An Introduction to An Introduction to Animal Structure and Animal Structure and Function Function
Jan 02, 2016
An Introduction to An Introduction to Animal Structure Animal Structure and Functionand Function
TissuesTissues: groups of cells with a : groups of cells with a common structure and function (4 common structure and function (4
types)types) AnatomyAnatomy: structure: structure PhysiologyPhysiology: function: function Epithelial:Epithelial: outside of outside of
body and lines body and lines organs and cavities; organs and cavities; held together by held together by tight junctionstight junctions
basement basement membranemembrane: dense : dense mat of extracellular mat of extracellular matrixmatrix
TissuesTissues: Epithelial: Epithelial
Simple: single layer Simple: single layer of cellsof cells
Stratified: multiple Stratified: multiple tiers of cellstiers of cells
Cuboidal (like dice)Cuboidal (like dice) Columnar (like Columnar (like
bricks on end)bricks on end) Squamous (like floor Squamous (like floor
tiles)tiles) mucous membranemucous membrane
Tissues - ConnectiveTissues - Connective Connective:Connective: bind and support other tissues; bind and support other tissues;
scattered cells through matrix; 3 kinds:scattered cells through matrix; 3 kinds:– A-Collagenous fibers (collagen protein) A-Collagenous fibers (collagen protein) – B-Elastic fibers (elastin protein) B-Elastic fibers (elastin protein) – C-Reticular fibers (thin branched collagen fibers)C-Reticular fibers (thin branched collagen fibers)
Tissues - ConnectiveTissues - Connective Loose connective tissue:Loose connective tissue: binds epithelia to binds epithelia to
underlying tissue; holds organsunderlying tissue; holds organs– A - Fibroblasts- secretes extracellular proteins A - Fibroblasts- secretes extracellular proteins – B-Macrophages- amoeboid WBC’s; phagocytosis B-Macrophages- amoeboid WBC’s; phagocytosis – C-Adipose tissue- fat storage; insulationC-Adipose tissue- fat storage; insulation
Tissues - ConnectiveTissues - Connective Fibrous connective tissue:Fibrous connective tissue: parallel bundles of cells parallel bundles of cells
– A-Tendons- muscles to bones A-Tendons- muscles to bones – B-Ligaments- bones to bones; joints (B-Ligaments- bones to bones; joints (BOBOLBOBOLI)I)
CartilageCartilage: collagen in a rubbery matrix (: collagen in a rubbery matrix (chondroitinchondroitin); ); flexible supportflexible support
BoneBone: mineralized tissue by : mineralized tissue by osteoblastsosteoblasts BloodBlood: liquid plasma matrix; : liquid plasma matrix; erythrocyteserythrocytes (RBC’s) (RBC’s)
carry Ocarry O22; ; leukocytesleukocytes (WBC’s) immunity (WBC’s) immunity
Tissues - NervousTissues - Nervous NervousNervous: senses stimuli : senses stimuli
and transmits signals and transmits signals from 1 part of the from 1 part of the animal to anotheranimal to another
NeuronNeuron: functional unit : functional unit that transmits impulsesthat transmits impulses
DendritesDendrites: transmit : transmit impulses from tips to impulses from tips to rest of neuronrest of neuron
AxonsAxons: transmit : transmit impulses toward another impulses toward another neuron or effectorneuron or effector
Tissues - MuscleTissues - Muscle
MuscleMuscle: capable of : capable of contracting when contracting when stimulated by nerve stimulated by nerve impulses; myofibrils impulses; myofibrils composed of proteins composed of proteins actin and myosin; 3 actin and myosin; 3 types:types:
A- A- SkeletalSkeletal: voluntary : voluntary movement (striated)movement (striated)
B- B- CardiacCardiac: contractile : contractile wall of heart (branched wall of heart (branched striated)striated)
C- C- SmoothSmooth: involuntary : involuntary activities (no striations)activities (no striations)
Organ systemsOrgan systems
Organ: organization of Organ: organization of tissuestissues
Mesentaries: Mesentaries: suspension of organs suspension of organs (connective tissue)(connective tissue)
Thoracic cavity (lungs Thoracic cavity (lungs and heart)and heart)
Abdominal cavity Abdominal cavity (intestines)(intestines)
Diaphragm Diaphragm (respiration)(respiration)
Organ systems…...Organ systems…...
DigestiveDigestive-food processing-food processing CirculatoryCirculatory-internal distribution-internal distribution RespiratoryRespiratory-gas exchange-gas exchange Immune/LymphaticImmune/Lymphatic-defense-defense ExcretoryExcretory-waste disposal; -waste disposal;
osmoregulationosmoregulation EndocrineEndocrine-coordination of body -coordination of body
activitiesactivities ReproductiveReproductive-reproduction-reproduction NervousNervous-detection of stimuli-detection of stimuli IntegumentaryIntegumentary-protection-protection SkeletalSkeletal-support; protection-support; protection MuscularMuscular-movement; -movement;
locomotionlocomotion
Internal regulationInternal regulation
Interstitial fluidInterstitial fluid: : internal fluid internal fluid environment of environment of vertebrates; exchanges vertebrates; exchanges nutrients and wastesnutrients and wastes
HomeostasisHomeostasis: “steady : “steady state” or internal state” or internal balancebalance
Internal regulationInternal regulation Negative feedbackNegative feedback: change in a : change in a
physiological variable that is being physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation; i.e., counteracts the initial fluctuation; i.e., body temperaturebody temperature
Positive feedbackPositive feedback: physiological control : physiological control mechanism in which a change in some mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change; i.e., uterine contractions at the change; i.e., uterine contractions at childbirthchildbirth
MetabolismMetabolism: sum of all energy-: sum of all energy-requiring biochemical reactionsrequiring biochemical reactions
Catabolic processes of Catabolic processes of cellular respirationcellular respiration
EndothermsEndotherms: bodies warmed : bodies warmed by metabolic heatby metabolic heat
EctothermsEctotherms: bodies warmed : bodies warmed by environmentby environment
Basal Metabolic RateBasal Metabolic Rate (BMR): (BMR): minimal rate powering basic minimal rate powering basic functions of life (endotherms)functions of life (endotherms)
Standard Metabolic RateStandard Metabolic Rate (SMR): minimal rate (SMR): minimal rate powering basic functions of powering basic functions of life (ectotherms)life (ectotherms)