An Introduction to Health and An Introduction to Health and Physical Education Physical Education Ted Temertzoglou Ted Temertzoglou Paul Challen Paul Challen ISBN 1-55077-132-9 ISBN 1-55077-132-9 Exercise Science Exercise Science Section 2: Section 2: The Skeletal System The Skeletal System
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An Introduction to Health and Physical Education Ted Temertzoglou Paul Challen ISBN 1-55077-132-9 Exercise Science Section 2: The Skeletal System.
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An Introduction to Health and Physical EducationAn Introduction to Health and Physical EducationTed TemertzoglouTed Temertzoglou Paul Challen Paul Challen
ISBN 1-55077-132-9ISBN 1-55077-132-9
Exercise ScienceExercise ScienceSection 2: Section 2: The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System
Learning Objectives for Chapter 2
• The differences between the human male and female skeletons• The role and functions of the skeleton in the human body• The human skeleton’s basic structure and composition• The five types of human bones• The names and locations of the body’s key bones and bone structures• The concepts of bone landmarks and insertions, and key landmark/insertion sites throughout
the body• The process of ossification and bone formation• The process of bone remodelling• Epiphyseal or growth plates of bones• Bone fractures and their three main categories• How bones heal• Bone disease, stress fractures, and the effects of aging on bone
Musculoskeletal System• Composed of 3 distinct yet
interdependent components; bones, joints, muscles
• Each have own contribution- the interaction of these systems allow human movement
• Bones form a rigid skeletal framework with numerous joints that can be moved as a result of the forces produced by the attaching muscles
• As the muscles pull against the bones, the bones act as levers.
The Skeleton- ‘skeletal’- greek for skeletos= ‘dried up,’ truth it only appears this way as they are actually composed of living tissue- fat, bone cells and blood vessels and nerves- non-living material- water and minerals
-made up of bones
- 300 at birth 206 by adulthood. WHY?
-some fuse over time as growth takes place (ex. Plates in the skull and lower parts of the vertebral column)
The main functions of the skeletal system are:
Structural support -support for muscles and skin
Protection -protects the sensitive/delicate parts of organs(brain, heart, lungs,etc)
Growth centre for cells -red blood cells and platelets
Reservoir for minerals -stores calcium and phosphorus
Movement - Muscles attach to bones by tendons. Muscles contract and move bones to facilitate movement
Shape Example Skeleton-purpose
Long Femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna, metatarsals, metacarpals, phalanges
- Proximal and distal enlargements
- appendicular
Short Carpals, tarsals (bones of the wrist and ankle)
- Serve as good shock absorbers
- Appendicular
Flat ScapulaClavicalRibs, sternumFrontal, parietal, occipital, mandible- Bones of skull and scapula
Sesamoid Patella -Shaped like a pea and found wrapped in tendons- glide over surfaces-appendicular
Irregular Facial bones of skull, vertebraePelvis
- Axial- Appendicular
Bone Shape Cont…
• Workbook Exercise 2.4-pg.22 Using page 11 in your text, label each one of these bones, and provide a short description
Long bone
-found in arms and legs
Short bones
-commonly found in wrists & ankles
-serve as shock absorbers
Flat bones
-flat and thin
-protect vital organs
Irregular bones
- “odd-looking” bones not otherwise classified
Sesamoid bones
-small, flat and wrapped in tendons
-glide over body surfaces
Axial Skeleton: comprised mainly of the vertebral column (spine), much of the skull, and the rib cage. -most of the body’s muscles originate from the axial skeleton, since it is medially located with respect to the appendicular skeleton. -Most muscles anchor or originate here and insert on the appendicular skeleton.-muscles which attach here are referred to as “core muscles” as they are centrally located and provide the body with stability and support.
Appendicular Skeleton: Includes movable limbs and supporting structures (girdles) -Plays a key role in allowing us to move-upper limbs attached to pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) lower limbs attached to the pelvic girdle (hip girdle)
About Bone …About Bone …
Bone is very strong for its light weight Major components- calcium carbonate, calcium
phosphate, collagen, zinc, magnesium, fluorine, iron, chlorine and water
Calcium Compounds- make up approx. 60-70% of bone weight- provide much of bones stiffness and resistance to pressing or squeezing forces.
Collagen(protein)- gives bone its flexibility, and contributes to its ability to resist pulling and stretching forces Bones of children are significantly more pliable than those of
adults With aging, collagen is lost progressively and bone becomes
more brittle Human body consists of 60% of water, bone only contains
approx. 20% (20-25%) total bone weight Resists compression and tension Bound by joints (through ligaments) Muscles attach to bone (through tendons) to produce
movement
Anatomy of a Long BoneAnatomy of a Long Bone Complete Workbook Exercise 2.3 on Pg.21
Cartilage
Compact bone
Periosteum
Cancellous bone
Medullary cavity
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Anatomy of a Long BoneAnatomy of a Long Bone
Cartilage
Compact bone
Periosteum
Cancellous bone
Medullary cavity
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Workbook Exercise 2.2
• Write the definitions of the seven terms from the above diagram in the chart on Pg.19
Anatomy of a Long Bone• Articulating Cartilage – allows smooth movement (articulation) within joints while
protecting the ends of the bones-no blood supply or nerve endings• Periosteum – outer connective tissue of bone(covers entire length of bone), does not connect
to articulating cartilage, periosteum fibres and those of ligaments and tendons unite to connect bone to bone or muscle to muscle.
• Medullary(marrow)Cavity – inside the diaphysis(shaft) of the bone and filled with red(blood-cell formation) and yellow(adipose-fat) bone marrow
• Compact Bone/Cortical Bone – 5-10% porous(low), VERY strong and stiff,- less flexible and can resist greater stress- responsible for structural integrity of the bone.
• Epiphysis – ends of the bone- outer surface made up of compact bone, and the part that articulates with another bones is covered with cartilage.
• Diaphysis – thickest part of the bone, the shaft• Cancellous/Spongy Bone/trabecular – very porous (50-90%)there fore how it gets
its spongy name- NOT dense- very weak and not stiff- found at ends of long bones and areas where shock absorption and a better ability to change shape are important i.e. vertebrae
• Mineral storage, red blood cell regeneration• Interior core- contains network of bony plates and rods (trabeculae) that results in
a lattice look- mesh with blood vessels and the bone marrow• Cortex- exterior layer of bones- dense and smooth- varying thickness depending on
type of bone.
• What bones strengthen with exercise?
Skeleton
Complete and study the following handouts!
Human Human SkeletonSkeleton
Anterior Anterior viewview
Human Human SkeletonSkeleton
Posterior Posterior viewview
Bone Landmarks
• Workbook Exercise 2.5 (Pg.25-35)– Using your textbook (Pg.16-28) start familiarizing
yourself with the major bone landmarks and muscle origins and insertions associated with these landmarks
Cont’d…
Bone Landmarks (Cont’d)
• Workbook Exercise 2.7– Colour code the important landmarks– Pay attention to the names of the landmarks ex
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Composed of 36 bones.-7 cervical (neck) vertebrae- first two named atlas (C1) and the axis (C2)-12 Thoracic (chest) vertebrae-5 Lumbar (lower back) vertebrae-1 Sacrum- (midline region of buttocks) made up of 5 fused vertebrae-1 coccyx (tail bone) made up of 4-5 fused vertebrae
Vertebral Column• Arranged in cylindrical column
interspersed with fibrocartilaginous (intervertebral) discs
• Forms a strong and flexible support for the neck and trunk
• Point of attachment for back muscles• Protects the spinal cord and nerves, but
also provides support for the body and the ability to keep the body erect.
• Intervertebral discs- absorb shock when the load increases- allowing the vertebrae to move without causing damage to other vertebrae or the spinal cord.
First thoracic vertebra-12 pairs of ribs- made up of bone and cartilage thus giving strength to the chest cage and permit it to expand-Upper 7- true ribs (attaching to both the vertebrae and the sternum)-8-20- 3 pairs are false ribs- (attaching to the sternum indirectly)-11-12= floating ribs- only attach to the vertebrae column-All 12 ribs articulate with the 12 thoracic vertebrae, posteriorly
protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise
Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education
(Temertzoglou/Challen) is the
Bone Fractures::
• Problems with the skeletal system can be associated with many factors; nutrition, infection, physical accidents.
• Young children have weaker bones since calcification is still incomplete, older people have weaker bones because of the loss of calcium associated with aging.
• Fractures are bone “breaks,” and are normally divided into two types:
1. Simple Fractures there is no separation of the bone into parts, but a break or crack is detectable “hairline/greenstick fracture”- bone is not exposed to the air through the skin.
2. Compound Fractures Occurs when the bone breaks into separate pieces. Bones is exposed to the air through the skin. Result of a major blow.
• If bone breaks through the skin there is usually more serious complications i.e. muscle and ligament damage
3. Comminuted Fracture Occurs when the broken ends of the bone have been shattered into many pieces.
Bone Fractures:
SYMPTOMS
• sharp pain and tenderness when palpated
• swelling and discolouration
• grinding sound on movement
• inability to use
HEALING OF BONES
•bones heal using the same process as remodeling
•if dealt with correctly, the process will go smoothly
•result may be an even stronger bone
-video- Bob and Claude
Types of FracturesTypes of Fractures
Compound fracture•Bone breaks into separate pieces
Comminuted fracture•Bone shatters into many pieces
Effects of Aging – Skeletal SystemEffects of Aging – Skeletal System
Remodelling declines from fourth decade onward Process of bone remodelling reverses – resorption occurs Results in a 5–10% loss in bone mass per subsequent decade Affects overall calcium levels in the body
Osteoporosis (low bone mass and deterioration of the bone tissue) may result from resorption Leads to bone fragility Increased susceptibility to bone fractures
Preventative measures include: Balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, and a healthy lifestyle Weight-bearing exercises Bone density testing and medication when appropriate