An Introduction to Chemical -Free Mold Remediation...mold removal. Most problem buildings have mold in the AC and ducting. Identifying and correcting mold problems in the AC and ducting

11

An Introduction to ChemicalAn Introduction to Chemical--Free Free Mold RemediationMold Remediation

(Duration: 5 hours)(Duration: 5 hours)

U.S. Green Building CouncilProfessional Development Course: EPP002-003

Copyright© 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. www.Mold-Free.org

Copyright© 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. www.Mold-Free.org Page 2

This free onThis free on--line course has been developed for the line course has been developed for the U.S. Green Building Council Education Provider U.S. Green Building Council Education Provider

Program as a public service by:Program as a public service by:Gary Rosen, Ph.D., LEEDGary Rosen, Ph.D., LEED®® AP & AP &

Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Course is hosted at: Course is hosted at: www.Greenwww.Green--Buildings.orgBuildings.org

There are no prerequisites for the course.There are no prerequisites for the course.

ChemicalChemical--Free Mold RemediationFree Mold Remediation


Almost 1 in 3 children and a significant number of adults suffer from asthma, respiratory allergies and/or chemical sensitivities. These populations are all mold sensitive.Mold toxin, allergen, and irritant levels that affect sensitive individuals may be as low as 1-2% the levels that affect the general population.With many children and adults spending up to 90% of their time inside, we must rethink the idea of how clean the work site has been left after mold removal and clean-up (mold remediation.)

Schematic of AC duct system. Hidden mold contamination in the AC or duct system can be a major source of irritation.



Is the work site, after the mold removal, clean enough for mold sensitive children? Clean enough for chemically sensitive or immune compromised adults?Has the mold contamination spread to the AC and duct system?What about residual chemicals called biocidesleft by the remediation process?

Mold behind bathroom vanity. Remove & replace with new drywall.



Spraying or fogging biocide chemicals to keep on killing … is that what we want in our home, office or schools?Are you concerned about these issues which may impact the health and well being of occupants in buildings under your charge? If so … this course is for you.

Mold resistant (in this case blue colored) drywall used in wet areas can keep mold from returning. Mold resistant drywall is safe. Spraying with biocides is not.



Course AudienceCourse Audience

Facility managers for schools and office buildings. Builder staff.Insurance adjusters.Home owners.

Checking inside AC supply plenum for hidden mold


Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

How indoor mold growth can affect occupant health.The important relationship between a clean AC and duct system to good indoor air quality.The limits of mold sampling/ testing for doing a post-remediation assessment.Alternatives to sampling for post-remediation verification.Remediation procedures should minimize/ avoid toxic dust creation.

Example of mold resistant drywall.


Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Understand how minimizing construction dusts simplifies post remediation job site assessment.How proper cleaning includes all contaminants ... not just mold.That specialty chemical cleaners used in mold removal can leave residues and should not be used. Non-toxic cleaners approved for household use are all that are needed.And finally, there are times when hidden mold may not be a problem.

Defect in AC ducting insulation that led to contaminated ductwork.


Course OutlineCourse Outline

1. Indoor mold growth and its impact on health.

2. Verifying the quality of mold remediation work.

3. Hidden mold? Does it make sense to remove allhidden mold?

4. Good remediation practices that do not use harmful chemicals and avoid toxic/ allergenic dust creation … making post-remediation testing easy.

Water stain. Evidence of earlier flood.


When Knowledge is ApplicableWhen Knowledge is Applicable

The typical “professional” mold assessor has only 8 hours of formal training. REALLY!Their training is focused only on initial assessment of mold. Generally they have ZERO formal training on assessing remediation work… commonly called post remediation verification (PRV).

A rebuild using blue colored mold resistant drywall behind wet areas. Using mold resistant drywall can help keep mold from returning.



The typical “professional” mold remediator has only 3 days of formal training.Training is usually sponsored by chemical companies and there is little to no focus on green/ chemical free approaches to mold removal.Most problem buildings have mold in the AC and ducting. Identifying and correcting mold problems in the AC and ducting are either not covered or the focus of training is to spray chemicals that keep on killing into duct work.

Checking AC closet wall cavity under air handler for mold problems after a drain line overflow.



Because mold profes-sionals are generally NOT well trained and with few exception not trained at all in green techniques… this course is applicable to all size and types of mold remediation projectsregardless of whether you have professional help or not.

Inspecting for mold under air handler in office where people are complaining they are sick from mold.


LimitationsLimitationsThis is not rocket science. You have mold … you carefully remove it without creating large amounts of construction dusts and without using dangerous chemicals. When you know it is gone … you are done.Post Remediation Verification (PRV) means that you know (have verified) the mold is gone and the areas have not been left contaminated.Mold professionals attempt to define PRV as extensive air sampling but this does not have to be the case.

This course will introduce you to green mold remediation techniques and help you judge remediation effectiveness but is not meant to replace a trained,

qualified professional. Remediation jobs that are complex, should be under the control of a professional mold consultant and should include air sampling.

Occupant and worker safety always come first… regardless of the expense.


LimitationsLimitations

An Introduction to Chemical-Free Mold Remediation for Builders & Facility Managers does not provide the knowledge base to do

your own mold remediation work. It is an “introduction” to green mold remediation.

For those that wish to perform mold remediation work, we recommend our Certification Course which is a follow on to the

current Introduction to Chemical-Free Mold Remediation

Please see:

Chemical-Free Mold Remediation for Builders & Facility Manager Certification Program @

www.Green-Buildings.org


Mold & Health


Why Study Health Effects of Mold?Why Study Health Effects of Mold?

Q. What does studying the health effects of mold have to do with remediation work?A. After remediation, one very important test or assessment of work quality is how people feel upon re-occupancy.

Clean fiberglass lined ducting.


Post Remediation OccupancyPost Remediation Occupancy

Many if not most mold sensitive occupants or chemically sensitive occupants become more ill after mold remediation work.This is because the job site is often left contaminated … not only with microbial contaminants but also with biocide contaminants (poisons) used in the mold remediation work.



We study the health effects of mold to understand if the job site after remediation …– Is still causing mold

related health problems.

– Is ready for re-occupancy of the most sensitive individuals.

Mold growth in linen closet due to leaking AC coolant line in the adjacent closet. Hidden mold inside walls was much more extensive than visible mold.



Similarly, we study the health effects of mold to understand how mold growth could be affecting occupant health … before remediation.– Identifying if there is a

mold problem. – Defining how serious

the problem is.So that we may figure out what to do to take care of the problem.

Wall dry out equipment to avoid mold growth after a flood.


SensitizationSensitization

When there is a mold problem and people are exposed to higher levels of indoor mold … some people become sensitized to mold.Even if you bring the levels back down to where they were before the mold problem … occupants may still complain of ailments.This can be real and not hypochondria.What are these ailments?

Dehumidifier being installed after a leak to avoid a mold problem.


Ailments from Mold Ailments from Mold …… DiverseDiverse

Ailments from mold and mold remediation work can be diverse including neurological problems, respiratory problems and other:– Headaches, – Short term memory loss, – Asthma like symptoms, – Sinus problems,– Skin rashes, – Stomach aches – Chemical sensitivity– Organ transplant

complications– Others

Poorly sealed air handler. Mold outside. Mold inside.


Most Common Routes of ExposureMost Common Routes of Exposure

InhalationSkinIngestion (less common)

Dirty, poor quality air filter. Often found in homes of people sick from mold illness.


Published by the Surgeon GeneralPublished by the Surgeon General

Neurological problems are problems that affect the brain.In our book Environmentally Friendly Mold Remediation Techniques Chapter 2 we review recently declassified U.S. Army research published by the US Surgeon General revealing that mold neurotoxins have been used in bio-warfare.The US Army research includes early studies on human subjects showing that neurological disorders from exposure to bio-warfare agents made from mold toxins correlate with common neurological disorders we see in mold-sensitive people occupying Sick Buildings.


Neurological DisordersNeurological Disorders

The majority of the medical establishment as well as many builders and insurance providers reject claims that elevated indoor mold results in any neurological problems.However virtually everyone in the mold business knows that headaches are one of the most common ailments found in people working or living in buildings sick from mold contamination.Headaches are neurological by definition.

Water leaking into wall under improperly installed window resulting in heavy mold inside insulated wall.


Neurological DisordersNeurological Disorders

Other neurological problems are often found particularly in children occupying sick buildings, including both schools and homes, include:– Behavioral and sleep

disorders; – Light sensitivity; and

especially – Inability to concentrate

and lack of short term memory.

When insulation in a wall gets wet, you always get mold growth because the wall is very slow to dry out.


Headaches and such Headaches and such ……

Understand that while we all know that smoking causes cancer, this also was never actually “scientifically proven”. The health problems from smoking became established fact on the basis of years of clinical evidence by leading medical doctors. Not due to scientific (which means laboratory) proof.So our best advice is to consider the possibility of mold if people complain about headaches (or other neurological problems) when they occupy indoor spaces that are or have been water damaged.

Notice how different this mold looks compared to the previous page. Mold varies enormously from species to species and so do the toxins and allergens they produce.


Headaches and such Headaches and such ……

Scientific studies that provemold causes these neurological problems are lacking. There are not many moms and dads that volunteer their children for the neurotoxin studies.However, toxin binding therapy is often very successful at reducing or even eliminating many childhood and adult neurological disorders from mold toxins.We feel that if you can cure the problem with toxin binders … that goes a long way to proving the problems originated from mold toxins.

Electron micrograph of mold. There are many kinds of indoor mold with hundreds of toxins and irritants.


Toxin Binding TreatmentsToxin Binding Treatments

Mold remediation contractors often take the prescription drug Cholestyramine(Questran) to help eliminate mold toxins from the body.It is an FDA approved treatment for lowering cholesterol but just so happens to bind very well to mold toxins which are then eliminated from the body via bowl movements.For more information … http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholestyramine

Note: Drug treatments for mold related problems do not work if the individual remains in a mold

contaminated location.

Cholestyramine chemical structure


Respiratory ProblemsRespiratory Problems

Respiratory symptoms from mold exposure are the most common problem from mold exposure.The US EPA has performed extensive research into mold, water damage and child respiratory health.

Dirt and mold inside old air handler.



The latest government (US EPA) research shows mold problems cause childhood asthma and that proper remediation can reduce asthma symptoms by 10 fold. See table below.A summary of this work performed by the US EPA and funded by the National Institute of Health can be found on the next page.



US Government research on mold and asthma. Children living in water damaged homes were studied. Dust in these homes analyzed by DNA profiling.There was an 80% likelihood of finding an asthmatic child in a home with mold problems.Furthermore, successful remediation of the moisture and mold in these homes significantly (to 90%) reduced the asthmatic child’s need for hospital admissions during follow-up.These are unbelievably powerful findings. Mold causes childhood asthma and proper remediation can dramatically reduce asthma attacks!

Hole at the top of AC closet allowing air handler to suck moldy attic air into AC closet


Potential Health EffectsPotential Health Effects

We’ve touched on neuro-logical and respiratory problems from mold exposure that can affect mold sensitive people.There are a number of potential health effects from mold related to:– Allergic reactions– Irritant effects– Disease/ Infections– Toxic effects– mVOC’s– Glucans

Aspergillus mold - a common outdoor mold also found inside water

damaged structures


Antibodies & Allergic ResponsesAntibodies & Allergic Responses

About 10% of the population has allergic antibodies to fungal allergens.Half of those (5%) would be expected to show allergic responses.

Dirty/ moldy fiberglass duct liner in AC. Encapsulate (seal) liner or replace with new.


Common Allergic ReactionsCommon Allergic Reactions

Allergic responses are most commonly experienced as– Allergic asthma– Allergic rhinitis

(“hay fever”)– Allergic Fungal

Sinusitus

Fiberglass lined AC plenum that was cleaned, sealed and then encapsulated (painted with protective coating/ sealant). Now perfect.


Timing of Allergic ReactionsTiming of Allergic Reactions

Allergic reactions can be immediate or delayed.Reactions can result from inhaling or touching mold or mold spores.Mold spores and fragments, whether dead or alive, can produce allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.Repeated or single exposure may cause previously non-sensitive individuals to become sensitive.

Mold on furniture

Mold on furniture


AsthmaAsthma

Asthma–Molds can

trigger asthma attacks in persons allergic (sensitized) to molds.

After mold filled air handler was removed … cleaning, sealing and encapsulating plenum. Now like new.


Hay FeverHay Fever

Hay fever-type symptoms–Sneezing–Runny nose–Red eyes–Skin rash

(dermatitis)

Re-installing air handler after acid washing components.


SinusitusSinusitus

Acute sinusitis – which lasts a month or less. – Condition is usually a

bacterial infection.Chronic sinusitis – sinusitis that lasts three months or longerChronic sinusitis is one of the most commonly diagnosed chronic illnesses in the United States, affecting 30 million to 40 million Americans each year. – Often fungal based.

Some useful information at: http://www.fungalsinusitis.com


Chronic Chronic SinusitusSinusitus

The signs and symptoms of chronic sinusitis include:– Facial pain and pressure especially in

the forehead, temples, cheeks, nose and behind the eyes

– Difficulty breathing through the nose – Drainage of a thick, yellow or greenish

discharge from the nose or down the back of the throat

– Reduced sense of smell or taste – Nasal obstruction or congestion – Aching in your upper jaw and teeth – Headache, Teeth pain – Bad breath (halitosis) – Ear pain – Fatigue, Cough, Nausea – Sore throat

Source: www.MayoClinic.com

Mold on fiberglass lined duct insulation is the #1 cause of mold related illness

Mold on fiberglass AC insulation removed from supply plenum (yellow arrow)


Mold as a Cause of Mold as a Cause of SinusitusSinusitus

Airborne fungus. Chronic Sinusitis is often due to an inflammatory reaction to certain types of airborne fungi.

To some extent, fungi are to be found in everyone’s sinuses. However, sufferers of chronic sinusitis react to the fungi by

producing cytokines or elevated levels of eosinophils in the sinuses. Cytokines are compounds that cause or regulate inflammation and other immune responses. Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell

that can cause inflammation in the sinuses.

Source: www.MayoClinic.com


Mold as a Cause of Mold as a Cause of SinusitusSinusitus

It is our observation that many times Chronic Sinusitus is caused by excessive use of antibiotics that strip the sinuses of “good bacteria” which when present help protect sinuses from colonization by fungi (yeast and mold.)Similarly over use of antibiotics results in the digestive system being stripped of “good bacteria” with resulting yeast overgrowth that causes reduced immune system function and digestive problems.Such health problems are very prevalent in mold workers and people who live, work or go to school in moldy buildings.Health food stores generally have knowledge of how to avoid and/or treat such ailments with products such as Yeast Fighters (fights yeast and mold) and Pro-Biotics.For more information on Pro-Biotics see:

http://nccam.nih.gov/health/probiotics/

Note: Treatments for mold related problems do not work if the individual is constantly exposed to mold. Exposure levels must be reduced.


Hypersensitivity Hypersensitivity PneumonitisPneumonitis

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP)– Rare, but serious,

immune-related condition resembling bacterial pneumonia

May develop after either acute or chronic exposure (via inhalation) to molds – Usually related to

occupational exposure (farming)

– Can also be caused by bacteria

Opening to attic behind AC supply plenum allowing mold spores to be sucked from attic into building.


Respiratory InfectionsRespiratory Infections

Serious fungal (respiratory) infections that can affect healthy people can be caused by a few pathogenic fungi, that are not typically encountered indoors:– Cryptococcus – associated

w/bird droppings– Histoplasma – associated

w/bat droppingsWorkers cleaning very dirty areas, such as attics where birds or bats have roosted, could be at risk if not adequately protected.

Only disinfectants safe for household use are recommended.


Fungal InfectionFungal Infection

Opportunistic fungal infections are of great concern to people who are immune-compromised or immune suppressed such a those with HIV or receiving cancer chemo-therapy.Example Aspergillosis: where mold actually grows inside the lungs. Aspergillis mold growing in a lung.


Organ TransplantsOrgan Transplants

Opportunistic mycoses can cause significant complications in organ transplant recipients. The incidence of invasive fungal infections varies from 2-14% in renal transplant recipients to higher rates, ranging from 7-42% in liver, 15-35% in lung and heart-lung and 40-49% in small bowel transplant recipients The vast majority of these infections are due to Candida (35-91%) or Aspergillus (9-52%) species.

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/522009_4


MycotoxinsMycotoxins

Some molds can produce toxic substances called mycotoxins.Mycotoxins can be on the surface of mold spores or in the mold stalks.Over 200 mycotoxins have been identified from common indoor molds.Mycotoxins are not inactivated (killed) by typical disinfectants used to kill mold or bacteria.Mycotoxins have to be removed either by cleaning or by disintegration with strong bleach.

Mold sporeMold spore

Mold stalkMold stalk


Health Effects of Health Effects of MycotoxinsMycotoxins

Adverse health effects from the ingestion of mycotoxins found on moldy foods have been extensively studied and are well accepted.– Liver damage , nervous

system damage, Immunological effects

Adverse health effects of mold from inhalation exposure to mycotoxins have been less well studied.

Mold on fiberglass in AC supply plenum in brand new school. Everyone sick.


Common Toxigenic MoldsCommon Toxigenic Molds

Certain species of– Stachybotrys

(Black Toxic Mold) – Aspergillus – Penicillium – Fusarium – Alternaria

… all commonly found in water damaged buildings are known to produce harmful mycotoxins in addition to producing irritants.

Moist air leaking from attic into ceiling, causing mold in nursing home.


Microbial Volatile Organic CompoundsMicrobial Volatile Organic Compounds

Produced by growing molds and released into the air as a byproduct of mold growth.Often have strong and/or unpleasant odorsHealth effect research in early stagesExposure possibly linked to symptoms such as headaches, nasal irritation, dizziness, fatigue, nauseamVOCs go away when the mold is removed or killed or goes latent due to lack of moisture.

Mold on bathroom wall of building under construction as a result of inadequate ventilation


HumidityHumidity

Once mold has started to grow from a water leak or from water on a wet condensing (cool) surface … all it takes is humidity to keep it active.

Below about 65% humidity (yellow arrow) mold will no longer be active. It goes dormant and does not produce mold spores nor produce mVOCs.


Active Mold = Musty SmellActive Mold = Musty Smell

Many of you have experienced active mold first hand if you live in or have visited a location that is humid in the summer.Remember going into a bank, office, home or movie theater in the summer and it smells musty. That’s mold growing.Only growing (active) mold produces the gases (mVOCs) that are what you smell. You don’t actually smell the mold itself.

Battery operated spore sampling pump with built in calibration (yellow arrow.) mVOCs are not typically sampled.


Dormant MoldDormant Mold

Generally the smells go away in the drier months when mold goes dormant. But the mold is still there.Mold testing during dry months will often miss this source of hidden mold because the mold is dormant when humidity is below 65% and new spores are not being produced. Again …. dormant mold does not produce the gases that smell nor does it produce new supplies of mold spores which are detectable by air sampling.

Mold contaminated fiberglass lined air duct. A very common and very serious health hazard.


Fungal Cell Wall ComponentsFungal Cell Wall Components

Small pieces of cell walls of molds that may cause inflammatory lung and airway reactionsCan affect immune system when inhaledExposure to high levels of glucans in dust may cause a flu-like illness: Organic Dust Toxic Syndrome (ODTS)ODTS can be a very serious illness and occurs mainly in agricultural & manufacturing settings (no data on mold remediation workers)Mold cell walls contaminating a work site are not removed by disinfectants that kill mold or bacteria.Can only be removed by either cleaning (removing) or disintegration with strong bleach.


Personal Factors and HygienePersonal Factors and Hygiene

Personal factors can influence the effects of exposure to hazardous substances:

smoking and/or alcohol consumptionmedication usegender and/or existing allergies or asthmasensitivity

Personal cleanliness and habits are crucial to reducing exposure for remediation workers.

Mold behind kitchen cabinets from leak in exterior wall.


Effect Impacted by Many FactorsEffect Impacted by Many Factors

The effects of hazardous substances on health may depend on:

the chemical or material (what)the concentration (how much)the route of entry (how taken into the body)the duration of exposure (how long the exposure lasts)The sensitivity of the person involved

Another example of an opening to attic behind AC supply plenum allowing mold spores to be sucked from attic into building. Very common problem!


CommonCommon--Sense Approach to Mold ExposureSense Approach to Mold Exposure

Small amounts of mold growth including mycotoxinproducers commonly occur in homes, schools and officesFor the majority of people these present minimal health risks.The solution is to fix the moisture problem and clean up the mold quickly.Resources spent character-izing the type of mold often could have been better spent on mold removal.

Mold on ceiling in high rise under construction due to floods.


CommonCommon--Sense Approach to Mold ExposureSense Approach to Mold Exposure

Large areas of indoor mold growth present a more likely risk of exposure and adverse health effects.– Large areas of mold growth

indicate more extensive water damage/moisture intrusion in the building.

– For large scale problems, additional and more extensive remediation measures should be used …. including testing both during and after remediation to protect both workers and occupants of the building.

Mold on drywall stored in moist building


Degrees of ExposureDegrees of Exposure

The presence of mold growth does not necessarily equate to exposure. There must be a pathway for exposure to occur.Exposure to mold does not always result in a health problem.Occupants or remediation workers disturbing large areas of mold growth face greater exposure potential, and thus, greater potential for adverse health effects.Unless remediation can be done properly, consider methods other than removal to reduce exposure.

Water entering buildings thru penetrations in building exteriors almost always results in hidden mold in adjacent wall cavities.



Oftentimes a contaminated wall or ceiling cavity is best sealed and not remediatedso long as the water source is fixed.If exposure is then significantly reduced by sealing (containment/ encapsulation) you may have “solved” the health issue.A mold remediation contractor will never recommend this approach. In old buildings this is very often the best solution.

Mold on drywall stored in water damage area of building under construction.



However, when there is mold in an air handler, humidifier, ductwork or ventilation system there is always major exposure.Even small amounts of mold growth in HVAC* components can result in severe problems for mold sensitive people.

*HVAC = Heating, Ventilation, & AC system and ducting

Painting with protective coating (encapsulating) the inside of a nasty AC supply plenum after first carefully vacuuming surface dust/ dirt/ mold.



Oftentimes improving ventilation will solve the health problem. (Dilution is the solution to pollution.)Other times, improving filtration by using a better air filter or leaving the AC FAN=ON will reduce exposure to acceptable levels for all occupants even sensitive.If exposure cannot be reduced to satisfy all … you may have to consider relocating sensitive people to other areas.

Infrared pix (dark half circles) of water wicking up wall because drywall was not hung with a gap at the floor.

______________________


Health Issues for WorkersHealth Issues for Workers

Anyone with persistent health problems that appear related to mold should see a physician. Referral to a physician trained in occupational, environmental or allergy medicine may be needed.

Leaking AC filter slot of air handler (located a garage or attic) resulting in mold inside air handler.


Health Issues for WorkersHealth Issues for Workers

During mold remediation projects, workers could be exposed to other substances or hazardous materials that could cause adverse health effects:– Asbestos and Lead-based

paint– High levels of particulates– Bacteria (associated with

water-damaged materials, floods, sewage backups)

– Cleaning products/biocides used as part of the projects

Insulation inside of wet wall does not dry without resulting in mold growth in the wall.


Golden Rule for Mold Exposure SafetyGolden Rule for Mold Exposure Safety

Minimizing mold-related exposures will reduce the possibility of health impacts on occupants and workers.– As the potential for exposure

increases, the need for protective measures for workers increases

– Workers can reduce exposure potential by proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE).

Respirators (Minimum N-95) & GlovesProtective clothing & GogglesGreen cleaning techniques that do not leave biocides that keep on killing

Cleaned and painted AC supply register.


Advanced TopicsAdvanced Topics

The University of Minnesota School of Public Health online resource is a good resource for those interested in more advanced training on mold & health.According to this source, severe symptoms that could result fromcontinuous human exposure to indoor mycotoxigenic molds include:

– Cancer (aflatoxin best characterized as potential human carcinogen) – Hypersensitivity pneumonitis/pulmonary fibrosis – Pulmonary injury/hemosiderosis (bleeding) & Neurotoxicity– Hematologic and immunologic disorders – Hepatic, endocrine and/or renal toxicities – Pregnancy, gastrointestinal and/or cardiac conditions

http://enhs.umn.edu/5103/molds/harmful.html


Advanced TopicsAdvanced Topics

Molecular Action of Indoor Molds and MycotoxinsStachybotrys mold (the so-called Black toxic mold) produces trichothecene toxin (among others) The numerous deleterious effects of this toxin on the human body include suppression of the immune system. The way this works is that the toxin can destroy precursor cells in bone marrow, leading to white blood cell depletion.Resulting in a diverse set of possible ailments as is often the case when the immune system is damaged or debilitated.


Dealing with the PublicDealing with the Public

Do not give medical advice. Recommend consulting a health care provider regarding any health effects someone might be experiencing. Insulation inside of wet wall

does not dry without resulting in mold growth in the wall.


MRSA BulletinMRSA Bulletin

MRSA ‘Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus’ has become a major health concern when sewage is the cause of water damage.What are technicians to do? – Wear gloves when cleaning! – Use cleaning and disinfecting chemicals that are

compatible with materials; – When finished cleaning, wash all exposed skin with

soap and water and towel dry with a clean towel; – Over the next 48 hours, check skin for blisters,

cracking, scratches, boils, abscess, small red bumps, pimples, etc;

– One sign of MRSA infection may be diarrhea or feeling sick.

– If there are health concerns seek medical advice and tell doctors about (a) the kind of work you do; (b) possible routes of exposure.


Verifying the Quality of Remediation Work

Visual vs Sampling


Visual Approach to PRVVisual Approach to PRV

Visible approach to Post Remediation Verification (PRV) vs. air and surface sampling that require lab analysisVisible approach is much easier to comprehend than mold testing.Much faster & much cheaper.

Mold inside a bathroom cabinet due to excessive moisture.


Visual Approach Easy to UnderstandVisual Approach Easy to Understand

And as we shall see, the visual approach usually provides more reliable results than mold spore sampling. Best to use a criteria that everyone can understand – that means not relying on sampling.

Professionals on the other hand should use sampling in addition to visual approach to verify that a remediation site has not been left contaminated.

Mold spores (tiny seeds) being released from mold stalk


Why All the Fuss About Sampling?Why All the Fuss About Sampling?

Dozens of mold analysis laboratories throughout the country only make money when mold samples are taken and the labs are paid to analyze the samples.These labs sponsor mold assessor training.Labs or their financially supported organizations have written the industry documentation on how to properly assess mold removal work… which not surprisingly is … to take lots of samples.

Apparatus for vacuuming up carpet dust for lab analysis.


What the EPA Says About SamplingWhat the EPA Says About Sampling

The EPA states that mold sampling is NOT recommended when visible mold is present. This statement is rejected by the mold industry, as mold assessors do assessments by taking samples. That’s how they make money … sampling.We fully agree with the EPA that says (more or less) “You don’t care what kind of mold it is because when it is gone … it is gone.”Limited financial resources are best used removing mold… not testing.

Technique for taking a lift tape of surface mold with a flexible clear plastic slide.


TMI TMI

TMI – Too Much Information Mold assessors often times want to brand a site as having toxic mold… so they test.Indoor mold growth is always illness promoting to sensitive individuals.Once the mold is gone it is gone. What it was is not important.Best to use scarce resources to properly remove.Very often funds spent on testing result in less money available to properly remediate. That makes no sense.

A mix of several types of molds. Do we care exactly what these are? NO.


When Is Sampling Needed?When Is Sampling Needed?

There are times when sampling/ testing is needed. – Justify remediation expenditures or procedures.– Protect parties from liability.– Serve as initial baseline reference data for

professional investigators to develop clearance criteria for larger jobs; and

– Properly performed in the hands of an experienced mold consultant, sampling may be required to help find hidden mold.These concerns are not typical day in and day out concerns for facility

managers. When there is a water leak involving a wall or ceiling cavity or wood cabinets … there will be mold. Fix the leak. Remove the mold.

Testing NOT needed.


When Is Sampling Needed?When Is Sampling Needed?

Heavy mold inside walls around leaking shower. Is initial sampling needed here? NO. Fix the leak. Properly remove moldy material (under containment) and replace with new materials. That’s a lot of mold. Should this be done by a professional? You bet!


SamplingSampling


Sampling & HealthSampling & Health

Air contains a varying mixture of molds– Not a single entity.– Measurement is complex.Human sensitivity and response varies greatly.There is no dose/response information relating to air testing data.There are NO guidelines (numeric criteria) as to what a safe or acceptable level of indoor mold is.

Electron micrographs of 2 molds showing just how different molds can look. They look completely different! Similarly they will produce different toxins and allergens.


Sampling & Health Sampling & Health

Since there are NO guidelines (numeric criteria) as to a safe or acceptable level of any specific indoor mold.Since indoor mold is always a mix of species making interpretations even more complexSampling is not a reliablemethod to determine that the remediated site is now a safe and healthy place to live, work or go to school.

Wall cavity air sampling. Not a good technique. All wall cavities have some mold in them.


Sampling Not AccurateSampling Not Accurate

If you take duplicate air samples and send them to two different labs you will usually get quite different results.Different labs analyze the samples differently.Some look at 100% of the air sample. Some 20% and then multiply by 5XMany labs have poor quality microscopes or poorly trained personnel.

Mold on first floor beneath a through-the-wall air conditioner on the second floor


Sampling Not Accurate ContSampling Not Accurate Cont’’

Air sampling for spores is inherently not very accurate.Air sampling also does not count mold micro-particles (fragments) which can be more important than mold spores in terms of causing health related problems.Mold micro-particles are too small to be seen by lab microscopic analysis.

However sampling can be useful in the hands of professionals for finding hidden mold and sometimes in judging remediation

effectiveness… so long as one understands the numbers only provide a rough idea of the mold present in the air.


Mold MicroMold Micro--ParticlesParticles

Spores are just one type of particulate associated with adverse human health effects from mold. Scientists from the University of Cincinnati’s Department of Health have shown a very high release level of fungal fragments from mold-contaminated materials as air was blown over growing mold.



These scientists inoculated agar plates with the mold Aspergillus versicolor and incubated them for varying time periods to produce mold cultures of different ages.The study revealed that mold micro-fragments were released in much higher concentrations than spores in all the cultures no matter what age.

High res pix on right: Top pix are intact spores. Bottom are fragments.



Furthermore, the U. of Cincinnati scientists showed that these small mold fragments are more immunochemically active than the larger mold spores. In other words, these ubiquitous fragments can make people sick –even more so than much larger mold spores!



These findings are important for several reasons:– Fungal fragments can be laden

with mold toxins.– Fungal fragments are laden

with allergenic “glucans”.– Mold contaminations are much

more likely to release fragments than spores.

– However, only spores are being counted in indoor air quality sampling/testing &

– Mold micro-particles or fragments are invisible to the air sampling procedures.


Air Streams Release MicroAir Streams Release Micro--ParticlesParticles

Where would you expect to find air streams releasing mold micro-fragments in a school, office or home?How about from mold either dead or alive in cooling, heating, ventilating, dehumidifying or humidifying systems or ducting?Mold fragments produced from “dirty” AC’s and ductwork are a major problem and often the major cause of mold related occupant health problems.These fragments are invisible to mold spores sampling.

Dirty, mold contaminated AC ducting producing copious amounts of illness promoting mold fragments. The original color of ducting in this pix was bright yellow.


Contaminated DuctingContaminated Ducting

Clean ductwork is important but cleaning ductwork is beyond the scope of this introductory course on mold remediation.Refer to EPA guidelines for cleaning ductwork. Per EPA, fiberglass lining is not cleanable and should be replaced with new when contaminated.Per EPA, never spray fiberglass lining with chemicals.

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pdfs/airducts.pdf


Contaminated DuctingContaminated Ducting

Testing for mold fragments in ductwork via air sampling or taking lift tapes for growing mold does not detect contaminated ducting.Suitable assessment requires analyzing the duct dust using DNA profiling techniques which is beyond the scope of this introductory course.When clean, new or encapsulated and not releasing mold fragments you have no health problems.Focus should be on clean or new … and not testing.

Contaminated fiberglass return air plenum due to leaking air handler above.


Air Sampling Air Sampling –– How it worksHow it works

Air sampling cassette mechanism shown on right. Sampling cassette is attached at the bottom to a pump that pulls air into the top of the cassette.Inside is a tiny microscope slide coated with clear gel. Spores (both live and dead) stick to the gel as the air passes over the slide. The cassette is sent to a lab that removes the micro-slide and then, using a microscope, identifies and counts the different species of mold spores based on the unique characteristics of the spore surface appearance.Mold fragments are too small to seen and are not counted or identified.

1) Air containing particles enters here

4) Air exits here and enters pump

2) Air + particles travel thru slit.

3) Particles stick on gel slide


High Volume High Volume vsvs Low VolumeLow Volume

This method does not distinguish between live and dead spores and is therefore called “Total” spore count because it is a total of both live and dead spores.High volume cassettes take in larger amounts of air … sampling is done at 15 liters per minute (lpm) flow rate.Lower volume cassettes … done at 5 lpm. Sample size is much smaller.Labs prefer the small sample size since these takes less time to count. Time = Money.The smaller the sample size the less the accuracy.

Left shows example of high volume cassette for total spore counts. Right low volume.


Viable Spore SamplingViable Spore Sampling

The culture method of counting, only measures live (viable) spores. Counting viable spores requires incubating the spores and seeing how many grow. Dead spores (non-viable) do not grow. Not detected.Since dead spores are no less allergenic or toxic than viable spores, investigators more often look at total counts than viable.Besides, viable analysis costs a lot more.

Growing mold in a petri dish to count viable mold spores.


Limitations to SamplingLimitations to Sampling

The four real life examples that follow, illustrate that sampling is often not a reliable method for ruling out mold.

Mold growing on a suitcase in a humid basement.


Dormant Mold =? InvisibleDormant Mold =? Invisible

Mold needs moisture to grow –either a water source such as a leak or a cold condensing surface or it needs humid air.The level of mold spores in the air can vary dramatically depending on the season … raining or not … humid or not. A location tested to be mold-free during the dry season when mold has gone dormant may be horribly contaminated with hidden mold.Dormant mold may be invisible to testing if testing is done in the dry season.

Highly magnified spores lit from behind. Spores are easily aerosolized by wind or movement.


Dormant Mold = InvisibleDormant Mold = Invisible

Again … mold can be dormantduring the dry season and therefore not easily detected by sampling because dormant mold does not produce new mold spores. Mold spores in the air are what are detected by air sampling.Comes the humid season, when the humidity in the air provides the moisture that the mold needs to start growing again … producing toxin and allergen containing mold spores … watch out. Sick occupants.

Example of high volume sampling cassette for total spore count.


Wet Mold Not DetectableWet Mold Not Detectable

The AC coils may be full of mold but during the summer when the AC is operating in cooling mode the mold on the coils is damp. Damp mold does not release mold spores. It has to dry first. Sampling will not detect it.Then comes the first cool day. The heat is turned on. The mold dries out … everyone gets sick.This is not only common it is prevalent.Mold sampling during summers will not detect this source of hidden mold.

Dirt and mold on fiberglass lined AC ducting... in the process of cleaning & sealing the fiberglass with (white colored) mold inhibiting encapsulant.


When AC Turned OffWhen AC Turned Off

The school turns off the AC during the summer vacation to save money.The residual water in the unit when it was turned off causes mold growth in the ducts.Mold sampling (of airborne mold) at this point will not detect this hidden mold problem because the AC is off.When the unit is turned on at the start of school, massive amounts of mold spores are released from the AC ducts as air blows thru them. Now you know one reason why kids get sick when school starts.

The AC was not properly connected to the ducting resulting in mold growth on fiberglass duct board.


Wet Mold Not DetectableWet Mold Not Detectable

You live in Southern California where it is dry in the summer and rains in the winter. Rain water leaks into the ceilings and/or walls during the winter.Mold starts to grow but because the hidden cavity where it is growing is wet, the wet mold spores are not being released to the air. It smells like mold but there are no mold spores in the air. And none will be detected by sampling.

Leak inside of wall causing mold growth on paneling.


Wet Mold Not Detectable Wet Mold Not Detectable

Once the rain stops and the cavity dries out … the mold goes dormant. It no longer smells. But mold is now making people sick.Dry mold spores and mold fragments are being released to the air every time the wind kicks up, blows into the attic, and pressurizes the wall cavities full of mold resulting in mold spore and fragment release.Illness results.

Mold growing in wall cavity.


Colorful mold growth.

Air sampling is NOT AlwaysEffective in Ruling Out Hidden Mold

when mold is dormant or mold spores are wet or mold is in an

AC that is not running.


That means …Air sampling for

mold spores is OFTEN NOT Effective in Ruling Out

Hidden Mold

Mold and rot inside an exterior wall was not detectable in dry season.

Sampling Often NOT EffectiveSampling Often NOT Effective


Summary on Mold SamplingSummary on Mold Sampling

The limitations of current testing techniques for mold-contaminated buildings and the incorrect interpretations placed on the results of these methodologies are major issues of concern. As a criteria for ruling out existing mold problems laboratory testing for airborne mold spores is often of limited value.

AC drain pan overflow resulting in mold in the return air plenum.


Is All Hidden Mold Bad?

If in the AC or Ducting … YES!


Mold in WallsMold in Walls

Any opening in ceilings and walls that could expose sensitive occupants to elevated mold should be sealed.Broken or missing ceiling tiles should be quickly replaced with new. Drop ceilings should be as air tight as possible to keep (often moldy) air from the non-conditioned ceiling plenum out of the occupied space.Seal all cavities properly.

Wall earlier cut open to fix a problem but then left like this for months.


Mold on WoodMold on Wood

Oftentimes there is mold covered wood in basements … floor joists open to the air or wood structural members (shown on the right.)Sensitive people cannot live, work or go to school in such environments. The wood has to be cleaned of mold and painted with mold inhibiting paint.Clean and seal.

Exposed mold covered structural wood in unfinished basement.


Hidden MoldHidden Mold

No doubt visible mold on the surface of walls or ceilings will make people sick.But (hopefully) few homes or schools or offices have visible mold as visible mold is easily cleaned by choosing one of the several products at the grocery store that both clean and remove mold.

Visible mold on a closet ceiling from a roof leak.


Mold Under Wall Paper?Mold Under Wall Paper?

Hidden mold, even a lot of mold, behind wall paper is not generally making someone sick. Best to leave it unless the removal can be properly done!


Hidden Mold in the ACHidden Mold in the AC

In our book on mold testing, we explain that mold hidden in walls or ceilings rarely makes someone sick, however …We explain that 80-90% of people that are sick from mold related illness are sick due to mold contamination of the AC and ducting … not small amounts of mold hidden in walls or attics.Hidden mold even a small amount in the AC or ducting can be a killer to mold sensitive individuals!


Hidden Mold in the ACHidden Mold in the AC

Mold technicians are not trained to either inspect or remediate air handlers or ducting.As a result, mold technicians (including inspectors and remediators) almost always overlook problems in these crucial areas.Since most of the time it is mold in the AC and ducting that is making people sick and since mold technicians do not check these areas … what are you do? Obviously you cannot rely on the mold technician.

AC supply plenum. Black stuff is dirt and mold on original ducting. Compare with new (yellow color) clean, materials at bottom which were changed out because that’s all that could be easily seen.


Finding Mold Hidden in AC or Ducting Finding Mold Hidden in AC or Ducting

The only good way to determine if there is a mold contamination in AC or AC ducting is by visual inspection.In some cases you may need to hire a licensed AC contractor to remove the coils or even disassemble the entire unit to completely inspect for mold.For information on cleaning AC’s and ducting we recommend the EPA bulletin: Should You Have the Air Ducts in Your Home Cleaned? http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pdfs/airducts.pdf


Key Points from EPA Guidelines Key Points from EPA Guidelines

Duct cleaning has never been shown to actually prevent health problems.Studies have not conclusively demonstrated that particle (e.g., dust) levels in homes increase because of dirty air ducts. This is because much of the dirt in air ducts adheres to duct surfaces and does not necessarily enter the living space. Fiberglass lined ducting is another matter!

Clean and sealed AC supply.


Key Points from EPA Guidelines Key Points from EPA Guidelines

If you have fiberglass lined air ducts or plenums (or insulation in the air handler) and the insulation gets moldy it should be removed and replaced as it cannot be effectively cleaned.If the conditions causing the mold growth in the first place are not corrected, mold growth will recur.

Contaminated AC that was not properly sealed. Cannot be cleaned. Replace with new.


Duct Cleaning Duct Cleaning -- WARNINGWARNING

Air ducts are often made from flex duct which has a thin and very fragile insulated plastic lining. The lining cannot be cleaned using the usual rotating brushes that duct cleaners use for metal lined duct because the brushes can damage the fragile lining.For these types of ducts, “duct cleaning” is typically vacuuming out the supply registers (good idea) and then spraying chemicals inside the ducting. BAD IDEA!

Per EPA: No chemical biocides are currently registered by EPA for use in internally-insulated air duct systems.

Flex duct (silver colored)


Mold Hidden in the AC is BadMold Hidden in the AC is Bad

• This black stuff inside the AC ducting is mold covered dirt. (yellow arrow)

• Rarely does anyone look in this area. This mold was making the occupants sick.

• You do not need much mold in the AC or ducting to make sensitive people sick since the mold is readily dispersed into the living space.


EPA Guidelines for EPA Guidelines for Mold in AC & DuctworkMold in AC & Ductwork

At our firm we cut open the AC fiberglass plenums and if contaminated, we vacuum and then paint with special white colored AC sealant that includes a mold inhibitor. Any leaks or openings are sealed with mastic (AC sealant.)This, in our hands, is equivalent to replacing with new.


EPA Guidelines for EPA Guidelines for Mold in AC & DuctworkMold in AC & Ductwork

Dark colored material is mold and dirt on original fiberglass

ducting left in place when new air handler

was installed.

Yellow colored material is new fiberglass ducting the

AC contractor used to attach new air handler to

original ducting.


Air Handler in the AtticAir Handler in the Attic

When the air handler is in the attic, or unfinished basement, (or drop ceiling area of a school or office building) you often have mold problems.If the return air ducts, plenums and/or filter slots are not sealed 100%, the air handler will suck nasty attic or basement air into the occupied space.Careful visual inspection for air leaks in AC and ducting is a must.

Air handler located in an unfinished basement. Arrow points to filter access panel that was not air tight and allowed nasty basement air into the unit.


Air Handler in the BasementAir Handler in the Basement

Air handler located in an unfinished basement. Yellow arrow points to filter access panel that did not have a cover. Since it was not air tight, it allowed nasty basement air into the unit. Blue arrow points to directions clearly showing need for cover.


Mold Hidden in AC ClosetMold Hidden in AC Closet

If there is hidden mold in the AC closet (behind the air handler for example), even small amounts …It can be sucked up into the AC system and disbursed throughout the occupied space and make people sick.In the picture on the right there was an air leak at the back top of the AC closet and the air handler was sucking moist attic air into the cool closet.The result was mold growth behind the air handler and sick occupants.Careful visual inspection for this hidden mold is a must.

Dark color is mold on wall behind

where air handler had been located.


Mold Hidden in AC Closet Mold Hidden in AC Closet

Many times the air handler drain line clogs and the drain pan overflows. Mold will often result. The picture on the right shows an air handler that had a drain pan overflow.Mold is growing on the outside of the return air box that the air handler sits on. Inside, the box is full of mold. The mold inside the box is being dispersed into the occupied space making occupants sick.Even small amounts of hidden mold here can make people sick.Careful visual inspection is a must. Often AC components need to be cut open in order to inspect.

Mold on exterior of AC return air box. Much worse mold inside!


Mold Hidden in the AtticMold Hidden in the Attic

This black stuff in the attic (found under pink attic insulation) near a leaking AC duct is mold.Rarely does a small amount of mold in an attic make people sick since it is not in the living space.An exception is when there are many recessed ceiling lights that are the older type and not sealed. When the afternoon sun heats up and pressurizes the attic space it pushes mold spores into the occupied space thru the openings around the lights.This happens frequently. Mold growing under pink attic

insulation in attic.


Mold in Wall CavitiesMold in Wall Cavities

If there is significant mold in a wall cavity it is best to remove it… but if it cannot be removed be sure to fix the water leak and then seal the cavity such as around electrical outlets or baseboards so that spores are not readily released into the living space.


When Can Mold on a Window Sill When Can Mold on a Window Sill Make Someone Sick?Make Someone Sick?

Will a little mold on a window sill make someone sick? No. Best to clean off the mold and fix the leak (often old caulking) that is causing the mold growth.But … if the wall under he window is casually cut open and there is heavy mold inside it will be dispersed and will contaminate not only the nearby areas but will contaminate everywhere including the AC and ducting.Remove visible mold with household cleaners and fix the leak so mold does not come back.Better to not open any walls unless you follow procedures to make sure mold is not released during the remediation.

Best to clean visible mold and leave mold inside wall if mold removal work cannot be properly done.


Good Remediation Practices


NonNon--Mold Irritants & ToxinsMold Irritants & Toxins

All water damaged, moldy structures will also contain non-mold related contaminants including bacteria, dust mites and their feces as well as allergenic insect parts that can affect adult and child health.Testing for mold spores even if done by the BEST mold consultants may miss significant levels of non-spore irritants or allergens that may be affecting sensitive individuals.

Wall destroyed by mold because window caulking was not refreshed every year.


Toxic Dust CreationToxic Dust Creation

There is always the potential for harmful dusts in mold work because usually there is mold inside of walls and behind wall paper when mold is growing on the outside surface.The physical effort of opening the walls or removing the wall paper can shake loose billions of mold spores and (glucanand toxin containing) mold fragments.

Best to leave mold behind wall paper if mold removal work cannot be properly done.



When opening walls avoid dust and fragment producing techniques such as:– Using hammers to break open walls– Sanding wood.– Dry ice blasting.– Baking soda blasting.

According to the New York City Guidelines on mold remediation, using dust producing techniques automatically makes a small job into a large job that requires complex containments and moon suits.No wonder mold contractors prefer dust producing techniques … more big jobs!

Dust containment with plastic barriers.



We strongly recommend that remediation practices that release contaminated dusts and mold micro-particles be avoided. Such dust producing activities will cause workers to be exposed to high levels of contaminants. Such dust producing activities also will leave the remediation work site contaminated with toxins and allergens which will then be difficult to clean.

Double bagging is often an over kill for mold related contamination? Can

you put thru open window?


Cleaning Cleaning vsvs SamplingSampling

Thorough post-remediation cleaning should be done that includes not only air scrubbing (air cleaning) but cleaning of settled dusts on floors, furniture, and other contents.Such cleaning removes not only mold spores but other contaminants including bacteria, mites, insect parts etc that are heavy and not removed efficiently if only air scrubbing is done.Remember that spraying with biocides is not removing.Cleaning = Removing.

Equipment used during remediation to keep down toxic dusts.


Avoid Harmful ChemicalsAvoid Harmful Chemicals

Make sure before remediation starts:– That good remediation practices will be used that

avoid the creation of toxic and/or allergic construction dusts.

– That procedures will not cross contaminate the AC and ducting.

– Will not use harmful chemicals that leave residues that keep on killing.

– That procedures are in place to clean the site of ALL contaminants including non-mold contaminants …

When remediation is done right … the post remediation verification is fairly straight forward.



Again … make sure before remediation starts that harmful chemicals will not be used.Mold contractors always state they use only EPA approved chemicals. That is not enough. Only use EPA approved cleaners for household use that you can find in a grocery store.Biocides leave a residue which is NOT DETECTED by post-remediation testing. Once a biocide has been used it is very difficult to 100% remove by cleaning.



Use only cleaners EPA approved for household use– At the concentrations

recommended on the label.– For use recommended on the

label (Kitchens and Food Surfaces?)

– For surfaces recommended on the label (Hard surfaces? Fabrics?)

– Applied in methods recommended on the label (Spray? Fog?)

We offer in depth training on safe remediation practices at:

www.Green-Buildings.org

EPA approved for household used.


PostPost--Remediation Visual TestingRemediation Visual Testing

When remediation is done right … the post remediation verification is fairly straight forward.Clean the floors of dust (no sweeping … use mops or Swiffer.)Clean dust from fan blades.Clean dust from furniture by vacuuming with quality vacuum equipped with HEPA filter.Check for dust with white glove/ black glove. When there is no dust there is no mold spores in the dust!This beats taking dust samples for mold.


Air Scrubbing Work AreaAir Scrubbing Work Area

If the settled dust has been removed because you have carefully cleaned, air cleaning can be very quick and efficient. If there is settled dust you will never be able to clean the rooms with air scrubbers or by airing out the rooms because dust in the air is constantly being replenished from settled dust.

Supply register before cleaning.

After cleaning and sealing.


Air Cleaning Air Cleaning -- SummarySummary

Air scrubbing is not the only way to clean the air.– Open windows to allow the

remediation area to air out can work very well (when applicable.)

– Putting a Merv 11 (or 3M Filtrete1250 series) or better air filter in the AC and turning the Fan=ON generally works well.

The key is to make sure you only employ remediation practices that minimize the spread of construction dusts and all settled dusts are removed.Then cleaning the air is easy.

Worthless see-through air filter. Only use pleated paper disposable filters.


Testing CleanlinessTesting Cleanliness

Cleanliness of the job site after remediation and after the air has been cleaned can be “visually tested”.Use white/ black glove tests to visually check for the absence of settled dust and …No dust = No settled contaminants.No sampling required!

AC return air plenum defective. Not well sealed and allowing nasty attic air into the system.


Testing CleanlinessTesting Cleanliness

When sensitive people are involved always visually check the air handler and ducting for mold… even if the mold remediation work has nothing to do with the air handler.Once there has been mold problems, some people can become sensitized to mold.What may have been a reasonably clean AC and ductwork may now be a problem for occupants.The reference again for the free US EPA booklet on duct cleaning is: www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/airduct.html

Water damage and mold under kitchen cabinets. Check AC for mold contamination!


How indoor mold growth can affect occupant health. There are limits to the value of mold sampling/testing for doing a post-remediation assessment.

– Depends on whether mold is active or dormant.

– Wet or dry.There are good alternatives to sampling such as using white glove/ black glove testing to make sure there is no settled dust.

Course ConclusionsCourse Conclusions


Remediation procedures that minimize/ avoid toxic dust creation should be used. When mold remediation work is done properly keeping in mind to minimize work site (including AC system and ducting) contamination … work site post remediation verification becomes minimal for day to day mold problems.Cleaning should include all contaminants from the water damage beyond mold including mites, bacteria, insect parts.




Harsh chemicals called biocides should not be used. These are invisible to sampling and can contaminate the job site for years.Use only cleaners that are approved for household use.Hidden mold is not always a problem. It should be left alone if the removal work cannot be done properly. But hidden mold in an AC or ducting can often be a problem.

A few inches of new duct board used to attach new air handler to the nasty old ducting.

Nasty original ducting left by AC contractors when they installed a new air handler.


Additional ReadingAdditional Reading

For more information on proper mold remediation techniques refer to: Chemical-Free Mold & Mold Toxin Clean-Up & RestorationISBN-10: 0979024919at Amazon.com



Follow the recommended mold remediation procedures in the EPA’s Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings available free at www.EPA.gov/mold



Follow recommended procedures for cleaning ductwork.Refer to EPA guidelines for cleaning ductwork: Should You Have the Air Ducts in Your Home Cleaned?

www.epa.gov/iaq/pdfs/airducts.pdf


For a more comprehensive treatment of mold assessment see: Beyond the 10’ Minute Mold Inspection. A Guide to Mold Assessment for the Chemically SensitiveISBN-10: 0979024986 at Amazon.com.




For those that would like to read more on how mold can affect childhood (and adult) health, learning & behavior see When Traditional Medicine Fails: Your Guide to Mold Toxins. ISBN-10: 0977397165at Amazon.com



Mold Illness and Mold Remediation Made Simple ISBN-10:0979024900 at Amazon.com


If you would like to receive a Certificate of Course Completion, please send a check for $25 payable to:

Gary Rosen2881 W Lake Vista CircleDavie, FL 33328

Please include your name, address and the course name. Your signature on the check is your affidavit that you have completed the entire course.To help us maintain and improve the quality of our online courses, kindly take a few minutes and fill out the Course Evaluation form (this is course EPP0002-003), and email it to us.The Evaluation can be downloaded at:

www.Green-Buildings.org/online-courses.html

Certificate of CompletionCertificate of Completion

An Introduction to Chemical -Free Mold Remediation...mold removal. Most problem buildings have mold in the AC and ducting. Identifying and correcting mold problems in the AC and ducting

Documents