An Introduction to Human Anatomy Chapter 1. Definitions –Anatomy the study of the names of the structures in the human body –Physiology the study of the.

An Introduction to Human Anatomy

Chapter 1

Definitions – Anatomy

• the study of the names of the structures in the human body

– Physiology

• the study of the functions of body parts

Variation in Human Structure

• Anatomy books can only teach you the most common structure – No 2 humans are

exactly alike

• Examples– Some people

completely lack certain organs

– Most have 2 kidneys– Situs inversus

http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situs_inversus

Fields in Anatomy

• Microscopic anatomy

• Gross anatomy

• Radiologic anatomy

• Regional anatomy

• Systemic anatomy

Chemical Level

• Atom– Smallest unit of a

specific substance

Chemical Level

• Molecule– 2 or more atoms

bonded together– Can be extremely

complex

Chemical Organization

• Four of the most widely distributed elements on earth are:– Oxygen– Carbon– Hydrogen– Nitrogen

• Inorganic compounds

• Organic compounds

Molecular Level - Categories of Organic Compounds

• Four categories form the basis of living matter– Carbohydrates – Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic acids

Molecular Level - Carbohydrates

• Contain C, H, O

• Function: structural building blocks, source of energy

• Sugars and starches

Human Anatomy, 3rd editionPrentice Hall, © 2001

Structure of Carbohydrates

Molecular Level - Lipids

• Contain C, H, O

• Function: food storage, structural component, source of energy

• Fats and oils

Molecular Level - Proteins• Contain C, H, O, N• Function: food source,

structural component, enzymes, etc.

• Structure: chains of amino acids• Sequence of amino

acids determines protein’s shape

• Shape determines how functional a protein is

• Basis of Lifehttp://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2003/02/18_table.shtml


Molecular Level - Nucleic Acids

• Contain C, H, O, N, P• Function: energy

carriers – ATP

• Function: genetic systems– DNA, RNA

• Determine what proteins are made

• Structure: nucleotides bonded together to form long chains


Base Pairs• Nitrogen bases of the

nucleotides occur in pairs– Hold the 2 strands of DNA

together

• 4 nitrogen bases in DNA– Adenine, guanine,

cytosine, thymine– Bonding is specific

• A – T• T – A• C – G• G – C

– Sequence determines the order of amino acids in a protein


Protein Synthesis - Transcription• DNA separates• Each chain links itself to

RNA nitrogen bases (Transcription)

• 4 nitrogen bases in RNA– Adenine, guanine,

cytosine, uracil– Bonding is specific

• A – U• U – A• C – G• G – C

– Forms a single strand of RNA

• Mutations may occur


Protein Synthesis - Translation

• RNA moves out into cytoplasm– Binds to a

ribosome– Binds to specific

amino acids

• Amino acids bond together– Form a protein


Summary of Replication, Transcription, Translation

Levels of Organization

Organization of Molecules, Etc.

• Molecules are organized into cells – Basic unit of a living organism

• Cells are grouped together into tissues– Groups of cells having the same function

• Organs are groups of different tissues– Special functions

• Organs are grouped into organ systems – Groups of organs working together

Early Anatomists

• Aristotle – One of the earliest to write about anatomy

• Claudius Galen– Medical textbook was the basis for teaching for

1500 years

The Birth of Modern Anatomy

• Andreus Vesalius

– Pioneer of modern anatomy– Published the first atlas of anatomy

• De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body)

The Discovery of Microscopic Anatomy

• Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723)– Invented a microscope capable of visualizing

single cells

• Robert Hooke (1635 – 1703)– Developed the first practical compound

microscope – Observed “cells”

• Microscopes were improved in the 19th century– Matthias Schleiden (botanist) and Theodor

Schwann (zoologist) - cell theory

The Nature of Human Life – What is Life?– Organization– Cellular composition– Biochemical unity– Metabolism– Excitability– Homeostasis– Growth– Development– Reproduction– Evolution

The Nature of Human Life – What Is a Human?

• Primate characteristics– 4 upper and lower

incisors– A pair of clavicles– Only 2 mammary

glands– Forward-facing eyes

with stereoscopic vision – Flat nails– Opposable thumbs

The Nature of Human Life – What is a Human?

• Hominid Characteristics– Large brains– Complex speech– Tool making– Bipedalism

http://enrollment.rochester.edu/admissions/academics/medicine.shtm

Survey of the Human Body


Integumentary System


Skeletal System


Muscular System


Nervous System


Endocrine System


Cardiovascular System


Lymphatic System


Respiratory System


Digestive System


Urinary System


Male Reproductive System


Female Reproductive System

The Language of Anatomy

Descriptive Terms Used in Superficial Anatomy


Anatomical Position

• Standing

• Facing forward

• Palms forward

Anatomical regions• Cephalic • Cervical• Thoracic• Abdominal• Inguinal• Lumbar • Brachial• Femoral• Abdominopelvic areas

– 2 methods


Abdominopelvic Quadrants


Abdominopelvic Regions


Directional Terms


Sections and Planes


Body Cavities• Body is divided into

cavities that contain organs

• Body cavities have membranes that line the cavity themselves as well as cover the organs.– Visceral and

parietal – The space between

the two is filled with fluid.


Body Cavities

Body Cavity Linings

• Pericardial cavity– Pericardium– Pericardial fluid

• Pleural cavity– Pleura– Pleural fluid

• Abdominopelvic cavity– Peritoneum– Peritoneal fluid

An Introduction to Human Anatomy Chapter 1. Definitions –Anatomy the study of the names of the structures in the human body –Physiology the study of the.

Documents

protein slide

translation slide

complex slide

human anatomy chapter

definitions anatomy

specific substance slide

levels of organization

human structure anatomy