An Internship Report on National Bank of Pakistan

7/31/2019 An Internship Report on National Bank of Pakistan

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>3% @EXZMHWKX@ME

Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce "EJ ) `{ meg mo xbg igchèf jced{ è ^cd`{xce vmzdèf

{ammxbip ceh goo`k`gexip è xbg gkmemap mo xbg kmwexzp vb`kb `{ {wjlgkx xm xbg

oiwkxwcx`me{ am{x mo xbg xàg% Emv c hcp EJ^ `{ bcèf xbg mjlgkx`g xm omkw{ me

kme{wagz jcedèf ceh xbg`z {gz`kg{ vb`kb f`g{ xbga ghfg mgz xbg zg{x mo xbg jced{

è xbg kmwexzp `x{ kme{wagz{ jcedèf ~zm`hg{ kme{wagz{ v`xb èemcx g {cèf

{kbgag{ ~zmhwkx{ ceh {gz`kg{%

[m ocz EJ^ bc{ {bmve zgaczdcjig ckb`ggagex{ è owioìièf cii mo `x{ mjlgkx`g{ cimef

v`xb xbg ~zmo`x ià`x{% @x{ ~zmhwkx{ bc{ ci{m ~zg{gexgh ce cha`zcjig zg{~me{g jp `x{

ki`gex{ ceh kmexz`jwxgh c imx è hggim~èf xbg jced{ zg~wxg c{ vgii c{ xbg gkmemap

vb`kb `{ zgciip c~~zgk`cjig%

3%3 % Kmzg _ciwg{

Vg cà xm jg ce mzfce`|cx`me xbcx `{ omwehgh me

Fzmvxb xbzmwfb kzgcx`me mo {w{xcècjig zgicx`me{b`~{ v`xb mwz kw{xmagz{%

C ecx`meci ~zg{gekg v`xb c b`{xmzp mo kmexz`jwx`me xm mwz kmaawe`x`g{%

Vg {bcii vmzd xm

Aggx gr~gkxcx`me{ xbzmwfb Aczdgx!jc{gh {miwx`me{ ceh ~zmhwkx{%

Zgvczh gexzg~zgegwz`ci goomzx{%

Kzgcxg ciwg omz cii {xcdgbmihgz{%

Vg cà xm jg ~gm~ièf vbm

Kczg cjmwx zgicx`me{b`~{%

Igch xbzmwfb xbg {xzgefxb mo mwz kmaa`xagex ceh vìièfeg{{ xm grkgi%


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^zckx`kg èxgfz`xp bmeg{xp ceh bczh vmzd% Vg jgi`gg xbcx xbg{g czg agc{wzg{ mo

xzwg {wkkg{{%

Vg bcg kmeo`hgekg xbcx xmamzzmv vg vìi jg

Igchgz{ è mwz èhw{xzp%

Ce mzfce`|cx`me acèxcèèf xbg xzw{x mo {xcdgbmihgz{%

Ce èemcx`g kzgcx`g ceh hpeca`k è{x`xwx`me zg{~mehèf xm xbg kbcefèf

eggh{ mo xbg èxgzeci ceh grxgzeci ge`zmeagex%

3%:% Mwz A`{{`me

Xm ~zm`hg zgi`cjig jcedèf {gz`kg{ xm Fmgzeagex oècek`ci è{x`xwx`me{ ~wji`k ceh xm

ckx c{ ce m~gzcx`me cicza mo [xcxg Jced mo ^cd`{xce%

3%;% Mwz _`{`me

Mwz `{`me `{ xm hggim~ xbg [J^ J[K "Jced) èxm c {xzmef ceh hpeca`k è{x`xwx`me

gsw`~~gh v`xb ce goo`k`gex ceh ~zmog{{`meci bwace zg{mwzkg jc{g bcèf xbg zgsw`{`xg

xgkbemimfp ceh owiip kc~cjig mo ~zm`hèf swci`xp {gz`kg xm {xcdgbmihgz{ vbìg

kma~igagexèf xbg [xcxg Jced mo ^cd`{xce è ckb`gèf `x{ mjlgkx`g{%

>:% Ce Mgz _`gv Mo Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce

:%3% Jz`go B`{xmzp mo Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce

Xbg b`{xmzp mo Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce `{ ~czx mo ^cd`{xce{ {xzwffig omz gkmema`k

èhg~gehgekg% Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce vc{ g{xcji`{bgh me Emgajgz 0 3080 wehgz

xbg Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce Mzhècekg 3080 è mzhgz xm km~g v xb xbg kz`{`{

kmeh`x`me{ vb`kb vgzg hggim~gh coxgz xzchg hgchimkd v`xb @eh`c ceh hgciwcx`me mo

@eh`ce Zw~gg è 3080% @e`x`ciip xbg Jced vc{ g{xcji`{bgh v`xb xbg mjlgkx`g xm grxgeh

kzgh`x xm xbg cfz`kwixwzg {gkxmz% Xbg emzaci ~zmkghwzg mo g{xcji`{bèf c jcedèf


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kma~cep wehgz xbg Kma~ce`g{ Icv vc{ {gx c{`hg ceh xbg Jced vc{ g{xcji`{bgh xbzmwfb

xbg ~zmawifcx`me mo ce Mzhècekg hwg xm xbg kz`{`{ {`xwcx`me xbcx bch hggim~gh v`xb

zgfczh xm oècekèf mo lwxg xzchg% Xbg Jced kmaagekgh `x{ m~gzcx`me{ ozma Emgajgz

:> 3080 cx {`r à~mzxcex lwxg kgexgz{ è xbg xbge Gc{x ^cd`{xce ceh h`zgkxgh `x{

zg{mwzkg{ è oècekèf mo lwxg kzm~% Xbg Jced{ Dczckb` ceh Icbmzg moo kg{ vgzg

{wj{gswgexip m~gegh è Hgkgajgz 3080% Xbg Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce kcag omzvczh

xm g{xcji`{b `x{ moo`kg{ è xbg Kmxxme fzmvèf czgc{ ceh grxgehgh kzgh`x ockì x`g{

i`jgzciip è mzhgz xm zg{xmzg {xcjì`xp xm xbg aczdgx% @e 3073 xbg kmwexzp vc{ mekg cfcè

ockgh v`xb c kz`{`{ è xbg kmxxme xzchg vbge ~z`kg{ vc{ kzc{bgh ceh xmwkbgh xbg imvg{x

iggi {èkg èhg~gehgekg omiimvèf xbg kg{{cx`me mo bm{xì`x`g{ è Dmzgc% Xbg jced è

kmiicjmzcx`me v`xb xbg kmxxme jmczh ~zm`hgh xbg egkg{{czp Kzgh`x ockì`x`g{ xm xbg xzchg

ceh xbg kz`{`{ vc{ x`hgh mgz% Xbg ecxwzg mo zg{~me{`jì`x`g{ mo xbg Jced `{ hòogzgex ceh

we`swg ozma mxbgz jced{-oècek`ci è{x`xwx`me{% Xbg Jced ckx{ c{ xbg cfgex xm xbg [xcxg

Jced mo ^cd`{xce omz bcehièf ^zmèk`ci-Oghgzci Fmgzeagex Zgkg`~x{ ceh ^cpagex{

me xbg`z jgbcio% Xbg Jced bc{ ci{m ~icpgh ce à~mzxcex zmig è oècekèf xbg kmwexzp{

fzmvèf xzchg vb`kb bc{ gr~cehgh xbzmwfb xbg pgcz{ c{ h`gz{ò`kcx`me xmmd ~ickg%3

Xbg Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce bc{ `x{ bgchswczxgz{ è Dczckb` ^cd`{xce% Xbg jced

m~gzcxg{ 3:80":>>2) jzcekbg{ è ^cd`{xce ceh ::":>>2) mgz{gc{ jzcekbg{% Wehgz c

xzw{x Hggh xbg jced ci{m ~zm`hg{ {gz`kg{ c{ xzw{xgg xm Ecx`meci @eg{xagex Xzw{x

"E@X) èkiwhèf {cog kw{xmhp mo {gkwz`x`g{ me jgbcio mo E@X% Xbg Ecx`meci Jced mo

^cd`{xce bc{ c{{gx{ vmzxb Zw~gg{ 6;606?%88 aìi`me me [g~xgajgz ;> :>>2%:

Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce `{ xmhcp c ~zmfzg{{`g goo`k`gex ceh kw{xmagz omkw{gh

è{x`xwx`me% @x bc{ hggim~gh c v`hg zcefg mo kme{wagz ~zmhwkx{ xm gebcekg jw{èg{{

ceh kcxgz xm xbg hòogzgex {gfagex{ mo {mk`gxp% [mag {kbgag{ bcg jgge {~gkò`kciip


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hg{`fegh omz xbg imv xm a`hhig èkmag {gfagex{ mo xbg ~m~wicx`me% Xbg{g èkiwhg EJ^

Dczmjcz EJ^ Chcekg [ciczp EJ^ [c`jcce EJ^ D`{ce Hm{x ceh EJ^ Kc{b e Fmih%

Xbg Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce bc{ à~igagexgh {~gk`ci kzgh`x {kbgag{ i`dg {acii

oècekg omz cfz`kwixwzg jw{èg{{ ceh èhw{xz`g{ chaè`{xzcxmz xm Scz|!g!Bc{ec imce{ xm

{xwhgex{ {gio ga~impagex {kbgag omz wega~impgh ~gz{me{ ~wji`k xzce{~mzx {kbgag%

Xbg Jced bc{ gr~cehgh `x{ zcefg mo ~zmhwkx{ ceh {gz`kg{ xm èkiwhg [bcz`cb Kma~i`cex

@{ica`k Jcedèf ~zmhwkx{% Omz xbg ~zmamx`me mo i`xgzcxwzg EJ^ zgkgexip è`x`cxgh xbg

Ceewci Cvczh{ omz Grkgiigekg è I`xgzcxwzg% EJ^ vìi kmeogz ceewci cvczh{ xm xbg jg{x

jmmd{ è Wzhw ceh è cii ~zmaègex zgf`meci icefwcfg{ ~wji {bgh hwzèf xbg hgoègh

~gz`mh% ^cxzmecfg ozma EJ^ vmwih bgi~ kzgcx`g vmzd è xbg o`gih mo i`xgzcxwzg% Xbg

Jced `{ ci{m xbg iczfg{x {~me{mz mo {~mzx{ è ^cd`{xce% @x bc{ ~zm`hgh fgegzmw{ip xm

~bìcexbzm~`k kcw{g{ vbgeggz xbg eggh czm{g%

@x bc{ xcdge cz`mw{ agc{wzg{ xm ockì`xcxg mgz{gc{ ^cd`{xce { xm {geh xbg`z zga`xxcekg{

è c kmege`gex ceh goo`k`gex aceegz% @e :>>: xbg Jced {`fegh ce cfzggagex v`xb

Vg{xgze We`me omz gr~cehèf xbg jc{g omz hmkwagexgh zga`xxcekg{% Amzg zgkgexip `x

bc{ {xczxgh Gigkxzme`k Bmag Zga`xxcekg{ ^zmlgkx% Xb`{ ~zmlgkx èxzmhwkg{ xgkbemimfp

jc{gh {p{xga xm bcehig èvczh zga`xxcekg{ goo`k`gexip jp ge{wz ef xbcx xbg Jced&{

jzcekbg{ dgg~ c xzckd mo xbg zga`xxcekg zgkg gh ozma cjzmch xìi `x{ oèci zgkg`~x%

C ewajgz mo è`x`cx`g{ bcg jgge xcdge è xgza{ mo è{x`xwx`meci zg{xzwkxwzèf kbcefg{

è xbg o`gih {xzwkxwzg è ~mi`k`g{ ceh ~zmkghwzg{ è èxgzeci kmexzmi {p{xga{ v`xb {~gk`ci

ga~bc{`{ me kmz~mzcxg fmgzecekg chm~x`me mo Kc~`xci Chgswckp [xcehczh{ wehgz

Jc{gi @@ ozcagvmzd è xbg w~ fzchcx`me mo xbg @X èozc{xzwkxwzg ceh hggim~èf xbg

bwace zg{mwzkg{%


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Xbg ~zgk`{g {waaczp mo Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce zgfczhèf `x{ kmwexzpv`hg ceh

mgz{gc{ m~gzcx`me{ `{ c{ ociimv{%

3080 Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce "EJ^) vc{ g{xcji`{bgh wehgz xbg Ecx`meci Jced

mo ^cd`{xce Mzhècekg 3080 ceh vc{ 3>>' fmx%!mvegh% EJ^ ckxgh c{ ce cfgex

mo xbg Kgexzci Jced vbgzggz xbg [xcxg Jced h`h emx bcg `x{ mve Jzcekb% @x

ci{m wehgzxmmd Fmgzeagex Xzgc{wzp m~gzcx`me{% @x{ o`z{x jzcekbg{ vgzg è lwxg

fzmvèf czgc{ è Gc{x ^cd`{xce% Moo`kg{ è Dczckb` ceh Icbmzg omiimvgh%

307> EJ^ g{xcji`{bgh c jzcekb è Lghhcb [cwh` Czcj`c%

Xbg Jced è 307> bch meg {wj{ h`czp Xbg Jced mo Jcbcvci~wz me

Hgkgajgz8 3086 jp xbg omzagz Jcbcvci~wz [xcxg

3077 Jp xb`{ xàg EJ^ bch jzcekbg{ è Imehme ceh Kcikwxxc%

3076 EJ^ g{xcji`{bgh c jzcekb è Jcfbhch @zcs%

30?: EJ^ g{xcji`{bgh c jzcekb è Hcz!g{![cicca Xcefcep`dc%

30?8 Xbg @zcs` fmgzeagex ecx`meci`|gh EJ^&{ Jcfbhch jzcekb%

30?7 Xbg @eh`ce fmgzeagex {g`|gh xbg Kcikwxxc jzcekb me xbg mwxjzgcd mo

bm{xì`x`g{ jgxvgge @eh`c ceh ^cd`{xce%

30?6 Xbg Xce|ce`ce fmgzeagex ecx`meci`|gh xbg Hcz!G{![cicca jzcekb%

3063 EJ^ cksw`zgh Jced mo Kbèc&{ xvm jzcekbg{ meg è Dczckb` ceh meg cx

Kb`xxcfmef% Cx {g~czcx`me mo Gc{x ^cd`{xce EJ^ im{x `x{ jzcekbg{ xbgzg% EJ^

agzfgh v`xb Gc{xgze Agzkcexìg Jced ceh v`xb Gc{xgze Jced Kmz~mzcx`me%


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3068 Xbg fmgzeagex mo ^cd`{xce ecx`meci`|gh EJ^% C{ ~czx mo xbg kmekma`xcex

kme{mi`hcx`me mo xbg jcedèf {gkxmz EJ^ cksw`zgh Jced mo Jcbcvci~wz "g{x%

3086)%

3066 EJ^ m~gegh ce moo{bmzg jzcè Kc`zm%

3008 EJ^ cacifcacxgh Agbzce Jced "g{x% 3003)%

3006 EJ^&{ jzcekb è C{bfcjcx Xwzdage`{xce kmaagekgh m~gzcx`me{%

:>>> EJ^ m~gegh c zg~zg{gexcx`g moo`kg è Ciacxp Dc|cdb{xce%

:>>3 [xcxg Jced mo ^cd`{xce ceh Jced mo Geficeh cfzgg xm ciimv meip :

^cd`{xce` jced{ xm m~gzcxg è xbg WD% EJ^ ceh We`xgh Jced cfzggh xm agzfg

xbg`z m~gzcx`me{ xm omza ^cd`{xce @exgzecx`meci Jced mo vb`kb EJ^ vmwih mve

87' ceh We`xgh Jced 77'%

:>>; EJ^ zgkg`gh ~gza`{{`me xm m~ge c jzcekb è Cofbce`{xce%

:>>7 EJ^ kim{gh `x{ moo{bmzg jzcekb è Kc`zm%

>;% ECXWZGMO ECX@MECI JCEDMO ^CD@[XCE

Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce vc{ èkmz~mzcxgh è ^cd`{xce wehgz xbg Ecx`meci Jced mo

^cd`{xce Mzhècekg 3080 ceh `{ i`{xgh me cii xbg {xmkd grkbcefg{ è ^cd`{xce% Xbg jced

`{ gefcfgh è ~zm`hèf kmaagzk`ci jcedèf ceh zgicxgh {gz`kg{ è ^cd`{xce ceh

mgz{gc{% Xbg jced m~gzcxg{ 3:80 ":>>6%3:;:) jzcekbg{ è ^cd`{xce ceh :: ":>>6%32)

mgz{gc{ jzcekbg{ "èkiwhèf xbg Gr~mzx ^zmkg{{èf \meg jzcekb Dczckb`)% Wehgz c

Xzw{x Hggh xbg jced ci{m ~zm`hg{ {gz`kg{ c{ xzw{xgg xm Ecx`meci èg{xagex Xzw{x

"E@X) èkiwhèf {cog kw{xmhp mo {gkwz`x`g{ me jgbcio mo E@X%;


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Xbg ecxwzg mo zg{~me{`j i`x`g{ mo xbg Jced `{ h oogzgex ceh we`swg ozma mxbgz

jced{-oècek`ci è{x`xwx`me{% Xbg jced ci{m bcehig{ xzgc{wzp xzce{ckx me{ omz xbg

Fmgzeagex mo ^cd`{xce c{ ce cfgex xm xbg [xcxg Jced mo ^cd`{xce omz bcehi ef

~zmèk`ci-Oghgzci Fmgzeagex zgkg`~x{ ceh ~cpagex{ me xbg`z jgbcio% Xbg Ecx`meci

Jced mo ^cd`{xce bc{ ci{m ~icpgh ce à~mzxcex zmig è oècekèf xbg kmwexzp{ fzmvèf

xzchg vb`kb bc{ gr~cehgh xbzmwfb xbg pgcz{ c{ h`gz{ò`kcx`me xmmd ~ickg% Xbg jced `{

~zm`hèf cii jcedèf {gz`kg{ mo agzkcexìg ceh kmaagzk`ci jcedèf ~gza`{{`jig è xbg

kmwexzp vb`kb èkiwhg%

Ckkg~xèf mo hg~m{`x{ mo amegp me kwzzgex o`rgh {cèf xgza hg~m{`x ceh

~zmo`x ceh im{{ {bczèf ckkmwex{%

Jmzzmvèf amegp ceh czzcefèf oècekg ozma mxbgz jced{%

Chcekèf ceh igehèf amegp xm `x{ ki`gex{%

Oècekèf mo ~zmlgkx{ èkiwhèf xgkbe`kci c{{`{xcekg ~zmlgkx c~~zc`{ci xbzmwfb

imef xgza- {bmzx xgza imce{ xgza oècekg ceh aw{bcz`dc kgzxò`kcxg{ gxk%

Jwpèf {giièf hgcièf èkiwhèf gexgzèf èxm omzvczh kmexzckx{ mo omzg`fe

grkbcefg%

Oècekèf mo {gc{meci kzm~{ i`dg kmxxme vbgcx z`kg {wfcz kceg xmjckkm gxk%

Zgkg`èf mo jmeh{ ciwcjig{ gxk% omz {cog kw{xmhp%

Kczzpèf me cfgekp jw{èg{{ omz cep hg{kz`~x`me mxbgz xbce acecfèf cfgex me

jgbcio mo ki`gex{ ekiwhèf Fmgzeagex ceh imkci cwxbmz`x`g{%

Fgegzcxèf wehgzxcdèf ~zmamxèf gxk% mo `{{wg mo {bczg{ ceh jmeh{ gxk%


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Xzce{ckxèf fwczcexgg ceh èhgae`xp jw{èg{{%

Wehgzxcdèf ceh grgkwxèf xzw{x{%

Lmèx gexwzèf v`xb omzg`fe hgcigz{ cfgex{ ceh kma~ce`g{ omz `x{ zg~zg{gexcx`me

cjzmch%

^czx`k`~cxèf è Vmzih Jced ceh C{`ce Hggim~agex Jced{ ièg{ mo kzgh`x%

^zm`hèf ~gz{meci`|gh Bcll {gz`kg{ xm èxgehèf Bcll`{%

>8% Jw{èg{{ miwag mo Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce

Zw~gg{ è

Aìi`me{

Pgcz :>>? :>>6 :>>2 :>>0 :>3>

Xmxci C{{gx{77;):;3)8?6 766)630)338

?87)3;:)633

6?:)30;)70;

236)672)?

Hg~m{`x{8?7)763)636 8?;)8:?)?>:

7>3)26:):8;

703)0>6)8;7

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Chcekg{::>)608)>67 :?2)2;2)660

;3?)33>)8>?

;8>)?66)3>>

83:)02?)7

Zg{gzg{ 3>)23;)038 3;)7;?)>83

3;)260):?

>

37)66:)3:

8 30)083)>

@eg{xagex{380);7>)>0? 37?)027)?2?

3;0)08?)007

:3>)626)2?2

36>)2:03

Bmz`|mexci

Cecip{`{ "') Xmxci C{{gx{ 3>> 3>8 336 3;2 382

Hg~m{`x{ 3>> 3>> 3>2 3:6 3;8

Chcekg{ 3>> 3:: 38; 378 326

Zg{gzg{ 3>> 3:7 3:2 38? 328

@eg{xagex{ 3>> 3>7 08 383 338

[mwzkg"Ceewci Zg~mzx :>>0!

:>3>


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Xbg jw{èg{{ miwag mo Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce `{ {xcxgh è xgza{ mo xmxci c{{gx{

hg~m{`x{ chcekg{ zg{gzg{ ceh èg{xagex{% Xm cecip|g xbg xzgeh è xbg{g `xga{ xbg

Bmz`|mexci cecip{`{ mo gckb `xga `{ kcikwicxgh%

>7% JZCEKB EGXVMZDMO ECX@MECI JCEDMO ^CD@[XCE

V`xb xbg fgmfzc~b`kci hggim~agex mo `x{ jzcekbg{ xbg Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce bc{

jgge cjig xm grxgeh `x{ {gz`kg{ xm c awkb iczfgz ewajgz mo ^cd`{xce`{ cii mgz xbg

kmwexzp% Xmhcp xbg Jced bc{ amzg xbce 2%2 aìi`me ckkmwex{ / Jced acèxcè{ `x{

~zg{gekg è cii xbg aclmz oècek`ci kgexgz{ mo xbg vmzih xbzmwfb `x{ :: ":>>2) mgz{gc{

jzcekbg{ ceh 7 zg~zg{gexcx`g moo`kg{% Mo xbg{g xbzgg zg~zg{gexcx`g moo`kg{ bcg

zgkgexip jgge {gx w~ cx Xc{bdgex "W|jgd`{xce) Jcdw "C|gzjc lce) ceh Ciacxp

"Dc|cdb{xce) xm xcdg chcexcfg mo xbg gagzfèf m~~mzxwe`x`g{ è K@[ kmwexz`g{% Jced{

zmig C~czx ozma bcèf c c{x jzcekb egxvmzd Jced `{ cx xbg omzgozmex è xbg cksw`{`x`me

ceh c~~i`kcx`me mo egv xgkbemimf`g{ è ggzp c{~gkx mo `x{ jcedèf ockì`x`g{% @x bc{

cksw`zgh igc{gh xgig~bmeg ièg{ omz me!ièg jcedèf% Xbg Jced bc{ 3: Zgf`meci

Kma~wxgz Kgexgz{ xm kmgz cz`mw{ me!ièg ceh jcxkb {p{xga zgsw`zgagex{ mo jzcekbg{

ceh kmexzmiièf moo`kg{%

^zg{gexip xbg Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce `{ h``hgh èxm cz`mw{ Fzmw~{ bgchgh jp

[G_^{-G_^{% @x{ o`gih m~gzcx`me{ czg kmexzmiigh jp :0 zgf`me{ " Ceegrgh @@) zg~mzxèf

xm c{ acep Zgf`meci kb`go{ vbm kmexzmi 8> |meg{ ceh 37 {èfig Jzcekb |meg{ bgchgh

jp \meci Kb`go{4 3: kmz~mzcxg jzcekbg{ ceh 3:80 hmag{x`k jzcekbg{ bgchgh jp Jzcekb

Acecfgz{% Xbg jced bc{ 3: [V@OX imkci kgexgz{%

C~czx ozma bcèf c c{x jzcekb egxvmzd Jced `{ cx xbg omzgozmex è xbg cksw`{`x`me ceh

c~~i`kcx`me mo egv xgkbemimf`g{ è ggzp c{~gkx mo `x{ jcedèf ockì`x`g{% @x bc{ cksw`zgh

igc{gh xgig~bmeg ièg{ omz me!ièg jcedèf% Jced bc{ ci{m c ~zg{gekg me xbg èxgzegx%


10/88

Xbg Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce bc{ 37? meièg jzcekbg{ xbzmwfbmwx xbg kmwexzp% @x bc{

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11/88

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>6% ^zmhwkx Ièg{


12/88

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bgz`xcfg mo xzw{x ceh ~zmog{{`meci kmaa`xagex%


13/88

6%3%3% KWZZGEX HG^M[@X[

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14/88

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{cèf ckkmwex%


15/88

Me xbg o`z{x hcp mo Zca|ce gckb pgcz xbg \cdcx cx xbg zcxg mo :%7' vìi jg

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zgkmgzp mo {gz`kg kbczfg{%


16/88

Wehgz xgza hg~m{ x {kbgag xbg hg~m{ xmz{ emx kgc{g xm gcze xbg ~zmo x

àagh`cxgip coxgz xbg zg{~gkx`g acxwz`xp hcxg%

6%3%8% OMZG@FE KWZZGEKP CKKMWEX

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mo xbg hg~m{`x ciwg% ^zmo`x ~c`h ggzp ~gz`mh c{ omiimv{%


17/88

^gz`mh ^zmo`x

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18/88

kme{xzwkx`me% @o cepmeg bc{ c Bmag Oècekg Ockì`xp mwx{xcehèf v`xb cemxbgz jced bg

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19/88

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21/88

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22/88

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23/88

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24/88

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25/88

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26/88

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27/88

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Ga~impgg{ jgego`x / H`{jwz{gagex{ Fzmw~

Mgz{gc{ / Kmmzhècx`me Fzmw~

@{ica`k Jcedèf

Kmzg Jcedèf C~~i`kcx`me ÂM

Oècek`ci Kmexzmi H``{`me

@eomzacx`me Xgkbemimfp Fzmw~


28/88

[mwzkg "Ceewci Zg~mzx :>3>)

2%:%3% KMZ^MZCXG / @E_G[XAGEX JCED@EF FZMW^

Xbg kmz~mzcxg / èg{xagex jcedèf fzmw~ `{ bgchgh jp Az% Ac{mmh Dczà [bc`db%

Xb`{ fzmw~ ~gzomza{ `x{ owekx`me xbzmwfb `x{ omiimvèf xvm we`x{%

Kmz~mzcxg Jcedèf

@eg{xagex Jcedèf

Xbg kmz~mzcxg ceh èg{xagex jcedèf vìi kmexèwg xm ~icp c aclmz zmig è imce

{peh`kcx`me{ {xzwkxwzgh oècekèf ceh hgjx - kc~ xci zc`{èf xzce{ckx me{ v`xb xbg

mjlgkx`g mo ~zm`hèf gex`zg zcefg mo kmz~mzcxg ceh èg{xagex jcedèf {miwx`me{ xm `x{

ciwgh ki`gex{ wehgz meg wajzgiic%

Xbg Kmz~mzcxg Jcedèf Fzmw~ ckb`ggh grkgiigex zg{wix{ è :>>6 v`xb c ewajgz mo

icehaczd xzce{ckx`me{ è kgagex gegzfp kmaawe`kcx me ceh ogzx i`|gz {gkxmz{% @e

Ecag Fzmw~ Ecag / Hg{`fecx`me

Ac{mmh Dczà [bc`db [G_^ / Fzmw~ Kb`go Kmz~mzcxg / @eg{xagex Jcedèf Fzmw~

[bcb`h Cevcz Dbce [G_^ / Fzmw~ Kb`go Kzgh x Acecfgagex Fzmw~

Hz% C{ò C% Jzmb` [G_^ / Fzmw~ Kb`go M~gzcx`me{ Fzmw~

@aca Jcdb{b Jcimkb [G_^ / Fzmw~ Kb`go Cwh x / @e{~gkx`me Fzmw~\`cwiicb Dbce [G_^ / Fzmw~ Kb`go Kma~i`cekg Fzmw~

Hz% A`z|c Cjzcz Jc`f [G_^ / Fzmw~ Kb`go Bwace Zg{mwzkg{ Acecfgagex / Chaè`{xzcx`me F

Cagz [`hh`sw` [G_^ / Fzmw~ Kb`go Kmaagzk`ci / Zgxcì Jcedèf Fzmw~

Awbcaach Ew{zcx

_mbzc [G_^ / Fzmw~ Kb`go Xzgc{wzp Acecfgagex Fzmw~

Caà Cdbxcz G_^ / [M xm xbg zg{`hgex

Gdbics Cbagh G_^ / [gkzgxczp Jmczh mo H`zgkxmz{

Xclcaaci Bw{{cè Jmdbczgg G_^-H``{`meci Bgch [~gk`ci C{{gx{ Acecfgagex Fzmw~

Az{% Dbwz{b`h Acs{mmh Ci G_^ / H``{`meci Bgch Ga~impgg Jgego x{ H`{jwz{gagex{ / Xzw{xgg H`

Xcb`z Pcsmmj G_^ / Fzmw~ Kb`go Mgz{gc{ Kmmzhècx`me / Acecfgagex Fzmw~

Cevcz Cbagh Aggec` G_^ / H``{`meci Bgch @{ica`k Jcedèf

Ecgga

[pgh G_^ / Bgch Kmzg Jcedèf C~~i`kcx`me AM

Cca`z

[cxxcz

Oècek`ci Kmexzmiigz / H``{`meci Bgch Oècek`ci Kmexzmi

H``{`me

Cxò Bc{{ce Dbce Fzmw~ Kb`go "C) @eomzacx me Xgkbemimfp Fzmw~


29/88

chh`x`me xm xbg owehgh èkmag mwz kmz~mzcxg ceh èg{xagex jcedèf bc{ {wj{xcex`ciip

èkzgc{gh `x{ ogg jc{g èkmag xb`{ pgcz jp jgèf xbg igch ch`{mz è c ewajgz mo

xzce{ckx`me{ è xbg kmz~mzcxg vmzih mo ^cd`{xce

Xbg kbciigefg{ xm kmz~mzcxg jw{èg{{ è pgcz :>>6 vgzg aceòmih èkiwhèf zghwkx`me è

^z`cxg Kzgh`x @eg{xagex c{ c zg{wix mo {imvèf hmve mo gkmemap c{ vgii c{ z`{èf

èxgzg{x zcxg{% Xbg èkzgc{èf ~zg{{wzg me xbg xgrxìg èhw{xzp zghwkgh xbg igehèf xm xb`{

{gkxmz% @e chh`x`me xbg jced&{ kmz~mzcxg imce{ p`gih{ ci{m ockgh ~zg{{wzg c{ {wj{x`xwxg

omza mo owehèf {mwzkg{ czg ccìcjig è xbg aczdgx è omza mo @{ica`k oècekèf awxwci

oweh{ `{{wcekg mo hgjx è{xzwagex{ i`dg XOK{ ceh Jmeh{ ceh xbg Kc~`xci aczdgx{%

Hg{~`xg xbg{g xbzgcx{ ceh kbciigefg{ cx EJ^ mwz kmz~mzcxg xgca emx meip èkzgc{gh xbg

miwag c{ vgii c{ xbg p`gih mo xbg imce{ xbgp ci{m acèxcègh c {xzmef ozcekb`{g v`xb xbg

igchèf ^cd`{xce` kmz~mzcxg {m c{ xm ge{wzg xbcx EJ^ emx meip acèxcè{ `x{ aczdgx {bczg

jwx `{ è c ~m{`x`me xm aggx cep kbciigefg{ è owxwzg% EJ^ hwzèf xbg pgcz ci{m

~czx`k`~cxgh è c ewajgz mo XOK `{{wg{ ceh awxwci oweh{ {wj{kz`~x`me{ xbgzgjp

èkzgc{èf xbg mgzcii p`gih me èg{xagex ~mzxomi`m%

EJ^ bc{ xbg iczfg{x gsw`xp ~mzxomi`m e xbg jcedèf {gkxmz ~zàcz ip hwg xm :6' bmihèf

è E@X we`x{ xbg iczfg{x awxwci oweh è ^cd`{xce% Hwzèf xbg pgcz :>>2 xbg jced

zghggagh 3>' mo `x{ E@X bmihèf kmgzgh wehgz ImK vb`kb zg{wixgh è kc~`xci fcè mo

Z{% 3%2 jìi`me è :>>2%

Xbg Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce bc{ è`x`cxgh c {xzwkxwzgh c~~zmckb xm kmz~mzcxg jcedèf

jp èxzmhwkèf c {èfig ~mèx mo kmexckx xbzmwfb Zgicx`me{b`~ Acecfgz{% Omz xb`{

~wz~m{g egv Zgicx`me{b`~ Acecfgz{ c{ vgii c{ xgca igchgz{ bc{ jgge èhwkxgh xm

gr~gh`xg xb`{ ~zmkg{{% Xbg Czgc Acecfgz{ mo Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce czg c~~mèxgh

xm acecfg zgicx`me{b`~{ ceh xm jgxxgz {gz`kg xbg eggh{ mo awixècx`meci{ ceh iczfg imkci


30/88

kmz~mzcxg% Ce èg{xagex jcedèf xgca bc{ ci{m jgge omzagh jp Ecx`meci Jced mo

^cd`{xce xm moogz {~gk`ci`|gh {gz`kg{ xm aclmz zgicx`me{b`~{ èkiwhèf ch`{mzp ceh hgjx

{peh`kcx`me{% Xbg Ecx`meci Jced m ^cd`{xce bcg {~gk`ci omkw{ me Kmz~mzcxg Jcedèf

v`xb c ~zg{gekg è cii aclmz imkcx`me{ xbzmwfb mwx xbg kmwexzp moogzèf owii zcefg mo

Jcedèf ~zmhwkx{ - {gz`kg{ ceh meg vèhmv èxgzockg xbzmwfb hg{`fecxgh Zgicx`me{b`~

Acecfgz{% Kmz~mzcxg Jcedèf moogz{ xcìmz achg ~zmhwkx{ - {miwx`me{ c{ zgsw`zgh jp

kmz~mzcxg kw{xmagz{ vb`kb èkiwhg{%

Xbg dgp ogcxwzg{ mo kmz~mzcxg Jcedèf èkiwhg{%

Owehgh ockì`x`g{ zcefèf ozma {bmzx xm agh`wa ceh imef xgza igehèf

Xzchg zgicxgh oècekèf%

Omzg`fe kwzzgekp oècekèf%

Cii {mzx{ mo eme!owehgh ockì`x`g{ - {gz`kg{ vb`kb èkiwhg Kc{b zgkg`~x{ -

~cpagex{ Zga`xxcekg{ Kmiigkx`me{ fwczcexgg{ igxxgz mo kzgh`x gxk%

Kw{xma`|gh ~zmhwkx{ - {miwx`me{

2%:%:% KMAÎ@CEKG FZMW^

Xbg Kma~i`cekg Fzmw~ mo Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce `{ bgchgh jp Az% \`cwiicb Dbce

ceh `{ zg~mzx h`zgkxip xm xbg ^zg{`hgex- Kb`go grgkwx`g mo EJ^% @e mzhgz xm dgg~ xbg

vmzdèf mo Cwh`x Hg~czxagex ci`fegh v`xb xbg jg{x èxgzecx`meci ~zckx`kg{ &Kma~i`cekg

Fzmw~ bc{ jgge kzgcxgh% Xb`{ fzmw~ `{ zg{~me{`jig omz ame`xmz ef kma~i`cekg mo

cz`mw{ chaè`{xzcx g - m~gzcx`g è{xzwkx me{ zwig{ ceh zgfwicx me{ jp kme{xcexip

zg`gvèf ceh zg~mzxèf {xcxw{ mo kma~i`cekg ceh eme!kma~i`cekg% Xbg Kma~i`cekg

Fzmw~ mo EJ^ `{ {gx xm ge{wzg xbcx cii zgigcex icv{ czg kma~i`gh v`xb è igxxgz ceh


31/88

{~`z`x ceh xbw{ aèà`|g igfci ceh zgfwicxmzp z`{d{% Xbg Kma~i`cekg moo`kgz{ vìi

~zàczìp jg zg{~me{`jig omz Jced{ googkx`g kma~i`cekg zgicxèf xm%

Zgigcex ~zm`{`me{ mo gr`{xèf icv{ ceh zgfwicx`me{%

Fw`hgièg{ omz DPK%

Cex` amegp icwehgzèf icv{ ceh zgfwicx`me{%

Xàgip {wja`{{`me mo ckkwzcxg hcxc - zgxwze{ xm zgfwicxmz ceh mxbgz cfgek`g{%

Ame`xmz ceh zg~mzx {w{~`k`mw{ xzce{ckx`me{ xm ^zg{`hgex - Kb`go Grgkwx`g

Moo`kgz mo xbg jced ceh mxbgz zgicxgh cfgek`g{%

Xbg Kma~i`cekg Moo`kgz{ vìi {gzg c{ c kmexckx ~mèx jgxvgge ^zg{`hgex -Kb`go

grgkwx`g moo kgz{ ceh {ge`mz acecfgagex v`xb zgfczh xm owekx meèf mo

kma~i`cekg ~zmfzca ~zm`hg c{{`{xcekg è xb`{ czgc xm jzcekbg{ ceh mxbgz

hg~czxagex{ mo xbg jced ceh ckx c{ i`c`{me v xb [xcxg Jced mo ^cd`{xce

kmekgzeèf xbg `{{wg{ zgicxgh xm kma~i`cekg%

Xbg owekx`me{ mo kma~i`cekg fzmw~ mo Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce czg c{ ociimv{%

[xwhp ceh ga~bc{`|g kma~i`cekg mo jg{x èxgzecx`meci ~zckx`kg{ è cwh`x mo

cz`mw{ owekx`me{ mo EJ^%

Ame`xmz kma~i`cekg mo Chaè`{xzcx`g-M~gzcx`meci @e{xzwkx`me{ Zwig{

Zgfwicx`me{ `{{wgh ozma xàg xm xàg jp xbg Acecfgagex%

Zg`gv mgz xbg kma~i`cekg kczz`gh mwx jp xbg cwh`x hg~czxagex{%

^zg~czg ceh ~wx w~ c kme{mi`hcxgh Zg~mzx xm xbg H`zgkxmz{ mo Ecx`meci Jced mo

^cd`{xce zgfczhèf xbg {xcxw{ mo kma~i`cekg ceh eme!kma~i`cekg mo xbg

zgkmaagehcx`me{ cfzggh jp xbg Hg~czxagexci Acecfgagex%

2%:%;% @[ICA@K JCED@EF FZMW^

Xbg h``{`meci bgch mo @{ica`k Jcedèf fzmw~ `{ Az% Cevcz Cbagh Aggec`% @{ica`k

Jcedèf `{ meg mo xbg gagzfèf o`gih è fimjci oècek`ci aczdgx bcèf xzgagehmw{


32/88

~mxgex`ci ceh fzmvèf cx c gzp oc{x ~ckg cii czmweh xbg vmzih% Ci!Bcahwiìicb xbg

~zmfzg{{ mo @{ica`k Jcedèf è ^cd`{xce bc{ ci{m jgge kmaagehcjig hwzèf xbg ic{x

O`g pgcz{% Xbg pgcz :>>6 aczdgh xbg o`z{x pgcz mo @{ica`k Jcedèf m~gzcx`me{% Hwz ef

xbg pgcz wehgz zg`gv è chh`x`me xm ckx`g ~czx`k`~cx`me è cz`mw{ [wdwd xzce{ckx`me{

xvm amzg @{ica`k Jcedèf jzcekbg{ cx Icbmzg ceh ^g{bcvcz {xczxgh m~gzcx`me{% EJ^&{

~ice{ omz xbg pgcz :>>2 èkiwhg m~geèf mo Oc`{cicjch ceh Zcvci~èh` jzcekbg{ v`xb

xbg omkw{ me fzmvèf mzfce`kciip jp m~geèf amzg {xcehcimeg @{ica`k Jcedèf

jzcekbg{ wxì`|èf EJ^&{ gr`{x ef jzcekb egxvmzd mo 3:>> ~iw{ kmegex meci jzcekbg{

ceh immdèf èxm {xzcxgf`k cksw`{`x`me{ omz gr~ce{`me è xb`{ o`gih% Xbg ~zmhwkx{ /

{gz`kg{ jgèf moogzgh jp Ecx meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce{ @{ica`k Jcedèf czg owiip

[bcz`cb Kma~i`cex ceh bcg jgge kgzx o`gh jp EJ^{ [bcz`cb Ch`{mz% Hg~m{`x

[kbgag{ jgèf moogzgh jp EJ^{ @{ica`k Jcedèf Jzcekbg{ èkiwhg xbg omiimvèf%

Kwzzgex Hg~m{`x [kbgag

^zmo`x / Im{{ [bczèf "Î[) Hg~m{`x [kbgag

Kmaagzk`ci ceh Kmz~mzcxg kw{xmagz{ zgsw`zèf oècekèf vìi bcg xbg omiimvèf

oècekèf ockì`x`g{ ccìcjig xm xbga xm aggx xbg`z zgsw`zgagex{%

Awzcjcbc

Awzcjcbc Ockì`xp

@lczcb "Igc{èf)

@e chh`x`me xm [bcz`cb ckkg~xcjig {xcehczh fgegzci jcedèf {gz`kg{ omiimvèf {gz`kg{

czg ci{m jgèf moogzgh cx xbg @{ica`k Jcedèf Jzcekbg{%

Igxxgz mo Kzgh`x Ockì`xp

Bcehièf mo Zga`xxcekg{

@{{wcekg mo Jced Hzcox{ ceh ^cp Mzhgz{%

Kmiigkx`me mo Gr~mzx Jìi{%


33/88

Kmiigkx`me mo Imkci Jìi{%

Fmgzeagex Kmiigkx`me{

Wxì`xp Jìi{ Kmiigkx`me

2%:%8% XZGC[WZP ACECFGAGEX FZMW^

Xbg fzmw~ kb`go mo Xzgc{wzp acecfgagex fzmw~ mo Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce `{ Az%

Awbcaach Ew{zcx _mbzc% Xbg EJ^ xzgc{wzp ceh kc~`xci aczdgx fzmw~ bc{ hggim~gh c

zg~wxcx`me mo jgèf xbg aczdgx igchgz è kmaèf w~ v`xb kw{xma`|gh {miwx`me{ omz c

iczfg ceh cz`gh ki`gex jc{g xbcx `{ {~zgch `zxwciip cii ckzm{{ xbg kmwexzp% Xbg ki`gex

jc{g hmg{ emx kme{`{x mo meip jiwg kb`~{ meg{ jwx gekma~c{{g{ ~wji`k {gkxmz ki`gex{

zgxcì {gkxmz awixècx`meci{ imkci kmefimagzcxg{ c{ vgii c{ èh``hwci{%

Ecx`meci jced xzgc{wzp `{ kwzzgexip zgfczhgh c{ c aczdgx igchgz è jmxb omzg`fe

grkbcefg ceh zw~gg hgemaècxgh ~zmhwkx{ jgkcw{g mo `x{ ga~bc{`{ me {gz`kg swci`xp%

Xbg Xzgc{wzp acecfgagex fzmw~ mo Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce{ moogz%3?

Eczzmvg{x j`h - moogz {~zgch ceh sw`kdg{x me ièg swmxg{

Kw{xma`|gh {miwx`me{ xm aèà`|g z`{d ceh m~xà`|g zgxwze{ c{ ~gz xbg eggh{ ceh

k`zkwa{xcekg{ mo xbg ki`gex{

Omkw{ me jw ihèf {w{xcègh ceh imef xgza zgicx`me{b`~ v`xb è{x`xwx`meci

kmz~mzcxg ceh zgxcì ki`gex{%

Imkci ~zg{gekg ckzm{{ xbg ecx`me c{ vgii c{ èxgzecx`meciip%

Kwzzgexip xbg Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce moogz omiimvèf Xzgc{wzp ^zmhwkx{%36

2%:%7% KZGH@X ACECFGAGEX FZMW^

Xbg fzmw~ kb`go mo Kzgh`x Acecfgagex Fzmw~ `{ Az% [bcb`h Cevcz Dbce% Xb`{ fzmw~

w{wciip hgci{ v`xb Jced{ ciimkcx`me{ mo ~cpagex{ mz kc{b c~~i`kcx`me èxgzeci oweh

amgagex{ zgkmekì`cx`me{ ceh ci{m acèxcèèf ~m{`x`g vmzdèf zgicx`me{b`~{ v`xb


34/88

kw{xmagz hwzèf xbg hgjx kmiigkx`me mz kzgh`x zg`gv ceh c~~zmci ~zmkg{{ {kzggeèf mo

kw{xmagz{ ceh meip xbm{g vbm `{ kzgh`x vmzxbp czg ciimvgh xm hm jw{èg{{% Xbg

h``{`me{ mo xb`{ fzmw~ czg h`{xz`jwxgh ckkmzhèf xm hòogzgex czgc{ vb`kb czg%

EVO^ C|ch Dc{ba`z [èh / Jcimkb`{xce czgc vèf

Dczckb` czgc vèf

[~gk`ci Kzgh`x Kgii / ^welcj czgc Vèf

Xbg owekx`me{ mo xb`{ hg~czxagex èkiwhg%

Geomzkèf xbg [xcxg ^mi`k`g{ oècek`ci zgfwicx`me{ ceh kzgh`x zwig{ mo xbg jced

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^wxxèf omzvczh xbg ~zm~m{ci mo kzgh`x acecfgagex ceh hggim~agex4 fw`hèf

ceh {w~gz`{èf xbg jzcekb!jced{ xm hgci v`xb kzgh`x jw{èg{{

Acecfèf xbg cwxbmz`|gh jw{èg{{4 hgcièf v`xb xbg igfci cooc`z{ kme{wixgh ceh

kmmzhècxgh

G{xcji`{bèf hggim~agex zwig{ me kzgh`x4 hgcièf v`xb xbg ckkg~xcekg hzcox4

g{xàcxèf xbg imceèf ckkmwex{

Zg{~me{`jig omz zg~mzxèf xbg kzgh`x {xcx`{x`k {xcxgagex

Zg{~me{`jig omz xzcèèf ki`gex acecfgz{

Zg{~me{`jig omz hgcièf v`xb mxbgz vmzd ckkmzhèf xm xbg h`zgkxmz{ mo xbg jced

Zg{~me{`jig omz xbg kzgh`x!zgf`{xgzgh kme{wixèf {p{xga4 zgfwicx ef xbg o`g!

fzchgh imce{

2%:%?% CWH@X / @E[^GKX@ME FZMW^

Xbg fzmw~ kb`go mo Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce{ Cwh`x / è{~gkx`me fzmw~ `{ Az% @aca

Jcdb{b Jcimkb% @x `{ meg mo xbg kmzg hg~czxagex{ cx EJ^% @x{ a`{{`me `{ xm {xz`g omz

{mweheg{{ / {xcjì`xp mo xbg oècek`ci {p{xga ceh {cogfwczh èxgzg{x mo {xcdgbmihgz{


35/88

xbzmwfb ~zmckx`g è{~gkx`me kma~cx`jig v`xb jg{x èxgzecx`meci ~zckx`kg{% Xb`{ fzmw~

~icp{ c `xci zmig è aggxèf EJ^{ acè zg{~me{`jì`xp mo {w~gz`{èf xbg jced{

{mweheg{{ mo xbg {p{xga ceh ~zmxgkx`me mo xbg èxgzg{x mo hg~m{`xmz{ xbgzgjp ge{wzèf

~wji`k kmeo`hgekg è xbg {p{xga% @e mzhgz xm c{{g{{ xbg jzcekbg{ Cwh`x / è{~gkx me

fzmw~ kmehwkx{ zgfwicz cwh`x / è{~gkx`me mo jzcekbg{% Jced&{ acecfgagex bc{

g{xcji`{bgh ceh `{ acecfèf ce chgswcxg ceh googkx`g {p{xga mo èxgzeci kmexzmi vb`kb

gekma~c{{g{ xbg ~mi`k`g{ ~zmkghwzg{ ~zmkg{{g{ ceh xc{d{ c{ c~~zmgh jp xbg Jmczh mo

H`zgkxmz{ xbcx ockì`xcxg googkx`g ceh goo`k`gex m~gzcx`me{% Xbg acecfgagex ceh xbg

ga~impgg{ cx cii iggi{ v`xbè xbg Jced czg zgsw`zgh xm ~gzomza c{ ~gz xbg{g c~~zmgh

@exgzeci Kmexzmi [p{xga kma~megex{% Xbg @exgzeci Kmexzmi [p{xga ge{wzg{ swci`xp mo

grxgzeci ceh èxgzeci zg~mzxèf acèxgecekg mo ~zm~gz zgkmzh{ ceh ~zmkg{{g{

kma~i`cekg v`xb c~~i`kcjig icv{ ceh zgfwicx`me{ ceh èxgzeci ~mi`k`g{ v`xb zg{~gkx xm

kmehwkx mo jw{èg{{% Xbg acecfgagex ge{wzg{ xbcx ce goo`k`gex ceh googkx`g @exgzeci

Kmexzmi [p{xga `{ è ~ickg jp `hgexòpèf kmexzmi mjlgkx`g{ zg`gvèf gr`{xèf

~zmkghwzg{ ceh ~mi`k`g{ ceh ge{wèf xbcx kmexzmi ~zmkghwzg ceh ~mi`k`g{ czg cagehgh

omz xàg xm xàg vbgzggz zgsw`zgh% Bmvggz @exgzeci Kmexzmi [p{xga `{ hg{`fegh xm

acecfg zcxbgz xbce giàècxg xbg z`{d mo ocìwzg xm ckb`gg mjlgkx`g{ ceh ~zm`hg

zgc{mecjig jwx emx cj{miwxg c{{wzcekg cfcè{x acxgz`ci a`{{xcxgagex mz im{{%32

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Kma~igx`me mo cii zgigcex kmiwae{ mo xbg Ckkmwex m~geèf omza%

^zm~gz kma~igx`me mo hmkwagexcx`me%


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3>%8% KC[B HG^CZXAGEX

Cii ~bp{`kci amgagex mo kc{b è xbg jced `{ achg xbzmwfb xbg kc{b hg~czxagex% C{

jced `{ jmzzmvèf ceh igehèf è{x`xwx me xbgzgomzg kc{b `{ xbg xm~ am{x ~z`mz`xp mo

Jced% Cemxbgz c{~gkx `{ xbcx kc{b hg~czxagex `{ omz xbg {gkwz`xp ~wz~m{g {gkwz`xp è c

{ge{g xbcx xbgzg {bmwih jg em gajg||igagex mo oweh{ mz è amegp igchgh xm jced jp cep

~czxp mz ~gz{me% Xbg goo`k`gekp mo jced `{ ci{m zgicxgh xm xb`{ hg~czxagex xbg amzg

goo`k`gex xbg jced `{ xbg {xzmefgz ceh jw{p `{ xbg kc{b hg~czxagex% Kc{b hg~czxagex

~gzomza omiimvèf owekx me{

Kc{b hg~czxagex mvg{ `x{ à~mzxcex xm xbg ockx xbcx `x `{ c aclmz ~mèx mo kmexzckx

jgxvgge xbg jced ceh xbg kw{xmagz xbg jced{ am{x ciwgh zgicx`me{b`~{% Xb`{

hg~czxagex `{ xbg {bmvkc{g mo xbg jced ceh kmegp{ xbg o`z{x à~zg{{`me{ cjmwx xbg

jced{ kmaa`xagex xm ~zmog{{`meci`{a è `x{ {p{xga{ ceh ~zmkghwzg{ ceh xm kmwzxgmw{

ceh goo`k`gex kw{xmagz {gz`kg%

Emzaciip kc{b hg~czxagex ~gzomza{ omiimvèf owekx`me{

Kmiigkx`me mo oweh{

Ckkg~xcekg mo hg~m{`x{

Kmiigkx`me mo wxì`xp jìi{

^cpagex mo kbgkd{

Zga`xxcekg{

Ckx ckkmzhèf xm cep {xcehèf è{xzwkx`me{


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Xzce{ogz mo oweh{ ozma meg ckkmwex xm cemxbgz

_gzò`kcx`me mo {`fecxwzg{

^m{xèf

Bcehièf mo ^z`|g jmeh

3>%7% HG^M[@X[ HG^CZXAGEX

Xbg ~zàczp owekx`me mo Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce `{ xm ckkg~x ceh zgkg`g {wz~iw{

amegp ozma xbg ~gm~ig vb`kb xbgp vìièfip hg~m{`x v`xb xbg Jced% I`dg cii mxbgz

Jced{ Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce ci{m xcdg èk`xcx`me xm cxxzckx c{ awkb hg~m{`xmz{ c{ `x

kce% Xbg hg~m{`x hg~czxagex ckkg~x{-kmiigkx{ hg~m{`x ozma ckkmwexbmihgz{%

Xbg Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce moogz hòogzgex hg~m{`x {kbgag{ xm `x{ kw{xmagz{ vb`kb

èkiwhg{ xbg omiimvèf%

Kwzzgex Hg~m{`x{

Î[ [cèf Hg~m{`x{

O`rgh Hg~m{`x Ckkmwex " Xàg Hg~m{`x{)

Omzg`fe Kwzzgekp Ckkmwex

EJ^ zga`wa Ccahce`

Omzg`fe Kwzzgekp Ckkmwex

Ecx`meci @ekmag Hcìp Ckkmwex "E@HC)

3>%?% CH_CEKG[ HG^CZXAGEX


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Xbg jced `{ ~zmo`x {ggdèf è{x`xwx`me% @x cxxzckx{ {wz~iw{ jcicekg ozma xbg kw{xmagz cx

imv zcxg mo èxgzg{x ceh acdg{ chcekg{ cx c b`fbgz zcxg mo èxgzg{x xm xbg èh``hwci{

ceh jw{èg{{ o`za{% Kzgh`x grxge{`me{ czg xbg am{x à~mzxcex ckx``xp mo cii xbg oècek`ci

è{x`xwx`me{ jgkcw{g `x `{ xbg acè {mwzkg mo gczeèf{% Chcekg{ hg~czxagex `{ meg mo

xbg am{x {ge{`x`g ceh à~mzxcex hg~czxagex mo xbg jced% Xbg aclmz ~mzx`me mo xbg ~zmo`x

`{ w{wciip gczegh xbzmwfb xb`{ hg~czxagex% Xbg lmj mo xb`{ hg~czxagex `{ xm acdg

~zm~m{ci{ cjmwx xbg imce{4 xbg kzgh`x acecfgagex h``{`me mo bgch moo`kg h`zgkxip

kmexzmi{ cii xbg chcekg{%

Xbg chcekg{ Hg~czxagex zgkg`g c~~i kcx`me ozma èxgehèf jmzzmvgz{% Coxgz

zgkg`èf c~~i`kcx`me xbg chcekg hg~czxagex ~zmkg{{g{ `x owzxbgz% Coxgz cecip|èf ceh

hgxcìgh èg{x`fcx`me xbgp hgk`hg vbgxbgz xm c~~zmg xbg imce mz emx% [mag imce

c~~zmci{ czg achg jp xbg Acecfgz mo xbg jzcekb v`xbè b`{ ~mvgz{ c{ ~zg{kz`jgh jp

xbg jced{ b`fbgz cwxbmz x`g{ vb ig {mag imce c~~i`kcx`me{ czg {wja`x xm b`fbgz

cwxbmz`x`g{ omz xbg`z c~~zmci% [mag chcekg{ czg mo xbg omiimvèf ecxwzg

Imce cfcè{x Fmih

Cfz`kwixwzg chcekg xm oczagz{

Agh`wa xgza chcekg omz vmzdèf kc~`xci

Imef xgza chcekg omz {gxxèf èhw{xzp

[bmzx xgza chcekg xm jw{èg{{ace

3>%6% ^GE[@ME H@[JWZ[GAGEX HG^CZXAGEX

Xbg Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce vc{ ^cd`{xce{ igchèf è{x`xwx`me vb`kb ~gzomza{ xbg

owekx`me mo ~ge{`me ~cpagex{ mz h`{jwz{gagex{ xm ~ge{`megz{% Xbg ~ge{`me


48/88

h`{jwz{gagex hg~czxagex `{ zg{~me{`jig omz acdèf ~ge{`me ~cpagex{ xm Fmgzeagex

^ge{`megz{% Xbg ~gz{me vbm vcex{ xm zgkg`g b`{-bgz ~ge{`me ozma Ecx`meci Jced mo

^cd`{xce kce m~ge ce ckkmwex v`xb cep jzcekb mo Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce% Xbg jced

~gzomza{ xb`{ owekx`me xbzmwfb Hgaceh Hzcox ^wzkbc{g mz {à~ip kciigh HH ^wzkbc{g%

Xb`{ hg~czxagex ~gzomza{ omiimvèf owekx`me{%

Acdèf ^ge{`me ^cpagex{

M~geèf mo Ckkmwex mo ^ge{`megz

Gexzp mo camwex ~c`h xm ~ge{`megz è Fmgzeagex ^ge{`megz{ Zgf`{xgz

_gzò`kcx`me{ mo [`fecxwzg{ mo ^ge{`megz{

Acdèf Hgaceh Hzcox ^wzkbc{g Zgf`{xgz

3>%2% CKKMWEX[ HG^CZXAGEX

Ckkmwex{ Hg~czxagex mo xbg jced kce jg kme{`hgzgh xbg am{x à~mzxcex hg~czxagex%

Xb`{ hg~czxagex `{ jc{`kciip kmekgzegh v`xb ~zmkg{{g{ ceh ckx``x`g{ mo zgkmgzèf

{mzxèf {waacz`|èf ceh zg~mzxèf hcxc zg{wixèf ozma xbg vbmig hcp xzce{ckx`me{ mo cii

xbg hg~czxagex{% Ckxwciip xbg ~zmkg{{ mo xb`{ ckx``xp {xczx{ ozma xbg ~zg~czcx`me mo cii

xbg zgsw`zgh mwkbgz{ jp hòogzgex zgicxgh hg~czxagex{% Vbge xbg{g mwkbgz{ czg

~zg~czgh xbg{g czg ~m{xgh èxm zg{~gkx g kma~wxgz xgzaèci{ jp xbg zgigcex

hg~czxagex{% Jgomzg agzfèf c jcxkb i`{x `{ ~zèxgh mwx jp Kma~wxgz Hg~czxagex ceh

hwip kbgkdgh jp xbg zg{~gkx`g hg~czxagex{% Coxgz xb`{ agzfèf {xcfg kmag{ coxgz

vb`kb c ~zmmo i`{x `{ ~zèxgh mwx% Xb`{ `{ xbg {xcfg vbgzg Ckkmwex{ Hg~czxagex {xczx{

~gzomzaèf `x{ owekx`me% ^zmmo i`{x `{ kbgkdgh jp xbg Ckkmwex{ Hg~czxagex% Xbg

ckkmwex hg~czxagex ~zg~czg omiimvèf mwkbgz{ ceh zg~mzx{


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Amexbip ^zmo`x / Im{{ ckkmwex! O82

Fgegzci Ighfgz

Fgegzci Ighfgz! Cj{xzckx

Kbgkd Jmmd @{{wg Zgf`{xgz

Vg{xgze We`me ~cpagex{ Zgf`{xgz

Hgaceh Emx`kg{

A`{kgiicegmw{ Jmmd

Jced Xzce{ogz {kzmii

^m{xèf EJ^ Chcekg [ciczp

Hcìp [xcxgagex! O:3

Fgegzci Ighfgz! Bgch v`{g

Bc{b _ciwg Zgf`{xgz

Geh mo Hcp zgf`{xgz

^m{xèf Ecx`meci @ekmag Hcìp Ckkmwex "E@HC)

Amexbip zgxwze zgf`{xgz

Kbczfg{ C-k zgf`{xgz

^!I![ ^zmo`x i`{x

3>%0% Oècekg Hg~czxagex

3>%0%3% Cfz`kwixwzci Oècekg

EJ^ ~zm`hg{ Cfz`kwixwzci Oècekg xm {mi`hòp oc`xb kmaa`xagex ceh ~z`hg mo oczagz{

vbm ~zmhwkg {mag mo xbg jg{x cfz`kwixwzci ~zmhwkx{ è xbg Vmzih%

3>%0%:% Cfz`kwixwzci Oècekg [gz`kg{


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@ Oggh xbg Vmzih ~zmfzca c egv ~zmhwkx `{ èxzmhwkgh jp EJ^ v`xb xbg cà xm

bgi~ oczagz{ acrà`|g xbg ~gz ckzg ~zmhwkx`me v`xb aèàwa mo zgsw`zgh è~wx% [gigkx

ocza{ vìi jg achg zmig amhgi{ omz mxbgz ocza{ ceh oczagz{ xm omiimv xbw{ bgi~èf

oczagz{ ckzm{{ ^cd`{xce xm èkzgc{g ~zmhwkx`me%

3>%0%;% Cfz`kwixwzci Kzgh`x

Xbg cfz`kwixwzci oècekèf {xzcxgfp mo EJ^ `{ càgh cx xbzgg acè mjlgkx`g{%

^zm`hèf zgi`cjig èozc{xzwkxwzg omz cfz`kwixwzci kw{xmagz{

Bgi~ oczagz{ wxì |g oweh{ goo`k`gexip xm owzxbgz hggim~ ceh ckb`gg jgxxgz

~zmhwkx`me

^zm`hg oczagz{ ce èxgfzcxgh ~ckdcfg mo kzgh`x v`xb {w~~i`g{ mo g{{gex ci

è~wx{ xgkbe`kci demvighfg ceh {w~gz`{`me mo omzaèf%

3>%0%8% Cfz`kwixwzci Kzgh`x "Agh`wa Xgza)

^zmhwkx`me ceh hggim~agex

Vcxgzkmwz{g à~zmgagex

Vgii{

Ocza ~mvgz

Hggim~agex imce{ omz xgc ~icexcx`me

3>%0%7% Ocza Kzgh`x

EJ^ ci{m ~zm`hg{ xbg omiimvèf {wj{ h`|gh v`xb zcefg{ mo ; amexb{ xm 3 pgcz me c

zgegvci jc{`{%

M~gzcxèf imce{


51/88

Iceh à~zmgagex imce{

Gsw`~agex imce{ omz ~wzkbc{g mo xzckxmz{ ocza à~igagex{ mz cep mxbgz

gsw`~agex%

I`g{xmkd imce{ omz xbg ~wzkbc{g kczg ceh ogghèf mo i`g{xmkd

3>%0%?% zmhwkx`me Imce{

^zmhwkx`me imce{ czg agcex omz jc{`k è~wx{ mo xbg ocza ceh czg {bmzx xgza è ecxwzg%

[ggh{ ogzxì`|gz{ {~zcpgz{ gxk czg cii kmgzgh wehgz xb`{ {kbgag%

33% [xzwkxwzg mo Jzcekb{ Ckkmwex{ Hg~czxagex

Xbg {xzwkxwzg mo Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce{ Ckkmwex{ hg~czxagex `{ {bmve c{

Ceegrgh _@ cx xbg geh mo xb`{ zg~mzx% Xbg Ckkmwex{ hg~czxagex mo xbg jzcekb `{

kmexzmiigh jp xbg Kb`go Ckkmwexcex wehgz h`zgkx {w~gz`{`me mo Jzcekb Acecfgz% Xbg

Jzcekb bc{ meg kc{b`gz / xvm kigzd{ omz c{{`{xcekg ceh bgi~ mo Kb`go Ckkmwexcex% Xbg

JJM "Jzcekb Jckd Moo`kg {p{xga) M~gzcxmz bc{ ci{m c{{`{x Kb`go Ckkmwexcex è cz`mw{

xc{d{%

Xbg bgch mo jzcekb{ Ckkmwex{ hg~czxagex `{ kciigh Kb`go Ckkmwexcex vbm ~gzomza{

b`{ owekx`me{ wehgz h`zgkx {w~gz`{`me mo Jzcekb Acecfgz% Xbg Kb`go Ckkmwexcex `{

zg{~me{`jig omz xbg kgexzci ckkmwexèf zgkmzh{ ceh kmexzmi{ mgz cii oècek`ci

xzce{ckx`me{ mo xbg Jzcekb% Bg ci{m h`zgkx{ c v`hg cz`gxp mo ckkmwexèf ckx``x`g{ ceh

aggx{ à~mzxcex hgchièg{ / cecip|g{ ceh èxgz~zgx{ ckkmwexèf hcxc mo xbg jzcekb% Xbg

mxbgz zg{~me{`jì`x`g{ mo Kb`go Ckkmwexcex èkiwhg%

îce{ ceh h zgkx{ xbg ckx` x`g{ mo Kc{b`gz JJM M~gzcxmz ceh kigz kci

ga~impgg{ mo xbg jzcekb gefcfgh è xbg acèxgecekg mo c cz`gxp mo ckkmwexèf

zgkmzh{%


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H`zgkx{ ceh ~czx`k`~cxg{ è xbg hggim~agex ceh zg`{`me mo ~zmkghwzg{ è mzhgz

xm aggx zgsw`zgagex{ mo icv ~zm`hg {gz`kg{ xm Jzcekb Acecfgz à~zmg

goo`k`gekp è jzcekb ckx``x`g{ ceh kmmzhècxg jzcekb ckx``x`g{ v`xb xbm{g mo

mxbgz hg~czxagex{%

H`zgkx{ ceh zg`gv{ xbg ~zg~czcx`me mo ~gz`mh`k ceh {~gk`ci oècek`ci {xcxgagex{

zg~mzx{ ~zmlgkx`me{ ceh zgkmaagehcx`me{ me vb`kb à~mzxcex chaè`{xzcx`g

hgk`{`me{ czg jc{gh%

H`zgkx{ ceh zg`gv{ xbg {xwhp mo egv ceh zg`{gh icv{ zwig{ ceh ~zmfzca{

coogkxèf xbg kgexzci ckkmwexèf {p{xga ceh zgkmzh{ ceh è{xcii{ mz zgkmaageh{

kbcefg{ c{ c~~zm~z`cxg%

Hg{`feèf ceh m~gzcxèf c {p{xga xm kc~xwzg zgkmzh ~zmkg{{ ceh {xmzg cii

zgigcex hmkwagex{ ceh èomzacx`me cjmwx xbg oècek`ci ckx``x`g{ mo xbg jzcekb%

33%3% JCED CKKMWEX@EF M^GZCX@ME[

Xbg Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce{ ckkmwexèf kme{`{x{ è acdèf kma~wxgz`|gh vz`xxge

ceh ~gzacegex zgkmzh{ mo ggzp xzce{ckx`me% Omz Kma~wxgz`|gh zgkmzhèf mo xzce{ckx`me{

xbg jced w{gh {moxvczg kciigh JJM "Jzcekb Jckd Moo`kg)% JJM gecjig Jced xm zgkmzh

c cz`gxp mo xzce{ckx`me{% Xbg am{x kmaame ~czx mo JJM vb`kb `{ m~gzcxèf jp xbg

JJM M~gzcxmz `{ @eh``hwci Ighfgz{% @eh``hwci Ighfgz{ czg xbg ckkmwex{ è vb`kb

ckkmwex{ v`xb hg~m{`xmz{ czg dg~x%Xbgp czg dg~x {m xbcx xbg jcicekg mo gckb hg~m{`xmz&{

ckkmwex acp cx cep xàg jg zgchìp {gge ceh xbgp {bmwih jg ozgswgexip jcicekgh xm

gzòp xbg`z kmzzgkxeg{{% Xbg xbzgg kmiwae omza mo èh``hwci ighfgz `{ w{gh jgkcw{g `x

bc{ c kmiwae omz kbgkd{ ~c`h mz mxbgz hgj`x gexz`g{ meg omz hg~m{`x{ mz mxbgz `xga{

kzgh`xgh ceh c xb`zh omz {bmvèf xbg jcicekg coxgz gckb gexzp mz xbg hcp&{ gexz`g{ czg


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achg è xbg ckkmwex% Xbg JJM gei`{x Kbczx mo Ckkmwex{ mo xbg Jced {bmve è Ceegrgh

_@@@% Cii xbg ckkmwex{ {bmve è Ceegrgh czg m~gegh ceh acecfgh xbzmwfb JJM% Cii

xbg Zga`xxcekg{ mo xbg jced czg zgkmzhgh acecfgh ceh kmexzmi xbzmwfb JJM% Xbg Geh

mo xbg Hcp zg~mzx `{ ci{m fgegzcxgh xbzmwfb JJM%

Xbg am{x à~mzxcex zgkmzh dgg~èf ceh zg~mzx fgegzcxgh jp Jced{ Ckkmwex{

Hg~czxagex `{ [xcxgagex mo xbg Jced% Xbg {xcxgagex mo xbg jced {bmv{ xbg fgegzci mz

kmexzmi ckkmwex{ mo xbg jced ceh xbg cz`mw{ jmmd{ mo xbg jced {bmv xbg hgxcì mo xbg{g

`xga{% @x vmwih emx jg à~m{{`jig jwx `x vmwih jg gex`zgip à~zckx`kci xm gexgz ggzp

o`fwzg h`zgkxip me xbg {xcxgagex mo kmeh`x`me% @e{xgch mo xmxci hg~m{`x{ xbg jcicekg mo

gckb hg~m{`xmz vmwih c~~gcz m~~m{`xg b`{ ecag% Me xbg mxbgz {`hg è{xgch mo imce{ ceh

h`{kmwex{ xbgzg vmwih jg ce `xga`|gh i`{x mo xbg imce{ v`xb xbg ecag{ mo xbg jmzzmvgz{%

Xbg o`z{x ~zèk`~ig è jced ckkmwexèf c{ è cii mxbgz jmmddgg~èf `{ xbcx omz ggzp

hgj`x xbgzg aw{x jg c kzgh`x ceh `kg!gz{c% @e ckkmzhcekg v`xb xb`{ owehcagexci xbgmzp

xbg jmmd{ czg acèxcègh% V`xb zg{~gkx xm xbg {xcxgagex ggzp Zw~gg mo i`cjì`x`g{ `{

ckkmwexgh omz jp cemxbgz Zw~gg mo zg{mwzkg{% [àìczip gckb ckkmwex{ cx xbg geh mo xbg

hcp omz gckb `xga mo kc{b `{ jcicekgh% Gckb jced ga~impgg bc{ bch xbg gr~gz`gekg mo

zgacèèf cx b`{ hg{d wexì c icxg bmwz cx e`fbx kbgkdèf w~ b`{ hcp&{ vmzd {gczkbèf omz

c hòogzgekg mo c ogv kgex{% Moxge xbgp jgkmag gaj`xxgzgh cx vbcx {gga{ xm xbga c

xpzceep vbge xbg {acii {wa mo amegp èmigh `{ kme{`hgzgh% Xbg zgc{me xbgp aw{x

{gxxig bmvggz `{ emx me ckkmwex mo xbg ~m{{`jig im{{ mo xge kgex{ jwx jgkcw{g xbg am{x

à~mzxcex ~zèk`~ig è jced ckkmwexèf `{ èmigh% *Ckkwzckp o`z{x* `{ c amxxm xbcx

{bmwih jg ozcagh o`fwzcx`gip cx igc{x w~me xbg vcii mo ggzp jcedèf zmma%

Xbg jmmd{ w{gh jp Ecx`meci Jced mo ^cd`{xce czg mo cz`mw{ dèh{ ceh xbg`z ~wz~m{g `{

èh`kcxgh jp ecag% C ighfgz `{ c jmmd w{gh xm dgg~ c zgkmzh mo jcicekg{% Xm *~m{x*

agce{ xm gexgz è xbg ~zm~gz kmiwae{ g`xbgz xbg hgj`x{ mz kzgh`x{ me xbg ighfgz ceh xbg


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h`oogzgekg jgxvgge xbga zg~zg{gex{ xbg jcicekg g`x

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