is to make you aware of the importance of Material Selection by: