An Introduction, to Biological Kenneth V. Kardong.

An Introduction, to

Biological

Kenneth V. Kardong

Chapter 1

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Acquired characteristics A regular and sustained program of weightlifting yields enlarged muscles, an immediate

physiological response of muscles to the increased effort. However, these big muscles remain with the individual that endured the regular exercises, and are not passed to their offspring. This is because the enlarged characteristics result from individual effort, not from an inheritable genetic change.


Evolutionary predecessors Over the years before Darwin, many biologists attempted to solve the mystery of the

“species question.”


Darwin exploring the Galápagos Islands Darwin exploring the Galápagos Islands


Galápagos tortoise Galápagos tortoise


Galápagos finches Analysis of these finches led scientists to hypothesize that they were derived from one

ancestor arriving from the mainland to populate and diversify across the islands.


Giraffe necks Applied to giraffes, Lamarck’s view (top) would expect that stretching giraffes lengthened

their necks to reach tree-top vegetation, and this acquired characteristics was passed to offspring. In Darwin’s view (bottom), giraffes with long necks out competed those with short necks who died for want of successful resources.


Schools of evolutionary thought The views of Linneaus, Lamarch, and Darwin are contrasted. A) Linneaus saw each species

as a separate act of creation, one by one. B) Lamarck envisioned the passage of acquired characteristics of one generation to succeeding generations. C) Darwin viewed evolution as descent with modification.


FIGURE 1.1 Charles Darwin (1809—1882) Darwin at about 30 years old, and three years back from his voyage aboard HMS Beagle.

Although The Origin of Species was still just a few notebooks in length and several decades away from publication, Darwin had several accomplishments behind him, including his account The Voyage of the Beagle, a collection of scientific observations. At this time, he was also engaged to his cousin, Emma Wedgwood, with whom he would live a happy married life.



FIGURE 1.2 Carolus Linnaeus (1707—1778) This Swedish biologist devised a system still used today for naming organisms. He also

firmly abided by and promoted the view that species do not change.


FIGURE 1.3 J-B. de Lamarck (1744—1829) (a) J-B. de Lamarck worked most of his life at the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle (b). His

academic position gave him a chance to promote the idea that species change.


FIGURE 1.4 Alfred Russel Wallace (1823—1913) Wallace in his thirties. (By courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London.)


FIGURE 1.5 HMS Beagle (a) Longitudinal section through HMS Beagle. (b) The five-year voyage of HMS Beagle.

An Introduction, to Biological Kenneth V. Kardong.

Documents

mcgrawhill companies

kardong slide

galpagos tortoise slide

species change

charles darwin

c darwin

fiveyear voyage of hms

enlarged characteristics